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Partial Pulpectomy with Bio-Obturation for Internal Root Resorption: A Case Report
Full text linkInternal root resorption (IRR) is an uncommon but clinically significant condition traditionally managed with complete pulpectomy and root canal therapy. Advances in vital pulp therapy and bioactive calcium silicate–based cements have enabled conservative strategies aimed at preserving residual pulp vitality. A 33-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic, unperforated IRR in the maxillary left lateral incisor, confirmed by periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography. The tooth responded positively to sensibility testing and showed healthy periapical tissues. A partial pulpectomy was performed: diseased coronal and mid-root pulp was removed, while approximately 5 mm of vital apical pulp was preserved. The resorptive cavity and root canal were bio-obturated with calcium-enriched mixture cement, which also served as a capping biomaterial for the apical pulp stump. Postoperative imaging confirmed complete filling/sealing of the resorptive defect and root canal while maintaining the apical pulp segment. At 2-year follow-up, the tooth remained functional, symptom-free, and radiographically stable, with intact lamina dura and no evidence of progressive resorption. This case demonstrates that partial pulpectomy combined with bio-obturation using an endodontic biomaterial may successfully arrest IRR and preserve apical pulp vitality in carefully selected cases. While the outcome supports the biological feasibility of this approach, further studies with larger samples and longer follow-up are required before it can be considered a routine alternative to conventional treatment
Prenatal Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Congenital Visual and Hearing Loss: A Case-Control Study
Full text linkObjectives:
Relations exist between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and visual and hearing loss (VL/HL). This study evaluated the prenatal risk factors specific to ASD compared to VL/HL.
Materials & Methods:
This case-control study recruited individuals with ASD to compare with individuals with VL/HL as controls from special schools. Parents completed a questionnaire containing questions about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, family history of neurological or psychological disorders, and problems during the pregnancy.
Results:
Five hundred thirty-six participants were enrolled in the study, of which 238 (44.4%) had ASD, 198 individuals had HL (36.9%), and 100 had VL (18.7%). Seven (2.9%) participants in the ASD group were male, significantly (p<0.001) lower than the proportion of males in the HL/VL group (99, 33.2%). In the final regression model, higher educational levels of parents and gestational hypertension were associated with a higher risk of ASD (p<0.05). However, female gender, parents not living together, and cousin marriage were associated with a higher risk of HL/VL (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
This preliminary study determined the factors more associated with ASD than HL/VL. Believably, the study’s results could shed more light on the exclusive risk factors of AS
Exploring the Role of MEFV Gene Mutations in Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Full text linkObjectives:
Despite the advancements in antiepileptic drugs over the past decades, drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) remains a significant challenge, particularly in children. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), attributed to mutations in the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, has been linked to various neurological disorders, including seizures. This study investigates the potential association between MEFV gene mutations and DRE and evaluates their impact on the disease course.
Materials & Methods:
A case-control study was conducted involving 22 children under 18 years of age with DRE, referred to the Pediatric Neurology Clinic of Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, between March 2021 and March 2022. The control group comprised 30 healthy individuals randomly selected from the FMF database of Ardabil University, Iran. Relevant information, including age, demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment details, was collected using a structured form. Blood samples were analyzed for 12 common MEFV gene mutations
Results:
Out of 52 subjects, the case group consisted of 22 children diagnosed with DRE, compared to 30 patients without FMF in the control group. The mean age of the case group was 9.2 ± 4.5 years, with a mean age at seizure onset of 38.13 ± 32.21 months. MEFV mutations were identified in eight patients (15.4%), with seven in the control group and one (4.5%) in the case group. However, the difference in MEFV gene mutations between the case and control groups did not reach statistical significance (P=0.13).
Conclusion:
The prevalence of MEFV gene mutations in children with DRE was 4.5%, suggesting that these mutations may not significantly influence the occurrence of DRE in this population
Molecular Docking Study of Annona muricata Bioactive Compounds Against Caspase 3
Full text linkIntroduction: Soursop, or Annona muricata, is a plant that has long been used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to use an in-silico method to assess the anti-cancer activity of chemicals produced from Annona muricata.
Materials and Methods: To determine the bioactive substances found in Annona muricata that are known to have anti-cancer qualities, a thorough literature research was carried out. Following that, these substances were put through molecular docking tests against important protein targets linked to cancer, including receptors implicated in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Possible interactions between the identified Annona muricata chemicals and cancer-associated protein targets were discovered by the in-silico research.
Results: Several compounds demonstrated favorable binding interactions with Caspase-3. Coreximine showed the most favorable docking score (−6.7 kcal/mol), followed by Catechin (−6.5 kcal/mol), making these two the strongest potential bioactive or therapeutic candidates, Anomurine (−5.8 kcal/mol), Solamin (−5.4 kcal/mol), Annonacin (−4.8 kcal/mol), and Gallic acid (−4.7 kcal/mol). In contrast, the reference compound Doxorubicin displayed a weaker score (−2.2 kcal/mol). These docking values suggest potential micromolar-range affinities for several A. muricata compounds, which, while encouraging, indicate that they are likely to serve as lead compounds rather than direct therapeutic agents. The docking results highlighted promising candidates, although weaker docking indicates natural compounds’ potential advantage; however, real-world efficacy depends on multiple pharmacological factors and their biological and clinical significance can only be established through further experimental studies, including enzyme inhibition assays, cell-based apoptosis assay and in vivo validation.
Conclusion: In summary, this in-silico work opens the door for the creation of innovative natural anti-cancer treatment medicines by offering important insights into the molecular mechanisms behind Annona muricata's anti-cancer action
رابطه حساسیت اخلاقی و صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی پرستاران شاغل در مراکز آموزشی درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان در سال 03-1402
No full textAbstract:
Background and Aim: Spiritual care is a key component and the missing link in holistic care. Providing high-quality holistic care requires technical training and mastery of technological advances, but another important concept involved in quality clinical practice is ethical sensitivity to guide professional performance. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between Moral sensitivity and spiritual care competence of nurses working in educational and medical centers of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2024-2025.
Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 407 nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated with Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2024-2025 who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Three questionnaires were used to collect data: demographic information, Moral sensitivity of Lutzen et al. (1995), and the questionnaire of spiritual care competence of Van Leon et al. (2009). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed at a significance level of P<0.05 using SPSS V 23 software.
Ethical considerations: The present study was approved by the university ethics committee with the ethics code IR.IAU.AGZ.REC.1403.004.
Findings: The mean scores of spiritual care competence and moral sensitivity of the nurses participating in the study were 95.15±18.94 and 62.15±15.65, respectively. The results of this study showed that there was a significant correlation between total moral sensitivity and total spiritual care competence and people with higher moral sensitivity had higher spiritual care competence. According to the results of the ANOVA test, a significant relationship was observed between total moral sensitivity and total spiritual care competence.
Conclusion: The level of moral sensitivity and moral care competence of the nurses participating in this study was average. With the increase in moral sensitivity in the participants, their spiritual care competence also increased. Considering the positive effects of spiritual care on treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction, as well as the effects of moral sensitivity on the adequacy of spiritual care in nurses, it seems that increasing moral sensitivity in nursing personnel can have very positive effects on treatment, satisfaction with treatment, increasing nurses' job satisfaction, reducing burnout, and also the adequacy of nurses' spiritual care.
Keywords: Moral sensitivity, Spiritual care competence, nurses
زمینه و هدف: مراقبت معنوی جزء کلیدی و حلقه گمشده مراقبت کلنگر میباشد. ارائه مراقبت کلنگر با کیفیت بالا مستلزم آموزش فنی و تسلط بر پیشرفتهای تکنولوژیکی است، اما مفهوم مهم دیگر دخیل در عمل بالینی باکیفیت، حساسیت اخلاقی برای هدایت عملکرد حرفهای میباشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین رابطه حساسیت اخلاقی و صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی پرستاران شاغل در مراکز آموزشی درمانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان در سال 03-1402 انجام شد.
روش: این مطالعه توصیفی همبستگی روی 407 نفر از پرستاران شاغل در بیمارستانهای آموزشی وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان در سال 03-1402 که به روش نمونهگیری تصادفی طبقهای انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. جهت جمعآوری اطلاعات از سه پرسشنامه اطلاعات دموگرافیک، پرسشنامه حساسیت اخلاقی Lutzen و همکاران (1995 م.) و پرسشنامه صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی Van Leeuwen و همکاران (2009 م.) استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه تحلیل دادهها از روشهای آمار توصیفی، آزمون کای دو، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و آنالیز واریانس تکعاملی استفاده شد. آنالیز دادهها در سطح معنیداری P<0.05 با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS 19 انجام شد.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مطالعه، تمام جنبههای اخلاقی، از جمله رعایت حریم خصوصی اطلاعات شرکتکنندگان و کسب رضایت آگاهانه به دقت رعایت شد و همچنین این مطالعه از سوی کمیته اخلاق پژوهشی دانشگاه تأیید شد.
یافتهها: سطح حساسیت اخلاقی و صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی پرستاران شرکتکننده در این مطالعه متوسط بود. میانگین نمره صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی و حساسیت اخلاقی پرستاران شرکتکننده در مطالعه به ترتیب 94/18±15/95 و 65/15±15/62 بود. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد بین حساسیت اخلاقی کل و صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی کل همبستگی معنیداری وجود داشت (p-value<0/001, r=0/413) و افراد دارای حساسیت اخلاقی بیشتر، دارای صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی بیشتری بودند. با توجه به نتایج آزمون آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه، بین حساسیت اخلاقی کل و صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی کل رابطه معنیداری مشاهده شد.
نتیجهگیری: با افزایش حساسیت اخلاقی در شرکتکنندگان، صلاحیت مراقبت معنوی آنها نیز افزایش یافت. گنجاندن دورههای آموزشی ضمن خدمت مستمر اخلاق حرفهای و مراقبت معنوی جهت هدایت عملکرد پرستاران و بهروز نگهداشتن دانش آنها متناسب با نیازها و پیشرفتهای روزافزون جامعه پیشنهاد میگردد
A Study of Histamine H2 Antagonists Effect on Survival Rate in Colorectal and Gastric Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Histamine H2 antagonists (H2RAs) are hypothesized to inhibit suppressor T-lymphocyte function, with preliminary evidence from randomized trials suggesting potential prolongation of survival in patients with operable and inoperable gastric and colorectal cancers. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the impact of these antagonists on the survival rate.
Materials and Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched through October 2024 to retrieve relevant papers. Study screening was performed using the RAYYAN software, and meta-analysis was executed with STATA version 18. Publication bias was assessed via Egger's test, and study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Graphical data were digitized using Plot Digitizer.
Results: Initially, 181 articles were identified; after screening and applying inclusion criteria, six studies were included (three for colorectal cancer and three for gastric cancer). A random-effects model was employed, measuring standardized mean difference (SMD) in survival. In colorectal cancer patients, H2RAs were associated with a 5.4895% increase in survival compared to controls (95% CI: 0.49–10.47; P=0.03), predominantly driven by cimetidine. In gastric cancer, survival increased by approximately 2.38% in the treatment group, though not clinically significant.
Conclusion: Current evidence suggests a potential survival benefit of H2RAs, particularly cimetidine, in colorectal cancer, but insufficient for gastric cancer. Larger, well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are required to confirm efficacy and optimize therapeutic protocols
تحلیل فقهی عدول قانونگذار از نظریه مسئولیت مطلق به مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر پزشک در قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392
No full textBackground and Aim: The liability of a non-culpable, authorized physician in the event of injury to a patient is one of the controversial issues proposed among Imamiyyah scholars. Jurisprudential disagreement on this matter has led to the adoption of various approaches throughout the legislative period following the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Specifically, until the adoption of the Islamic Penal Code in 1392 SH, following the majority opinion of jurists, the theory of the physician's absolute liability was accepted. However, despite this theory being accepted in the judiciary's draft of the Penal Code and also in the initial bill passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis), the Guardian Council deemed this perspective flawed. Consequently, in order to resolve this flaw, the Majlis, by adding a note, approved the less prevalent view, namely the theory of the physician’s fault-based liability. The legislation of this less prevalent view, after three decades of the dominance of the theory of the physician's absolute liability, raises the question: what is the basis for the legislator's deviation from this theory?
Materials and Methods: The present research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The data was analyzed qualitatively by referring to documents and library resources.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the legislator's deviation from the majority opinion of the jurists in the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 SH was not due to the strength of the foundations of the less prevalent view. Rather it was a result of the incorrect interpretation of the majority opinion and the jurisprudential decree (fatwa) of Imam Khomeini (RA) during the stage of religious (Sharia) review of Article (495) of this law. The Guardian Council declared this article to be in contravention of Sharia, and consequently, the Parliament amended the approved bill in accordance with the less prevalent view in order to satisfy the Guardian Council's opinion. Therefore, considering the error that occurred during the religious review stage, and given the solidity of the evidence supporting the majority opinion, it is necessary to stablish the jurisprudential decree of the Supreme Leader (Vali-e Faqih) as the standard for state regulations, to resolve the ambiguities and contradictions present in the current article, to replace the text of Article (495) with the original draft from the Judiciary and the Parliament's initial bill and to remove note 1 (Tabsareh 1) of this article.زمینه و هدف: ازجمله مسائل اختلافی بین فقهای امامیه، موضوع مسئولیت پزشک غیرمقصر مأذون در صورت ایراد آسیب به بیمار است. اختلاف نظر فقهی در اینخصوص باعث اتخاذ رویکردهای مختلف در طول دوره قانونگذاری پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی شده است؛ بهطوریکه تا قبل از تصویب قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392 به تبعیت از مشهور فقها، دیدگاه مسئولیت مطلق پزشک پذیرفته شده بود، لیکن علیرغم پذیرش این دیدگاه در لایحه مجازات اسلامی قوه قضائیه و نیز مصوبه نخست مجلس شورای اسلامی، شورای نگهبان این دیدگاه را دارای ایراد دانست و مجلس به منظور رفع این ایراد، با الحاق یک تبصره، دیدگاه غیرمشهور یعنی مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر پزشک را تصویب نمود. تقنین دیدگاه غیرمشهور پس از گذشت سه دهه از حاکمیت نظریة مسئولیت مطلق پزشک این سؤال را به ذهن متبادر میکند که مبنای عدول قانونگذار از این نظریه چیست؟
مواد و روشها: پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی انجام شده است. دادههای تحقیق با مراجعه به اسناد و منابع کتابخانهای گردآوری و به روش کیفی تجزیه و تحلیل شده است.
نتیجهگیری: نتیجه پژوهش بیانگر آن است که عدول قانونگذار از دیدگاه مشهور فقها در قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392 نه به علت قوت مبانی دیدگاه غیرمشهور، بلکه به خاطر برداشت ناصحیح از دیدگاه مشهور و فتوای امام خمینی (ره) در مرحله نظارت شرعی بر ماده (495) این قانون و اعلام مغایرت شرعی این ماده و به تبع آن، اصلاح مصوبه توسط مجلس مطابق با دیدگاه غیرمشهور به منظور تأمین نظر شورای نگهبان بوده است. بنابراین، با عنایت به سهو صورت گرفته در مرحله نظارت شرعی و نظر به اتقان دلایل دیدگاه مشهور، لزوم معیار قرار گرفتن فتوای ولی فقیه در احکام نظامیه و رفع ابهام و تعارضات موجود در ماده فعلی، جایگزین شدن متن لایحه و مصوبة نخست مجلس به جای ماده (495) و حذف تبصره یک این ماده ضروری است
بررسی سطح ایمنی و آمادگی بیمارستان های آموزشی منطقه یک شهر تهران در برابر بلایا در سال 1401
No full textBackground and Aim: The ability of hospitals to deliver healthcare services during critical situations is vital. Therefore, assessing hospital safety levels during emergencies is necessary to ensure acceptable performance. This study aimed to evaluate the readiness of educational hospitals in a district of Tehran in 2022.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 to assess the disaster safety status of four educational hospitals in one district of Tehran. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and the WHO Hospital Safety Index questionnaire, which examines 151 indicators across functional, structural, and non-structural domains. Hospitals were classified into levels A, B, or C based on their scores. Data analysis was performed using EXCEL 2010 and SPSS software.
Results: In the functional domain, hospital (a) achieved the highest score (19.25), while hospital (b) had the lowest (9). For the structural domain, hospital (d) scored the highest (40.13), while hospitals (b) and (a) had lower scores (24.84 and 24.87, respectively). In the non-structural domain, hospital (c) had the lowest score (12.56), and hospital (a) had the highest (24.15). Overall, hospitals (d) and (a) were classified as having high safety levels, while hospitals (b) and (c) were categorized as medium according to WHO standards.
Conclusion: Given that 50% of the hospitals showed moderate safety levels, it is recommended to adopt a proactive risk management approach. Strategies include continuous training and empowerment of managers and staff in safe evacuation, sheltering principles, risk reduction, and field treatment capacity building to enhance hospital preparedness against disasters.
Please cite this article as:
Pourbaba S, Safari M, Jahangiri K, Beladian SE. Investigating the level of Safety and Preparedness of Educational Hospitals in the First District of Tehran Against Disasters in 2022. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2024; 12(1):39-47.سابقه و هدف: : توانایی بیمارستانها در ارائه خدمات درمانی در شرایط بحرانی بسیار حیاتی است. بنابراین، سنجش سطح ایمنی بیمارستانها در مواقع اضطراری به منظور اطمینان از عملکرد قابل قبول آنها ضروری است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی میزان آمادگی بیمارستانهای آموزشی واقع در یکی از مناطق شهر تهران در سال ۲۰۲۲ انجام شد.
روش کار: این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی در سال ۲۰۲۲ به منظور ارزیابی وضعیت ایمنی در برابر بلایا در چهار بیمارستان آموزشی یکی از مناطق تهران انجام شد. دادهها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و پرسشنامه شاخص ایمنی بیمارستانهای سازمان جهانی بهداشت سازمان جهانی بهداشت جمعآوری شد. این پرسشنامه ۱۵۱ شاخص ایمنی بیمارستان را در سه حوزه عملکردی، سازهای و غیرسازهای بررسی میکند. بیمارستانها بر اساس نتایج به سطوح A، B یا C طبقهبندی شدند. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزارهای EXCEL 2010 و SPSS انجام شد.
یافته ها: در حوزه عملکردی، بیمارستان (a) با امتیاز ۱۹.۲۵ بالاترین و بیمارستان (b) با امتیاز ۹ پایینترین نمره را کسب کردند. در حوزه سازهای، بیمارستان (d) با امتیاز ۴۰.۱۳ بالاترین نمره را داشت و بیمارستانهای (b) و (a) به ترتیب با امتیازهای ۲۴.۸۴ و ۲۴.۸۷ کمترین امتیازها را به دست آوردند. در حوزه غیرسازهای، بیمارستان (c) با امتیاز ۱۲.۵۶ پایینترین و بیمارستان (a) با امتیاز ۲۴.۱۵ بالاترین نمره را کسب کردند. در مجموع، بیمارستانهای (d) و (a) در سطح ایمنی بالا و بیمارستانهای (b) و (c) در سطح متوسط طبق استاندارد سازمان جهانی بهداشت طبقهبندی شدند.
نتیجه گیری: با توجه به پایین بودن شاخص ایمنی در ۵۰٪ از بیمارستانهای مورد مطالعه، توصیه میشود رویکردی پیشگیرانه در برابر وقوع بلایا اتخاذ شود. این اقدامات شامل آموزش و بازآموزی مدیران، توانمندسازی کارکنان در تخلیه ایمن بیماران، آموزش اصول پناهگیری، کاهش خطرات سازهای و غیرسازهای، و افزایش ظرفیت درمان میدانی برای بهبود وضعیت ایمنی و آمادگی بیمارستانها میباشد.
به این مقاله، به صورت زیر استناد کنید:
Pourbaba S, Safari M, Jahangiri K, Beladian SE. Investigating the level of Safety and Preparedness of Educational Hospitals in the First District of Tehran Against Disasters in 2022. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2024;12(1):39-47
Activation of CDKN2A and Up-regulation of PETN Are Key Features of Sunscreen Usage Versus Light Irradiation: CDKN2A and PETN are key features of sunscreen usage
No full textIntroduction: Sunscreen plays an unexpected role in protecting the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight. Skin protection against UV rays is highlighted as the main property of sunscreen. The present study investigated the core part of the molecular mechanism of skin protection by sunscreen.
Methods: Gene expression changes of the irradiated human skin with sunlight in the presence of sunscreen were mined from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to find the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The central DEGs were identified via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and searched in skin cancer-related genes in the GeneCards database to find the critical dysregulated genes. The gene expression change of the critical genes was investigated in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results: A total of 377 DEGs were determined as the targeted genes. HSPA4, PTEN, CDC42, ERBB2, APP, CDKN2A, PRKACA, PECAM1, and SMAD3 were identified as the critical dysregulated genes. ERBB2, SMAD3, and PRKACA were pointed out as the skin cancer-related genes.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the up-regulation of PETN and the activation of CDKN2A were highlighted as the major induced molecular events by sunscreen, which play a role in skin protection
Application of Thulium 1927-nm Laser for Androgenic Alopecia Treatment in Indonesian Patients: Thulium laser for androgenic alopecia
No full textIntroduction: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent form of hair loss, affecting both males and females. Current treatment modalities show varying degrees of efficacy, including high recurrence rates, potential adverse effects, and surgical trauma. The 1927-nm thulium laser has emerged as a promising alternative treatment, offering long-term benefits with good patient tolerability and minimal side effects.
Methods: A pre- and post-treatment study design was utilized to assess the efficacy of 1927- nm thulium laser therapy in ten patients with AGA. The procedure involved laser application with a pulse duration of 300 µs, power output of 5 W, and a treatment distance of 0.7 mm, performed without anesthesia. Participants underwent two treatment sessions at two-week intervals, followed by a post-treatment evaluation two weeks after the final session. The primary outcome was the Global Photographic Assessment, based on a 7-point scale evaluating standardized clinical photographs before and after treatment. The secondary outcome was patient satisfaction, measured using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-tests for parametric data and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for non-parametric data, with a two-tailed significance threshold.
Results: A significant clinical improvement was observed at follow-ups 1 and 2 when compared to baseline, with scores (mean±SD) of 1.10±0.316 and 2.00±0.471 (P<0.05). The patients also scored their satisfaction, which showed a significant improvement compared to baseline, with scores of 1.90±0.316 and 3.00±0.471 for follow-ups 1 and 2, respectively (P<0.05). No treatment-related adverse events were reported, and pain levels during the procedure were minimal.
Conclusion: Thulium laser therapy is safe and effective in short-term evaluation for hair regrowth in AGA patients