Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science
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Reasons for Lack of Research In Dentistry; A Cross Sectional Survey on Dentists and Students in Teaching Hospitals of Pakistan: Lack of research in dentistry
No full textOBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study was to determine the barriers or factors preventing dentists from engaging in research in teaching institutes of Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY:
The descriptive, cross sectional online survey was conducted at the department of Prosthodontics, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar over a period of six months. Sample size of 780 was taken in the descriptive study and questionnaires were communicated through emails and the response was noted. The data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistic version 20. Statistical analysis was done using counts and percentages and the results were further analyzed statistically by the Chi square test.
RESULTS:
Completed surveys were collected from 280 participants. Completed surveys were collected from 780 dentists, 40.7% were male and 59.3% were female. Participants’ age ranged between 20-50 years; about half of them (55%) were younger than 30 years of age. Other demographic characteristics of the participants such as designation, work experience, and qualification given in Table 1 were also recorded. Majority of the participants were dentists (35%), followed by senior registrar (10%) and assistant (10.7%), associate (and professors (4.3%). Details are depicted in Table 1. Overall, 47.9% participants were found to be involved in research and having publications. Simple graduates were more in number as compared to postgraduates. When inquired about publication published in an indexed journal or not 22.1% responded with yes and 46.4% responded with No. 65% participants had received workshops for writing papers and only 34.3% institute conducted continuous training programs. The main reason reported for lack of research was lack of motivation and don’t know how to do it. Other less common factors were lack of funds and no professional benefits as depicted in Table 2.
CONCLUSION:
Identifying and minimizing all the barriers in the way of research may help dental authorities to intervene for enhancing research friendly environments
Effect of Diamond and Carbide Burs on Dentinal Tubules and Predentin Diameter
Get PDFOBJECTIVES:
To find out the effect of Diamond and Carbide burs on the diameter of dentinal tubules and predentin of premolar teeth.
METHODOLOGY:
A Laboratory-based experimental study was conducted at the anatomy department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, from January 2018 to March 2018. Sixty premolars were obtained from patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six teeth were extracted for control group A. Fifty-four maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth in patients underwent cavity preparation carried out by diamond bur (group B) for twenty-seven teeth and other twenty-seven teeth by carbide bur (group C) and were removed from patients at a dental hospital in Peshawar (RCD). They underwent processing and were then stained with Eosin, Hematoxylin and Masson's trichrome to observe the diameter of dentinal tubules and predentin.
RESULTS:
The dentinal tubules and predentin diameters were observed and measured in all samples in both control group A and experimental groups B and C. No effect was seen in dentinal tubules diameter. In the Control group, the diameter of predentin was less as compared to Experimental groups B and C, i.e., 10-17.5µm in group A whereas the range for Diamond bur (Group B) and Carbide bur (Group C) was 12.5-25µm and 20-37.5µm whereas.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that in comparison with Carbide bur, Diamond bur is more beneficial than Carbide bur as the Diamond bur has no effect on dentinal tubules diameter whereas little effects on predentin diameter
Uterine Fibroids in Pregnancy
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To determine the maternal and fetal outcomes associated with uterine fibroids in pregnancy.
METHODOLOGY:
This study was conducted in the Gynaecology Department of Mardan Medical Complex from January 2018 to December 2019. All pregnant women of any age or parity or gestational age with sonographic evidence of uterine fibroids were included. Demographic details, gestational age, symptoms related to fibrosis, size, number and location of the fibroid, mode of delivery, antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal complication, and neonatal outcome were entered in a predesigned proforma.
RESULTS:
The incidence of uterine fibroids in pregnancy was 0.8%.77 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 26.5 + 3.22 years. The mode of delivery was a caesarean section in 32.4%, and vaginal delivery in 53% of patients.14% of patients miscarried. Fibroids were multiple in 58.4% and single in 41.5% of patients. Submucosal fibroids were seen in 23%, intramural in 18% and subserosal in 58% of cases. The most common maternal complication was abdominal pain (25%), followed by postpartum haemorrhage(23%) and antepartum haemorrhage(19%). Neonatal outcome was good, with 57% of babies being healthy and 9% being admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and discharged later.
CONCLUSION:
Pregnant women with fibroids should be cautiously screened during antenatal to avoid obstetric complications
Role of Coronary Calcium Score as a Screening Tool for Excluding Significant Coronary Artery Disease in High Risk Asymptomatic Patients
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To determine correlation of zero coronary artery calcium score (CACS) with non-significant coronary artery stenosis by using computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA).
METHODOLOGY:
62 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent CACS test and CTCA from April 2018 to November 2020. Patients were examined with 160 slice multidetector CT and grouped according to their age, gender, CACS, and maximum coronary luminal stenosis. CACS was assessed using Agatston scoring and degree of stenosis was assessed by automatic software and severity was scored according to CAD-RADS. The correlation between these two main variables was calculated using Spearman rank correlation.
RESULTS:
The 62 patients were divided into four groups according to CACS, using the Agatston Unit (AU). Group 1; 0 AU (41 patients, 66.13%), Group 2; 1-100 AU (13 patients, 20.97%) Group 3; 101-400 AU (4 patients, 6.45%), Group 4; 401-1000 AU (4 patients, 6.45%). In 41 patients with zero calcium score (32 males and 9 females), 38 patients (92.68%) were found to have no coronary artery stenosis, 2 patients (4.87%) had mild coronary artery stenosis and 1 patient (2.43%) had moderate coronary artery stenosis. Total 35 patients presented for screening purpose out of which 25 (71%) had zero calcium score and no significant coronary artery disease.
CONCLUSION:
In high risk patients, zero calcium score excludes significant coronary artery stenosis (50%), hence coronary calcium score is a good screening tool before subjecting patients to coronary angiography
The Role of Lead Toxicity on Eruption Rate of Hypofunctional Incisors in Albino Wistar Rats
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This objective of this study was to evaluate the role of a heavy metal- lead acetate in the eruption rate of hypo functional incisors in albino Wistar rats.
METHODOLOGY
An experimental study was done in animal house of Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore since March 2019 to March 2020. 34 adult albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=17 for each group) i.e., control and lead acetate group. Right mandibular incisors were selected for this study. Selected incisors were marked 1mm above the level of gingival papillae. The incisors were cut above this mark to make it hypo-functional. The readings were measured by digital Vernier caliper. This was considered as day 0. Incisors length was measured at day 0, 3, 6, 12 and 15 and eruption was calculated. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.
RESULTS
Eruption rate was similar throughout the study except last follow up. At the end of this study eruption of incisors in albino Wistar rats in control was 03.30±0.72mm, in lead 02.43±1.19mm. At day 15, the difference between control and lead group was statistically significant (p-value 0.033).
CONCLUSION
These results reveal that besides other causes of delayed tooth eruption excessive lead intoxication are also acausative factor of delayed tooth eruption
Ivermectin Poisoning with Neurological Manifestations in 10 Years Old Girl – A Case Report
Get PDFIn developing countries, accidental poisoning is a serious public health problem in children. But unintentional poisoning by parents in the form of medication is very rare. Ivermectin belongs to the group of Avermectins and is used in veterinary medicine and in use for human parasitic diseases. We report the case of 10 years old girl given ivermectin by her mother for an unspecified amount. The patient presented to the hospital with seizures and remained in a coma for five days. The patient was managed symptomatically and discharged home in stable condition with parents' counselling regarding child safety
The Workload Pressures Experienced by Nurses at Public Sector Hospitals, Peshawar
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The study's objective was to assess that nurses working in in-patient wards were under workload stress.
METHODOLOGY
Descriptive observational research on nurses working in the in-patient ward of a public sector hospital in Peshawar was undertaken in November 2020. Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), a tool established by the World Health Organization (WHO) to anticipate the number of health staff needed to cope with workload pressure, was used to determine nurses' workload. To ensure the successful implementation of the WISN methodology, three tiers of committees were developed, including steering, technical, and expert committees. Data were also analyzed using the tool.
RESULTS
Nurses in the hospital's in-patient unit work 1966 hours per year. Health service activities, support, and other activities account for 47.92%, 33.33%, and 18.75% of all nurses' time, respectively, during this time. Four nurses were working in the hospital during the research study; however, WISN estimated that three nurses were needed to cope with the ward's workload pressure, and one nurse was overstaffed at the time. The WISN ratio calculated was 1.33.
CONCLUSIONS
The study concluded that there was no workload pressure on nurses (negative), and the ward had an extra nurse who could be accommodated in any other department with greater demand
Anemia a Contributory Factor Affecting Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabete1s Mellitus Patients
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The study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its effects on the quality of life in diabetic patients.
METHODOLOGY:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Government Naseer Ullah Khan Babar Memorial Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. All diabetic patients admitted to the medical ward were included in this study, and their blood samples were obtained in heparinised and EthyleneDiamineTetracetic Acid (EDTA) tubes by aseptic technique after informed consent. All samples were assessed for sugar levels and complete blood count.
RESULTS:
118 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study, 66% of patients were females, and 34% were males. Female patients in age groups 1, 2 and 3 were more than males, and in age group 4, all patients were male. Anemia was found in about 79% of females and 21% of male patients.
CONCLUSION:
Albuminuria and renal insufficiency are important factors in understanding and investigations of anemia. Diabetic patients must be screened for anemia and treated accordingly to improve the quality of life in such patients and reduce morbidity and mortality rate
Transition from Traditional Curriculum to Modular Curriculum Possible Challenges
Get PDFThere is a move toward a modular approach to curriculum implementation these years. The approach has gained special attention in most of the world’s education systems, particularly in medical education. The modular approach is an emerging trend in educational philosophy that modifies the traditional method of instruction to an outcome-based learning paradigm. Modularization is focused on the principle of dividing the curriculum into small distinct modules or units that are independent, non-sequential, and typically brief. A modular approach to education allows the learner to have governed one learning and accepts greater responsibility for learning. It stresses greater wisdom on the part of the learner; the modules are more applicable for more mature students. In a modular approach, all the competencies required to perform are closely linked. Sets of tasks are assembled. Moreover, the very essence of modularization is that learners are in the middle of the teaching-learning process. It demands a classroom atmosphere in which students are actively involved in the knowledge construction process and a shift in the role of the teacher from knowledge transmitter to a facilitator of students’ learning. Not only that, but modularization also necessitates continuous follow-up and assessment of students’ progress throughout the module. Effective continuous assessment allows instructors to modify teaching and learning in response to assessment evidence. This also benefits students receive feedback about their learning with advice on what they can do to progress further. The starting point was a traditional, discipline-based curriculum that was transformed into a fully integrated, competency-based program during the transition. This conversion process went over three stages: initiation, curriculum development and implementation, and sustainability.1 Now, the following leading question arises: What are the key elements, if any, that challenge the implementation of active learning and continuous assessment in a modular curriculum? Applying the active learning approach in a Modular curriculum mainly depends on the perception that instructors and learners follow. In addition, instructors may often fear trying different teaching techniques, hence resorting to the traditional teacher-centered teaching methodology. Such concerns could merely be fear of the unknown. Instructors should be innovative and be willing to try new teaching strategies to improve their professional practice in general and augment students’ knowledge. The most important challenge is influencing students’ approaches toward deep learning, which is complex and appears much more challenging than predicted, even in student-activating learning environments. ‘Deep learners’ try to know the meaning of what they are learning, relate facts to previous knowledge, observe basic principles and critically evaluate their knowledge and the inferences they draw.3 There is evidence that learning attitudes are affected not only by the learning situations but also by how students perceive them. Students may have diverse intentions when beginning with a learning assignment and use different learning practices and strategies to deal with it.2 However, the modular curriculum positively influences students’ attitudes towards health research, as proved in a comparative study on MBBS students. Students of the modular system had significantly higher attitudes than conventional education methods. However, the level of knowledge was the same in both groups.4 The modular approach must emphasize (a) the intention of assessment tasks as learning tasks and (b) the provision of feedback that targets assisting students throughout the process of learning, rather than focusing on giving feedback on the completed task (i.e., when they obtain the grade), and (c) the engagement of students in organizing and monitoring their learning
Blood Transfusion in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Retrospective Analysis in Government Naseerullah Babar Hospital Peshawar
Get PDFOBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the indications of blood transfusion in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Government NaseerUllah Khan Babar Memorial Hospital.
METHODOLOGY:
This retrospective observational study was performed on indoor gynecology and obstetrics patients for the period of one year, a total of 100 patients were included in this study that received blood transfusion. Samples were collected by non-random convenience sampling after getting approval from the hospital ethical committee. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
RESULTS:
In this study a total of 100 patients who received blood transfusion were analyzed, out of 100 patients 78% of patients received transfusion due to obstetrical causes and 22% patients got transfused for gynecological causes. Most common blood group transfused was B+ and O+ and mean hemoglobin level at which patients received blood transfusion was 9.7g/dl. Blood components preparation can provide components to treat two to three patients from a single donor. The use of packed cell transfusion should be promoted instead of whole blood transfusion that is not even needed in most of the cases.
CONCLUSION:
Blood transfusion practice has been used aggressively in gynecology and obstetrics in some cases even without proper indications. There is a need to modify this practice by correcting anemia through drugs to avoid the inappropriate use of blood. Use of blood components should be encouraged