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Problems and prospects of the Russian financial market in the context of structural changes in the world economy
No full textThe article is based on the author's report “On the root causes of the growing chaos and measures to overcome the economic crisis”*. The aim of the article is to analyze the problems of the modern financial market system in the world and in Russia and to give practical recommendations on how to overcome them. The framework of the study was the statistical data of foreign and Russian agencies and financial organizations. The article employed general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, system approach, and comparison. As a result, the paper provides a complete picture of the systemic economic crisis unfolding against the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic in the world and in Russia. The author indicates its causes and consequences. The work presents concrete recommendations to overcome the crisis. The author concludes that even in the worst-case scenarios of the global crisis, Russia will be able to improve its position in the world economy by pursuing policies to its own advantage. © Glaz'ev S. Yu., 202
Vitamin d is a strategic blow to coronavirus infection
No full textThe world is in the grip of the pandemic of the new viral infection COVID-19. The number of patients around the world is not only not decreasing, but also progressively increasing. Treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 is a major global healthcare challenge. Effective and safe methods of treatment and prevention are urgently needed that can reduce the risk of infection, reduce the risk of developing the infectious process and mortality from this serious disease in addition to quarantine. Vitamin D is known for its classic role in maintaining bone mineral density. Currently, his contribution has been more and more studied. For example, the immune system is important, as well as adaptive immunity and regulation of the inflammatory cascade. In these reviews, the mechanisms of the effect of vitamin D on cellular and humoral immunity and direct antiviral defense of the body were discovered, and its potential modules – the role in vaccine immunogenicity. The data of observational and randomized clinical trials proving the positive effect of colecalciferol on the frequency and severity of seasonal viral respiratory diseases are presented. The mechanism of penetration and development of coronavirus in the human body, changes in the immune system and humoral factors of the body’s defense against the background of the course of SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus and more severe course is an infectious process depending on age and associated diseases. In this article, we analyze and summarize the data of modern studies, in which it is proved that the level of vitamin D in the blood has a beneficial effect on the content of vitamins D in the body’s immune and antiviral defense and its role in reducing the risk of infection and the severity of pathological diseases, including COVID-19. Discussion of the doses and regimens of vitamin D therapy against viral infections, including COVID-19, is based on the experience of previous and ongoing studies and guidelines. © 2020, Remedium Group Ltd. All rights reserved
Advanced therapy for eternal vulvovaginal candidiasis recurrences
No full textCandidiasis is the most common fungal infection predominantly affecting the mucous membrane. The fungus Candida causes these lesions. There are strains resistant to modern antimycotic drugs among Candida spp. Due to the increase in candidiasis prevalence and the widespread use of antifungal agents, the issue of effective treatment is becoming increasingly important. Liability of C. albicans to antigenic mimicry and suppression of the immune response mediates the evasion of the fungus from the immune response and development of excessive inflammation. The evasion of the fungus Candida from the local nonspecific immunity factors contributes to the breakdown of the antibody response initiation and cellular reactions of the acquired immu-nity, which are of key importance for anti-candidiasis protection. Therefore, the lack of an adequate local immune response from the mucous membranes is a possible reason for the development of a recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Modern treatment for recurrent candidiasis in the formed risk groups involves the use of prophylactic aggressive etiotropic ther-apy, but at a lower dose, and the pathogenetically substantiated treatment involves regulating the local immune response in the vagina through the use of immunomodulatory drugs that inhibit the growth of fungi by activating the innate and acquired com-ponents of mucosal immunity. In addition, local immunomodulators contribute to the recovery of damaged mucous membranes and additional lubrication of tissues in contrast to antimycotics, which tend to increase the clinical manifestations of infection and dryness of mucous membranes when applied topically in the early stages of treatment. © 2020, Remedium Group Ltd. All rights reserved
Fulvestrant in the treatment of luminal metastatic breast cancer: The balance of effectiveness and safety
No full textThe review presents the results of studies of fulvestrant in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Hormone therapy is an effective method of treating hormone-positive metastatic breast cancer even in the presence of visceral metastases in the absence of a visceral crisis and without detected resistance to endocrine therapy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, hormone therapy is safer for patients with hormone-positive MBC than chemotherapy, since it does not lead to immunosup-pression. Fulvestrant is a “pure antiestrogen”, it has a greater affinity for estrogen receptors than tamoxifen. Fulvestrant is both a competitive antagonist and a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), this mechanism of action provides complete blocking of the estrogen signaling pathway. In the phase III CONFIRM study, the optimal dose of fulvestrate was determined to be 500 mg once every 28 days, with a loading dose of 500 mg on day 15 of the first month of thera-py. In the FALCON phase III study (n = 462), which included postmenopausal MBC patients who had not previously received any endocrine therapy, fulvestrant 500 mg was compared with the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole. Significant improvement in PFS was achieved with fulvestrant therapy compared to anastrozole: 16.6 months in the fulvestrant group versus 13.8 months with anastrozole [OR = 0.797; 95% CI 0.637–0.999; p = 0.0486]. A subgroup analysis showed that patients without visceral metastases can benefit most from taking fulvestrant. In all studies fulvestrant 500 mg has demonstrated a good toxicity profile, so it is being studied as a component of combined endocrine therapy. In the PALOMA-3 study the combination of fulvestrant with palbociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) demonstrated a median PFS 9.5 months, compared with monotherapy with fulvestrant – 4.6 months (HR = 0.46, p < 0.0001). In the MONALEESA-3 study, the median PFS in patients receiving ribociclib with fulvestrant was significantly higher compared to those taking placebo with fulvestrant: 20.5 months and 12.8 months, respectively (HR = 0.593; 95% CI: 0.480–0.732; p < 0.001). In the MONARCH-2 study the combination of fulvestrant and abemaciclib was studied in the second line of therapy, the median PFS was 16.4 months in the group of fulvestrant and abemaciclib, and 9.3 months in the group of fulvestrant and placebo (HR = 0.553; 95% CI 0.449-0.681; p < 0.0001). Fulvestrant has a satisfactory toxicity profile, does not require supporting therapy, and is included in the clinical recommendations for monotherapy and combination therapy. © 2020, Remedium Group Ltd. All rights reserved
THE LABOUR MARKET OF RUSSIA’S KALININGRAD EXCLAVE AMID COVID-19
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic, which has swept across the globe, is a serious challenge to the Russian labour market. This article examines the consequences of COVID-19 for Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave and how its territorially isolated and lockdown-affected small labour market responds to drastic changes in employment, income, and consumption. Another question is how the immigrant-rich labour market will rebalance the supply-demand equation. Official statistics from the regional government and its subordinate bodies shows that the Kaliningrad regional labour market has been severely battered by shutdown measures. This particularly applies to organisations operating in the most sensitive industries: manufacturing, hospitality, tourism, estate, transport, and warehousing. The unemployment has gone up, reaching a level above the national average; the number of vacancies is dwindling. Keeping the proportion of out-of-the- region workforce at the usual level may aggravate the situation. Although effective, the measures taken by the regional authorities seem insufficient for an isolated regional labour market. © Yemelyanova, L. L. Lyalina, A. V., 2020 All rights reserve
Federalism in russia: Current state and emerging trends
No full textThe article considers the phenomenon of federal relations inmodern Russia froma theoretical and normative point of view. Studying related categories, such as federalism, federation and federal system, the author comes to the conclusion that it is federal relations, which by their nature are purely legal relations, are the core of any federal system. It is the analysis of the dynamics of development of these relations that shows the viability of a particular federal system. Using the concept of systems theory, the author reveals the structure of federal relations, which includes their subjects, objects and content. In turn, the content of federal relations can be revealed using the principles of both the horizontal and the vertical separation of powers. In this regard, not only normative regulation (the Constitution, federal and regional laws), but also judicial practice are of great importance: namely, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which handed down a significant number of decisions revealing the essence of federal relations in specific cases and resolving existing problems. The development of the federal system, and, consequently, the actual federal relations can be traced in examples of an institutional and regulatory nature. Vivid examples of this development are structural changes in the federal system associated with the formation of a new constituent entity of the federation and the adoption of a new constituent entity in the federation. Such examples have occurred inmodern Russia, although in the case of the adoption of new entities in the current regulatory framework, certain problems are found that should be eliminated by making appropriate amendments to the law governing the procedure for such adoption. The COVID-19 pandemic, unfortunately, has affected virtually every nation in the world. The relationship between the federal center and the constituent entities of the federation in such an extraordinary situation has been affected too and has undergone certain changes. Their analysis cannot but lead to a correction of the normative regulation of federal relations in the event of similar situations in the future. Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation have affected a large layer of public relations. Federal relations are no exception, since the “Federated Structure” section of the Constitution includes a number of rather interesting changes. © 2020, University of Tyumen. All rights reserved
Blood pressure telemonitoring and remote counseling of hypertensive patients: Pros and cons
No full textHome blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is strongly recommended by current guidelines as an effective out-of-office diagnostic and monitoring tool in patients with hypertension (HTN). However, there are personal, cultural, logistic difficulties owing to low effectiveness of HBPM. These put HBPM at a disadvantage in routine clinical practice. As such, telehealth solutions are of special interest nowadays, particularly blood pressure telemonitoring (BPTM) with or without remote counseling. BPTM might become something of digital assistant in the long-term patients’ follow-up and it fits well into the practice of continuity of medical care. The purpose of this review is to highlight not only the benefits of BPTM, but important discrepancies that may impede its widespread implementation in everyday clinical work. Critical comments address the lack of long-term, high-quality studies, absence of hard clinical outcomes and uncertainty on the best technical performance. © 2020, Silicea-Poligraf. All rights reserved
From temporal to spatial networks: On inferring missing coordinates of debit card transactions
No full textNowadays a problem of the missing locations inferring from transactions data presents in different areas starting from tracking a COVID-19 carrier to analysing a bank client's movements for creating a personalized proposal. The most of the existing approaches operate with data consisting of GPS coordinates and their aim is to impute the missing data in such a way that it will be as close to the real data as possible. By using the data containing transactions which were done in the surrounding territory, we bring a new perspective to this problem since this information could be used to infer a person's movements by already generated digital trace and without creation of expensive sensors or cameras. In this study, we propose a unified framework aimed at the estimation of commercial establishments' coordinates by the set of transactions. Our approach is based on constructing the graph where the vertices are stores and there is an edge between two of them if there were a consecutive transactions made at these two points. After that, we infer the distances between the places by applying machine learning techniques to the distribution of time differences between the transactions. Finally, we optimize the coordinates of points using obtained distances and points with known coordinates. In this paper, we describe the process of the data preparation and the details of training the model for the distances between points with unknown locations inferring (only 4% of 46000 locations is known). The RMSE of the distance inferring computed on the known locations is ˜ 530 meters and, also, the evaluation of the model showed that the R2coefficient equals 0.51. Then, we present the details of the coordinates inferring for the points with missing coordinates. The median error of the location inferring is ˜ 250 meters. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved
Utilization of hot spot analysis in the detection of spatial determinants and clusters of the spanish flu mortality
No full textThe Spanish flu appeared at the end of the First World War and spread around the world in three waves: spring-summer in 1918, which was mild; autumn fatal wave, in the same year; and winter wave in 1919, which also had great consequences. From the United States of America, as the cradle of its origin, the Spanish flu spread to all the inhabited continents, and it did not bypass Serbia either. Research on the Spanish flu, as the deadliest and most widespread pandemic in the human history, was mostly based on statistical researches. The development of the geographic information systems and spatial analyses has enabled the implementation of the information of location in existing researches, allowing the identification of the spatial patterns of infectious diseases. The subject of this paper is the spatial patterns of the share of deaths from the Spanish flu in the total population in Valjevo Srez (in Western Serbia), at the settlement level, and their determination by the geographical characteristics of the studied area—the average altitude and the distance of the settlement from the center of the Srez. This paper adopted hot spot analysis, based on Gi* statistic, and the results indicated pronounced spatial disparities (spatial grouping of values), for all the studied parameters. The conclusions derived from the studying of historical spatial patterns of infectious diseases and mortality can be applied as a platform for defining measures in the case of an epidemic outbreak with similar characteristics. © 2020, Geographical Institute "Jovan Cviji" of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. All rights reserved
The role of the renin-angiotensin system, immunological and genetic factors in children with COVID-19 [Роль ренин-ангиотензиновой системы, иммунологических и генетических факторов в реализации COVID-19 у детей]
No full textIt is a common fact that children are less susceptible to COVID-19 than adults, and they usually have milder forms often without symptoms, due to the age-related characteristics of their immune response and the features of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The recent studies have shown that the RAS elements are widely represented in the lungs, and they actively participate in the inflammation process in addition to their main vasoregulatory function. The cascade of RAS reactions is one of the key links in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and it is analyzed from two positions: expression of ACE2 receptors and polymorphisms of certain genes of this system. The studies have demonstrated that the ACE2 transmembrane protein is both the “entry gate” for the virus, and it also plays a regulatory role, turning the pro-inflammatory vasoconstrictor angiotensin II into anti-inflammatory angiotensin (1-7) with vasodilating properties. A higher content of ACE2 in children as compared to that in adults maintains the RAS system balance and prevents the development of complications. It has been also found that certain genetic polymorphisms (AGTR1, AGTR2, ACE2, ACE) can cause the imbalance of RAS components, leading to more pronounced reactions of alveolocytes, vascular endothelium and smooth muscle fibers in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to a shift of the vasoconstrictor, proliferative and profibrotic mechanisms. The patients with certain genetic polymorphisms of NOS genes regulating vascular tone, cell growth and proliferation may have a genetic predisposition to the development of severe forms of COVID-19. © 2020 National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation. All rights reserved