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Characteristics of interaction between parents and children with visual impairment at preschool age
Get PDFParenting is a dynamic process infuenced by the behavior of both children and parents. Behavior of children with visual impairment is characterized by the absence of language which involves smiling and looking, calming down when focusing on voice, unusual posture, stereotyped behavior, blank face, which can all interfere with parentchild interaction. Objective. The aim of this paper was to determine the characteristics of interaction between mothers and children with visual impairment and multiple disabilities. Methods. The research included a total of thirteen mother-child pairs. Five children had a visual impairment, while eight had both a visual impairment and another comorbid condition. The children were between 10 and 68 months of age (M = 31.62, SD = 19.08). The characteristics of interaction between mothers and children with visual impairment and multiple disabilities were assessed by analyzing videos, while Parenting Interactions with Children - Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes - PICCOLO was used to record the observed behaviors. Results. Interaction between parents and children with visual impairment and multiple disabilities was satisfactory in three domains: Affection, Responsiveness, and Encouragement. Conclusion. The biggest problem for parents was fnding a way to teach their child some activities or to provide information about the environment.Roditeljstvo je dinamičan proces, na koji utiče ponašanje deteta i roditelja. Ponašanje dece s oštećenjem vida karakteriše odsustvo jezika osmeha i jezika pogleda, umirivanje kada su usredsređena na glas, neuobičajeno držanje tela, ispoljavanje stereotipnog ponašanja, bezizražajan izgled lica, što može da ometa uspostavljanje interakcije roditelj - dete. Cilj: Cilj rada je utvrđivanje karakteristika interakcije između majki i dece s oštećenjem vida i višestrukim smetnjama. Metod: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno trinaest dijada majki i dece. Od tog broja petoro dece je imalo oštećenje vida, a osmoro, pored oštećenja vida, i druge smetnje. Uzrast dece je bio od 10 do 68 meseci (AS = 31.62, SD = 19.08). Procena karakteristika interakcije majki sa decom s oštećenjem vida i višestrukom ometenošću vršena je na osnovu analize video-snimaka, a za beleženje zapaženih oblika ponašanja korišćena je Kontrolna lista za procenu interakcije roditelja sa decom povezana s razvojnim ishodima (Parenting Interactions with Children - Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes - PICCOLO). Rezultati: Interakcija roditelja i dece s oštećenjem vida i višestrukom ometenošću zadovoljavajuća je u tri domena: Naklonost, Responzivnost i Podsticanje. Zaključak: Roditeljima najveći problem predstavlja iznalaženje načina kako da poduče dete nekim aktivnostima ili da pruže informacije o dešavanjima u okolini
Neurolinguistic and clinical aspect of agrammatism in aphasia
Get PDFIntroduction. Agrammatism is a disorder of grammatical structure due to damage to the dominant hemisphere of the brain. Despite numerous studies, the nature of agrammatism has not yet been elucidated. Objective. We aimed to determine the anatomical-clinical correlation of agrammatic aphasia, its characteristics and approaches to treatment. Methods. We accessed electronic databases of Serbian libraries and search engines on the Internet. Printed literature at the University Library in Belgrade was also used. Results. Analysis of the anatomical-clinical correlation of agrammatism showed higher activation of anterior and posterior areas of the brain during the production of verbs with a complex structure of arguments. The lower left frontal cortex plays a primary role in the production of grammatical sentences, while the temporoparietal cortex participates in the lexical processing of the argument structure of verbs and plays a key role in semantic integration. The key features of agrammatism in aphasia are impaired syntactic processing and difficulties in using verbs with a complex argument structure. We pointed out the approaches to the treatment of agrammatism which involve practicing the metalinguistic properties of verbs in terms of their arguments. Conclusion. Although agrammatism is primarily associated with lesions of the frontal cortex, damage to posterior cortical areas also contributes to its occurrence. Deficits in syntactic processing and difficulties in the use of verbs with a complex argument structure are at the heart of agrammatic aphasia. The treatment of agrammatism aims to recover the knowledge of verbs in terms of argument structure and semantic thematic roles.Uvod. Agramatizam predstavlja poremećaj gramatičke strukture usled oštećenja dominantne hemisfere mozga. Iako se ovom afazičkom poremećaju u literaturi posvećuje dosta pažnje, njegova priroda još uvek nije dovoljno razjašnjena. Cilj. U radu je dat pregled istraživanja agramatizma s ciljem bližeg određivanja anatomsko-kliničke korelacije i karakteristika agramatičke afazije, kao i razmatranja pristupa tretmanu. Metode. Uvid u relevantnu literaturu izvršen je pristupom elektronskim bazama podataka biblioteka Srbije, kao i upotrebom specijalizovanih pretraživača na internetu. Pored toga korišćena je literatura dostupna u Univerzitetskoj biblioteci u Beogradu. Rezultati. Analizom radova o anatomsko-kliničkoj korelaciji agramatizma utvrđeno je da se pri produkciji glagola sa složenom strukturom argumenata povećava aktivnost anteriornih i posteriornih oblasti mozga uključenih u neuronsku mrežu za jezik. U produkciji gramatičnih rečenica primarnu ulogu ima donji levi frontalni korteks, dok temporoparijetalni korteks učestvuje u leksičkoj obradi argumentske strukture glagola i ima ključnu ulogu u semantičkoj integraciji. Studije posvećene lingvističkoj interpretaciji pokazuju da su ključne karakteristike agramatizma oštećenje sintaksičkog procesiranja i teškoće u upotrebi glagola sa složenom argumentskom strukturom, što uzrokuje smetnje u produkciji i prepoznavanju gramatičnih rečenica. U tretmanu agramatizma izdvajamo pristupe koji su usmereni na restituciju metalingvističkog znanja o jezičkim svojstvima glagola i njihovoj argumentskoj strukturi. Zaključak. Iako se agramatizam primarno vezuje za lezije frontalnog korteksa, njegovoj pojavi doprinose i oštećenja posteriornih kortikalnih oblasti. U osnovi agramatičke afazije nalaze se deficiti sintaksičkog procesiranja i teškoće u upotrebi glagola sa složenom argumentskom strukturom. Tretman agramatizma ima za cilj restituciju znanja o jezičkim svojstvima glagola u pogledu strukture argumenata i semantičkih tematskih uloga u rečenicama
Nedović Goran, Eminović Fadilj: Approaches and models in special education and rehabilitation, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Belgrade, 2020
Get PDFSpeech and language abilities and oral-motor movability in children with spastic cerebral palsy: Preliminary research
Get PDFIntroduction Although clinical practice shows that children with spastic cerebral palsy have disturbances in the development of speech and language, literature is very scarce with data in this area. In particular, it is missing data on the specificities of speech-language disorders and the mobility of speech organs. Objective the aim of this paper is to assess the development of speech and language abilities and to determine the characteristics of speech disorders in children with spastic cerebral palsy. We were also interested in the state of mobility of speech organs in this category of children. Method the sample consisted of 10 respondents (6 boys and 4 girls), aged four years, with spastic cerebral palsy who were treated at the Special hospital for cerebral palsy and developmental neurology in Belgrade. Based on the medical documentation and the results of testing, the course of language development, speech-language abnormalities and mobility of speech organs were analysed. The Test for the articulation assessment and the Test for voice assessment were applicable, while the prosodic features of speech were assessed by perceptual analysis of recorded speech patterns. The mobility of speech organs was assessed by clinical observation and by using a Test of voluntary oral motor activity. Results the results showed that children with spastic cerebral palsy have a significant delay in speech and language development. They master the elements of the linguistic structure much later than the typically developing children. Most children with spastic cerebral palsy have dysarthria characterized by difficulties in the articulation of the consonants, the change in voice quality, and disturbance of rhythm and rate of speech. Disturbances in speech are accompanied by slow movements of speech organs. Conclusion Children with spastic cerebral palsy are late in the development of speech-language abilities, they have a disorder of articulation of consonants, altered voice quality and impairment of the prosodic features of speech.Uvod Iako klinička praksa pokazuje da deca sa spastičnom cerebralnom paralizom ispoljavaju poremećaje u razvoju govora i jezika, literatura je veoma oskudna podacima u ovoj oblasti. Posebno nedostaju podaci o specifičnostima govorno-jezičkih poremećaja i pokretljivosti govornih organa. Cilj ovog rada jeste procena razvoja govorno-jezičkih sposobnosti i utvrđivanje karakteritika poremećaja govora kod dece sa spastičnom cerebralnom paralizom. Takođe nas je zanimalo stanje pokretljivosti govornih organa u ovoj populaciji Metod Uzorak je činilo 10 ispitanika (6 dečaka i 4 devojčice) sa spastičnom cerebralnom paralizom uzrasta od četiri godine, koja su lečena u Specijalnoj bolnici za cerebralnu paralizu i razvojnu neurologiju u Beogradu. Na osnovu uvida u logopedsku dokumentaciju i testiranja, analizirani su tok jezičkog razvoja, poremećaji govorno-jezičkih sposobnosti i pokretljivost govornih organa. Primenjeni su Trijažni artikulacioni test, Test za ispitivanje osnovnog laringealnog glasa, dok su prozodijska obeležja i razumljivost govora procenjeni na osnovu preceptivne analize snimljenih uzoraka govora. Pokretljivost govornih organa procenjena je kliničkom opservacijom, a voljna motorna aktivnost Testom oralne praksije. Rezultati su pokazali da deca sa spastičnom cerebralnom paralizom znatno kasnije progovaraju i ovladavaju elementima jezičke strukture u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Kod većine dece identifikovana je dizartrija koju karakterišu teškoće u artikulaciji konsonanata, promene kvaliteta glasa i poremećaj ritma i tempa govora. Poremećaji u govoru praćeni su usporenim pokretima govornih organa. Zaključak Deca sa spastičnom cerebralnom paralizom kasne u razvoju govorno-jezičkih sposobnosti, imaju poremećaj artikulacije glasova, izmenjen kvalitet glasa i oštećenje prozodijskih obeležja govora
Neusaglašenost kriminalne etiologije i penalnog tretmana osuđenih zavisnika od droga
Get PDFProblem sa kojim se aktuelno suočavaju penalne ustanove jeste zloupotreba
psihoaktivnih supstanci u populaciji osuđenih. Presuda na zatvorsku kaznu zanemaruje
subjektivi uzrok kriminalnog ponašanja, a primarno se usmerava na objektivne posledice
i normativne elemente krivičnog dela. Izriče se zatvorska kazna, umesto mere
bezbednosti obaveznog lečenja narkomana. Nastaje neusaglašenost između potrebe za
tretmanom u smislu otklanjanja zavisnosti od droge i ograničenosti zatvorske ustanove
da, osim kaznenog, primeni i adekvatan rehabilitacioni tretman prema osuđenima.
Dodatnu nelogičnost čini neustanovljavanje potrebe za lečenjem zavisnosti od droga u
fazi dijagnostikovanja kriminalnog rizika, potreba za tretmanom i kapaciteta za
promenom osuđenog. Nepoštovanje principa usaglašenosti penalnog tretmana sa
rizikom, potrebama i responzivnošću osuđenog, te formulacija i realizacija klasičnog
zatvorskog tretmana imaju za posledicu zanemarivanje problema narkomanske
zavisnosti, koja svoje dejstvo ostvaruje nakon otpusta osuđenog. Recidivizam je u tom
slučaju očekivana posledica. Ukoliko se realizuju određeni programi, shodno
ustanovljenom problemu, usmereni su na otklanjanje agresije, učenje socijalnih veština ili
druge elemente, koji su često samo posledica zavisnosti od droga. Osnovni problem se
ne rešava, jer tretman nije usmeren na zavisnost od droge. U inostranoj zatvorskoj praksi
primenjuju se različiti rehabilitacioni programi za osuđene zavisnike od droga, koji su se
pokazali kao efektivni. To su Programi detoksikacije, Terapeutske zajednice, Programi
bazirani na kognitivno-bihejvioralnoj terapiji, Supstitucionalna terapija, Program u 12
koraka, Monroe County’s program, Programi Zone bez droge, Okupaciona terapija i
slični. Osuđeni narkomani, učesnici navedenih programa znatno ređe recidiviraju od
neučesnika sa istim problemom. U tom smislu postoji i naše zalaganje za implementaciju
takvih programa prema osuđenim narkomanima i u našu zatvorsku praksu.Dani defektolog
Acoustic analysis of voice and speech in adults with spastic dysarthria
Get PDFSpastic dysarthria as a motor speech disorder impairs the intelligibility of speech production. By perceptual evaluation in individuals with this type of dysarthria, disorders of articulation, tense phonation, impaired prosody and nasalization, monotonous production and slow and difficult speech are observed. Acoustic analysis can provide quantitative data on the deviation of speech and voice characteristics of individuals with dysarthria compared to typical speakers.
The goal of this research was to determine the values of acoustic parameters of voice and speech in adults with spastic dysarthria compared to those values in typical speakers. The analysis was performed by using the Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP) based on continuous phonation of vowel /a/ and speech patterns obtained by reading Balanced Text. The sample consisted of 36 individuals with spastic dysarthria, of whom 20 (55.6%) were men and 16 (44.4%) were women, aged 22 to 87 (M = 61.7).
The results showed that the majority of the twelve acoustic voice parameters tested in individuals with spastic dysarthria showed statistically significant deviation from the norms applicable to typical speakers. The acoustic parameters examined included those indicating variability of fundamental frequency, variability of amplitude, presence of noise, irregularities and interruptions in voice. Also, spectral analysis indicated statistically significant deviations in the position of the formants of vowels /e/ and /i/, as well as the occurence of centralization of the vowel formants, which together indicate impaired intelligibility of speech production.
Acoustic analysis of speech of individuals with spastic dysarthria provided data indicating a serious pathology of their voice and speech. Such data are very useful because they make it easy to determine the appropriate treatment, managing the patient during the treatment, and also conducting the evaluation of the treatment.Thematic collection of international importance Approaches and Models in Special Education and Rehabilitatio
People with intellectual disabilities in higher education environment
Get PDFThe literature on university education for people with disabilities
almost exclusively refers to students with sensory impairments, motor
difficulties or high-functioning autism. However, some universities, mostly
in Italy, Spain and USA, offer specific education degree to people with
intellectual disabilities (ID). The aim of this exploratory research was to
determine whether university professors in Serbia already have experience
with these students and what do they think about ad hoc university courses
created for them. The research was done within the ERASMUS+ Project
“Training university teachers for the inclusion of people with intellectual
disabilities”. The convenience sample consisted of 160 university teachers
coming from five Serbian universities, aged from 24 to 67 years (M =
43.84; SD= 9.32). They were asked to fill in a questionnaire on formative
needs of university teachers teaching students with ID. Surprisingly, 18%
stated they have taught to people with ID in higher education environment.
The majority (70.4%) think it could be useful to establish an ad hoc
university course for people with ID. On the contrary, some participants
were extremely offended by the idea that people with ID could be enrolled
in post-secondary education at the university level. Pearson’s chi-square
test was used to determine differences between university teachers working
in different scientific fields. No statistically significant difference regarding
opinions on university courses for people with ID was observed between
university professors teaching in faculties of social sciences, medicine and
natural sciences (χ²(2) = 1.087, p > .05). It seems that inclusion of students
with ID at universities in Serbia is already a reality, although there is no
common framework that regulates this issue.16th Days of Applied Psychology – Psychology in the World of Scienc
Povezanost intenziteta i učestalosti negativnih stresnih životnih događaja sa stresom roditeljske uloge kod roditelja dece s poremećajem spektra autizma i dece tipičnog razvoja
Get PDFIn the last five years, the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder use to evaluate various negative life events as being more stressful, in comparison to the parents of children with typical development.These two groups of parents cite different stressful events though finance predicaments remain prevalent with both groups. Parents who report higher incidence and intensity of negative life events also experience more intense parental stress.Frequency and the degree of the stressfulness of certain life events are indicative of some extra handicaps imposed on the family of a child with autism spectrum disorder.U poslednjih pet godina, roditelji dece sa poremećajem spektra autizma doživeli su više negativnih životnih događaja i procenili su ih kao stresnije u poređenju sa roditeljima dece tipičnog razvoja. Roditelji ove dve grupe navode različite stresogene događaje, iako se uviđada su finansijske teškoće u samom vrhu liste obe grupe. Roditelji koji navode veću učestalost i intenzitet negativnih životnih događaja doživljavaju i jači intenzitet stresa roditeljske uloge. Učestalost i stepen str
Single-parent families and juvenile delinquency
Get PDFPromene koje se dešavaju u savremenom društvu nisu zaobišle ni porodicu, kao primarnu
društvenu grupu. Prema statističkim podacima, tradicionalna porodica u nekim delovima sveta praktično
iščezava i ustupa mesto drugim oblicima porodične strukture. Od poslednje četvrtine XX veka primetan je
porast učešća jednoroditeljskih porodica, kao i povećanje interesovanja istraživača za ispitivanje
problematike ove pojave. Jedno od važnih pitanja je povezanost ovakvog oblika strukture porodice sa
maloletničkom delinkvencijom, što čini i predmet ovog rada. Cilj rada je ukazivanje na značaj ispitivanja
porodičnih faktora rizika delinkvencije, sa posebnim osvrtom na specifičnosti jednoroditeljskih porodica.The changes that are happening in modern society have not evaded the family, as primary social
group. According to statistics, the traditional family in some parts of the world is practically disappearing
and giving way to other forms of family structure. Since the last quarter of the 20th century, there has
been a noticeable increase in the participation of single-parent families, as well as an increase in the
interest of researchers in examining the problems of this phenomenon. One of the important issues is the
connection between this form of family structure and juvenile delinquency, which is the subject of this
paper. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of examining family risk factors for
delinquency, with special reference to the specifics of single-parent families.Porodica i savremeno društvo - Izazovi i perspektiv
Osnove socijalne politike
No full textUdžbenik koji je pred vama napisan je prevashodno za studente Fakulteta
za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju Univerziteta u Beogradu, radi sistematičnijeg savladavanja sadržaja nastavnog predmeta Socijalna politika.
Međutim, verujemo da može koristiti i u drugim akademskim institucijama
koje u svom nastavnom programu imaju predmet Socijalna politika, kao i
drugim bliskim akademskim disciplinama kojima može biti koristan u obradi njihovih silabusa. Naravno, svesni smo da, kao i svaki, ni ovaj udžbenik
nije dao odgovore na sva pitanja kojima se akademski i praktično bavi socijalna politika.
Sadržaj, pristup i metodologija rada korišćeni u pisanju ovog udžbenika
prilagođeni su potrebama studenata Fakulteta za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju, tako da na najefikasniji i najjezgrovitiji način ovladaju osnovnim
akademskim i praktičnim ishodištima socijalne politike. Mišljenja smo da se
socijalna politika bavi važnim pitanjima ljudskog života i da utiče na to kako
ljudi žive, što je doprinelo dodatnoj odgovornosti u pripremi materijala.
Ovaj udžbenik je ishod višegodišnjeg akademskog, pedagoškog, naučnog
i stručnog delovanja njegovih autora. Prethodila mu je duga lična, naučna i
akademska saradnja autora, koja je krunisana ovim udžbenikom, što nas ispunjava velikim zadovoljstvom. Iako nismo generacijski bliski, vezale su nas
zajedničke vrednosti, vera u bolje društvo, kritička ocena i preispitivanje stvarnosti i nauke, slična radna i ljudska energija, što je učinilo i da generacijski jaz
bude sinergijski komplementaran i obogaćujući za oboje.
Za publikovanje ovog udžbenika izražavamo zahvalnost dekanu prof. dr
Snežani Nikolić, Nastavno-naučnom veću i Odeljenju za prevenciju i tretman
poremećaja ponašanja Fakulteta za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju, koji
su nam dali podršku. Takođe, izražavamo zahvalnost recenzentima prof. dr
Miri Lakićević i prof. dr Nataliji Perišić, koje su svojim sugestijama i ocenama
dale veliki doprinos da udžbenik ima ovakav sadržaj i ovakvu formu. Veliku
zahvalnost dugujemo i generacijama naših studenata kojima samo predavali
ovaj predmet i čiji nam je povratni eho bio dragocen u njegovom stvaranju