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Odnos jezičkih sposobnosti i kvaliteta komunikacije kod starih ljudi
No full textЗа модерна друштва је карактеристично повећање популације старих особа. Старење је процес постепеног мењања структуре организма, са годинама опадају когнитивне способности, долази до здравствених проблема, психичких промена, промена у социјалном функционисању, па самим тим и до пада језичких, говорних и комуникацијских способности.
Циљ овог рада је утврђивање језичких способности и квалитета комуникације код старих особа. Ради бољег разумевања односа језичких способности и квалитета комуникацијског живота старих особа, узорак који је сачињавало 20 особа подељен је у две групе. Прву групу су чинили „млади стари“, односно 10 особа старости од 65 до 75 година. Другу групу је чинило 10 испитаника старијих од 75 година.
У истраживању су коришћени Скала квалитета комуникацијског живота (Quality of communication life scale-ASHA QCL), слика „Крађа колача” из Бостонског дијагностичког теста за афазије и Скрининг тест за афазије, чији је циљ да се процене језичке способности испитаника, како би се уклонила могућност присутства афазичког поремећаја код испитаника.
Резултати су показали да нема статистички значајних разлика између испитаника две старосне групе у испитивању квалитета комуникацијског живота и језичких способности.Modern societies are characterised by an increase in the proportion of elderly persons. Ageing is a process of steady change in the structure of our organism, and with age we observe a decline in cognitive abilities, health problems, psychological changes, changes in social functionality, as well as a decline in speech capabilities.
The aim of this paper is to determine speech capabilities and the quality of communication of the elderly. In order to have a better grasp of the relationship between speech capabilities and the quality of communication life of the elderly, a sample of 20 individuals is divided into two groups. The first group, ’the young elderly’, is comprised of 10 individuals aged between 65 and 75. While the other group is comprised of 10 individuals older than 75.
This paper uses a Quality of communication life scale - ASHA QCL, picture ’Cookie theft’ from the Boston diagnostic test for aphasia and Screening test for aphasia, which aims to assess the speech capabilities of the subjects, in order to eliminate potential individuals suffering from aphasia.
Results show that there are no statistically significant differences in the quality of communication life and speech capabilities between the two age groups
Čitanje kod dece sa disgrafičnim rukopisom
No full textЧитање и писање су најсложеније језичке функције. Ова два процеса се међусобно преплићу. Скоро да је немогуће да се реч напише, а да се одмах не прочита, или да читајући речи не размишљамо о графемама од којих се речи састоје. Дисграфија је специфична сметња у развоју, учењу и стицању способности писања и поред најмање просечних интелектуалних способности, нормалног вида и слуха, одговарајуће едукације и социјалних услова (Голубовић, 2000, 2011).
Циљ овог истраживања је био испитивање карактеристика читања (брзина читања, број грешака и разумевање прочитаног материјала) код деце млађег школског узраста са дисграфичним рукописом уз посебан осврт на то да ли постоје разлике у карактеристикама читања у односу на пол (дечаци, девојчице), разред (други, трећи, четврти), латерализованост (десноруки, леворуки) и начин држања оловке (правилан, неправилан). На узорку од 85 деце типичног развоја утврђено је да дисграфичан рукопис има њих 9 (10,58%). За процену дисграфичности рукописа коришћена је Скала за процену дисграфичности рукописа (Ajuriaguerra & Auzias, 1971; према Ћордић и Бојанин, 1992) док је за утврђивање карактеристика читања коришћен је Тродимензионални тест читања (Костић, Ђ., Владисављевић, С., и Поповић, М., 1983). Због малог узорка деце са дисграфичним рукописом,, за испитивање значајности разлика коришћене су одговарајуће методе непараметријске статистике: Ман Витнијев U тест (за варијабле са два нивоа) и Крускал- Волисов тест (за варијабле са три и више нивоа).
Резултати истраживања су показали да постоје статистички значајне разлике (p<0,05) између дечака и девојчица на две од три испитиване карактеристике читања: брзина читања (MV U=0,000; z=-2,449; p=0,014) и разумевање прочитаног материјала (MV U=1,000; z=-2,252; p=0,024). Дечаци са дисграфичним рукописом имају већу брзину читања (MD=203,00s) од девојчица са дисграфичним рукописом (MD=260,44s). Дечаци, такође, боље разумеју прочитани материјал (MD=6,00) од девојчица (MD=2,50). На варијабли број грешака нису добијене статистички значајне разлике између испитаника различитог пола.
Нису утврђене статистички значајне разлике у испитиваним карактеристикама читања (брзина читања, број грешака и разумевање прочитаног материјала) ни у односу на разред, латерализованост и начин држања оловке.Reading and writing are the most important and complex human functions. These two processes are intertwined, and it is almost impossible to write a word without reading it immediately, or without reading the words without starting from the words that merge into a word.
Dysgraphia is a specific disorder in the development, learning and acquisition of writing skills, in addition to the least average intellectual abilities, preserved sight and hearing, appropriate education and social conditions (Golubović, 2000, 2011).
The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of reading (reading speed, number of errors and comprehension of read material) in children of younger school age with dysgraphic handwriting with special reference to whether there are differences in reading characteristics in relation to gender (boys, girls), grade (second, third, fourth), lateralization (right-handed, left- handed) and the way the pencil is held (correctly, incorrectly). On a sample of 85 examined children, it was determined that 9 of them (10.58%) have a dysgraphic manuscript. The Manuscript Dysgraphics Scale (Ajuriaguerra & Auzias, 1971; according to Ćordić and Bojanin, 1992) was used to assess manuscript dysgraphia, while the Three-Dimensional Reading Test was used to determine reading characteristics (Kostić, Đ., Vladisavljević, S., and Popović). M., 1983). Due to the small sample size, appropriate methods of nonparametric statistics were used to examine the significance of differences: Mann Whitney U test (for two-level variables) and Kruskal-Wallis test (for variables with three or more levels).
The results showed that there are statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between respondents of different sexes on two of the three examined reading characteristics: reading speed (MV U = 0.000; z = -2.449; p = 0.014) and comprehension of the read material (MV U = 1,000; z = -2,252; p = 0.024). Boys with dysgraphic handwriting have a higher reading speed (MD = 203.00s) than girls with dysgraphic handwriting (MD = 260.44s). Boys also understand the material better (MD = 6.00) than girls (MD = 2.50). The variable number of errors did not show statistically significant differences between respondents of different sexes. No statistically significant differences were found in the examined reading characteristics (reading speed, number of errors and comprehension of the read material) nor in relation to the grade, lateralization and manner of holding the pen
Firearm homicides in the family context in Serbia
Get PDFThe uncontrolled spread and misuse of firearms challenges and
threatens both state and human security. Serbia is among countries
with the highest number of civilian firearms’ holding in the world;
nevertheless, it is not characterized by high levels of conventional
crime or violence, which is most obvious when homicide data is
examined and compared to the global average. The lethal acts of
violence take place in various contexts and settings, including both
public and private. Familyrelated homicides make up a significant share of all violent deaths in
Serbia.
Taking that as a starting point, this presentation will focus on the
scope and characteristic of firearm homicides in the family context
in Serbia. The paper is primarily based on the data collected from
the Serbian Ministry of the Interior and the media reports. The
paper starts with a brief introduction to the context related to
firearm violence in Serbia and continuous with an analysis of the
data on the scope and characteristics of family-related homicides in
the period 2015–2019.
The analysis confirms general trends that firearm-related violence
is generally a ‘male’ phenomenon; however, when it comes to the
family context, men still present a majority of perpetrators, but
most victims of firearm-related incidents are women.
Based on the main conclusions, we will end with recommendations
for preventing and suppressing firearm-related homicides in the
family context
Sexual Violence against Students at Faculties: An Overview of the So Far Research Results
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straživanja seksualne viktimizacije studenata na fakultetima počela su intenzivnije da
se sprovode u svetu tokom 1980-tih godina. Ona su pokazala da studenti, posebno studentkinje čine jednu od kategorija koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije različitim
oblicima seksualnog nasilja tokom studiranja. U Srbiji su takva istraživanja retka, pa je
ova pojava još uvek nedovoljno istražena. Ovaj rad ima za cilj pregled rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja sprovedenih u svetu i Srbiji nakon 2000. godine, a koja se odnose na rasprostranjenost i strukturu seksualnog nasilja nad studentskom populacijom na fakultetima, potom, na grupe studenata koje su u posebnom riziku od viktimizacije seksualnim
nasiljem na fakultetima, kao i na posledice koje viktimizacija seksualnim nasiljem ima
po žrtve. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju velike razlike u stopi rasprostranjenosti ovog
oblika viktimizacije, što je direktna posledica primene različitih metodoloških pristupa.
Studenti na fakultetima su češće izloženi seksualnom uznemiravanju, neverbalnom,
verbalnom i uznemiravanju putem fizičkog kontakta ili preko društvenih mreža, a ređe
težim oblicima nasilja, kao što su silovanje ili pokušaj silovanja. Riziku od viktimizacije su
posebno izložene osobe ženskog pola, drugačije seksualne orijentacije od heteroseksualne, na početku studija, kao i studenti i studentkinje koji konzumiraju alkohol i/ili drogu i
čiji je materijalni status loš ili stalno oscilira. Seksualno nasilje ostavlja brojne posledice po
žrtve, posebno psihičke, ali negativno utiče i na nastavak školovanja i akademsko postig nuće, pa je neophodno razvijanje politika i mehanizama za blagovremeno prepoznavanje viktimizacije i pružanje podrške žrtvama.Research on sexual victimization of university students particularly intensified
during the 1980s. They suggest that students, especially female students, are one of
the categories that are at special risk of being victimized by various forms of sexual
violence during their studies. Research on sexual violence at universities in Serbia
is rare, so this phenomenon is still under-researched. This paper aims to provide an
overview of the results of previous research on the prevalence and structure of sexual
violence against university students, groups of students at particular risk of victimization with sexual violence at the universities and the consequences of sexual violence against students at the universities in the world and in Serbia. Previous research
suggested large differences in the prevalence of this form of victimization, which is a
direct consequence of the application of different methodological approaches. University students are more often exposed to sexual harassment, verbal or nonverbal,
as well as to harassment through physical contact or through social media, and less
often to more severe forms of violence, such as rape or attempted rape. The groups
that are at particular risk from sexual victimization at the universities include women,
persons of different sexual orientation than heterosexual, those at the beginning of the study, as well as students who consume alcohol and/or drugs and whose material
status is poor or constantly oscillates. Sexual violence leaves numerous consequences
for victims, especially psychological ones, but it also negatively affects the continuation of schooling and academic achievement, so it is necessary to develop policies
and mechanisms for timely recognition of victimization and providing support to victim
Komparativna analiza vaspitanja i obrazovanja dece sa smetnjama u razvoju - primer Republike Srbije i Republike Slovenije
No full textЦиљ рада је да се прегледом законских и подзаконских аката изведе анализа школовања деце са сметњама у развоју у Републици Србији и Републици Словенији, а да се потом добијени резултати упореде у форми компаративне анализе. Такође, у циљу подробнијег разумевања образовних система обе земље, прегледана су и научна и стручна истраживања која се баве образовањем деце са сметњама у развоју у Србији и Словенији, као и образовањем уопште, а била су доступна у целости у HTML или PDF формату на српском, словеначком или енглеском језику.
Квалитативном анализом законодавних оквира Србије и Словеније уочене су бројне сличности, али и бројне разлике у законском третману особа са сметњама у развоју. Уочено је да постоји интеракција, размена идеја, ставова, па чак и норми између законских система ове две земље, као и да се кроз постојећу, доступну литературу уочава да постоји дијалог између две земље на различитим нивоима. Распадом Југославије, идеја интеграције деце са сметњама у развоју у редован школски систем имплементирана је у Словенији скоро читаву деценију пре него што се то догодило у Србији. Ова разлика у времену приметна је, како у законодавству, тако и у самој пракси. У Словенији конкретно је препознат домен где држава има интерес да интервенише и правно регулише орјентацију деце, адолсцената и пунолетних особа са посебним васпитно-образовним потребама и да одреди облике и начин на који ће се то и реализовати, и то је учињено у форми читавог једног закона. У Србији, норме о деци са сметњама у развоју су придружене општијим нормама о образовању и васпитању деце. С друге стране, постоји доста подзаконских аката и прописа, као и литературе о препрекама са којима се деца са сметњама у развоју суочавају. Упркос разликама, евидентно је да се на европском плану тежи неком виду унификације односа према овој категорији деце, што је наметнуто географском блискошћу ове две земље и прихватањем великог броја истих међународних конвенција, препорука и регулатива Европске Уније.The aim of this paper is to review the laws and bylaws to perform an analysis of the education of children with disabilities in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Slovenia, and then to compare the results in the form of a comparative analysis. Also, in order to better understand the educational systems of both countries, we reviewed scientific and professional researches dealing with the education of children with disabilities in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Slovenia, as well as education in general, in its entirety in HTML or PDF format in Serbian, Slovenian or English language.
Qualitative analysis of the legislative frameworks of Serbia and Slovenia revealed numerous similarities, but also numerous differences in the legal treatment of persons with disabilities. It was noticed that there is interaction, exchange of ideas, attitudes, and even norms between the legal systems of these two countries, as well as that through the existing, available literature it is noticed that there is a dialogue between the two countries at different levels. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the idea of integrating children with disabilities into the regular school system was implemented in Slovenia almost a decade before it happened in Serbia. This difference in time is noticeable, both in the legislation and in the practice itself. In Slovenia, a domain has been specifically recognized where the state has an interest in intervening and legally regulating the orientation of children, adolescents and adults with special educational needs and to determine the forms and manner in which this will be realized, and it is done in the form of a whole law. In Serbia, norms on children with disabilities are associated with more general norms on education and upbringing of children. On the other hand, there are a lot of bylaws and regulations, as well as literature on the obstacles that children with disabilities face. Despite the differences, it is evident that at the European level there is a tendency to unify relations with this category of children, which is imposed by the geographical proximity of these two countries and the acceptance of a large number of the same international conventions, recommendations and regulations of the European Union
Procena svesnosti o afaziji na području južne Srbije
No full textБројна истраживања широм света посвећена су процени свесности опште популације о афазији. У нашем истраживању испитивали смо ниво свесности о афазији на подручју Јужне Србије. Као инструмент користили смо адаптирану верзију анкете о афазији – Awarness of Aphasia Survey. Подаци су прикупљени у малопродајним објектима, парковима, тржним центрима. У истраживању је учествовало 100 испитаника, који су путем анкете питани да ли су чули за афазију, затим постављана су им питања о симптоматологији и етиологији афазије, у ком контексту су чули за афазију, као и да ли знају како и у којим условима се може помоћи особама са афазијом. Путем анкете, прикупљени су подаци о полу, узрасту и образовању. Резултати нашег истраживања показују да је 53 % (N=53) испитаника чуло за афазију, од којих само 7,55 % (N=4) испитаника поседује основно знање о симптомима афазије, а њих 37,7 % (N=20) поседује основно знање о етиологији афазије. На основу резултата истраживања процењујемо да је ниво свесности о афазији на подручју Јужне Србије низак, као и то да пол, образовање, узраст не утичу на ниво свесности о афазији.Numerous studies around the world are dedicated to assessment of the general population ’s awareness of aphasia. In our research, we examined the level of awareness about aphasia in South Serbia. As a research instrument we used an adapted version of the aphasia survey – Awarness of Aphasia Survey. Data were collected in retail stories, parks and malls. The study involved 100 respodents who were asked through a survey if they had heard of aphasia, then asked questions about the symptomes and etiology of aphasia, in what context they had heard about aphasia, and whether they know how and in which institution aphasic persons can be helped. Information on gender, age and education was recorded. The results of our research show that 53 % (N=53) of respodents have heard of aphasia, of which only 7,55 % ((N=4) respodents have basic knowledge of the symptomes of aphasia, while 37,7 % (N=20) respodents have basic knowledge of the etiology of aphasia. Based on the results of the research, we estemate that the level of awareness about aphasia in South Serbia is low, as well as that gender, age and level of education do not affect the level of awareness about aphasia
Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and their pathophysiological significance
No full textEctopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs are structures with the organization similar to the one of secondary lymphoid organs, formed in non-lymphoid tissues. They are considered to be an important site for the lymphocytic physiological and pathological role in conditions such are chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and allograft rejection. Although similar to the secondary lymphoid tissues, the initiation of ELS formation is not preprogramed and requires chronic inflammation, expression of homeostatic chemokines, and lymphotoxin beta receptor activation. Importantly, while ELS formation may be considered beneficiary in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, the persistence of these active lymphoid structures within the tissue increase the chance for development of autoimmunity and lymphoma. This paper is providing an overview of biological mechanisms involved in ELS formation, as well as the overview of the pathophysiological role of these structures. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility to therapeutically target ELS formation, bearing in mind their bivalent nature and role in different pathophysiological conditions
Genetic and epigenomic modifiers of diabetic neuropathy
Get PDFDiabetic neuropathy (DN), the most common chronic and progressive complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), strongly affects patients’ quality of life. DN could be present as peripheral, autonomous or, clinically also relevant, uremic neuropathy. The etiopathogenesis of DN is multifactorial, and genetic components play a role both in its occurrence and clinical course. A number of gene polymorphisms in candidate genes have been assessed as susceptibility factors for DN, and most of them are linked to mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species production, neurovascular impairments and modified protein glycosylation, as well as immunomodulation and inflammation. Different epigenomic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA action have been studied in DN, which also underline the importance of “metabolic memory” in DN appearance and progression. In this review, we summarize most of the relevant data in the field of genetics and epigenomics of DN, hoping they will become significant for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of DN
Cognitive impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease: A white paper from the ESO Dementia Committee
Get PDFPurpose Many daily-life clinical decisions in patients with cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment are complex. Evidence-based information sustaining these decisions is frequently lacking. The aim of this paper is to propose a practical clinical approach to cognitive impairments in patients with known cerebrovascular disease. Methods The document was produced by the Dementia Committee of the European Stroke Organisation (ESO), based on evidence from the literature where available and on the clinical experience of the Committee members. This paper was endorsed by the ESO. Findings Many patients with stroke or other cerebrovascular disease have cognitive impairment, but this is often not recognized. With improvement in acute stroke care, and with the ageing of populations, it is expected that more stroke survivors and more patients with cerebrovascular disease will need adequate management of cognitive impairment of vascular etiology. This document was conceived for the use of strokologists and for those clinicians involved in cerebrovascular disease, with specific and practical hints concerning diagnostic tools, cognitive impairment management and decision on some therapeutic options. Discussion and conclusions: It is essential to consider a possible cognitive deterioration in every patient who experiences a stroke. Neuropsychological evaluation should be adapted to the clinical status. Brain imaging is the most informative biomarker concerning prognosis. Treatment should always include adequate secondary prevention
Employment readiness in adults with intellectual disabilities
Get PDFIntroduction. Of all people with disabilities, persons with intellectual disabilities are the most numerous unemployed group who wait for a job the longest. In order to spend their day in a more productive way, these people spend time in centres and day-care centres within the system of social protection, but their motivation for work decreases over time. Objectives. The main goal of this research was to determine work readiness in adults with intellectual disabilities by assessing the specific dimension of work motivation, with special emphasis on determining differences in gender, level of formal education, type of family environment, and records in the National Employment Service. Methods. The convenience sample consisted of 78 respondents of both genders, users of services provided by associations for helping persons with intellectual disabilities in Belgrade. Work Readiness Scale (Rose et al., 2010) was used in this research. Results. Adults with intellectual disabilities were moderately interested in employment, but the obtained results differed from the estimated variables. Respondents who were professionally trained for work, as well as those who were registered in the records of the National Employment Service, showed proactive attitudes towards employment. Family support was insufficient and the lack of support was the most pronounced among the respondents living in foster families. No statistically significant differences were found with regard to gender. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the need to provide professional support to adults with intellectual disabilities regarding the importance of working in integrated employment, with simultaneous cooperation with family members. Also, further research is needed in order to profile work readiness more clearly and adequately plan various services for the inclusion of adults with intellectual disabilities in the world of work.Uvod: Od svih osoba sa ometenošću najbrojniju grupu nezaposlenih čine osobe s intelektualnom ometenošću, koje najduže čekaju na posao. Kako bi kvalitetnije ispunile dan, ove osobe provode vreme u centrima i dnevnim boravcima u okviru sistema socijalne zaštite, ali vremenom dolazi do opadanja motivacije za zapošljavanje. Cilj: Cilj rada je da se procenom specifčne dimenzije radne motivacije utvrdi spremnost odraslih osoba s intelektualnom ometenošću na zaposlenje, sa posebnim osvrtom na utvrđivanje razlika u odnosu na pol, nivo formalnog obrazovanja, tip porodičnog okruženja i evidenciju u Nacionalnoj službi za zapošljavanje. Metode: Prigodnim uzorkom obuhvaćeno je 78 ispitanika oba pola, koji su korisnici usluga udruženja za pomoć mentalno nedovoljno razvijenim osobama na teritoriji Beograda. Za potrebe istraživanja primenjena je Skala spremnosti za rad (Work Readiness Scale). Rezultati: Odrasle osobe s intelektualnom ometenošću su umereno zainteresovane za rad, ali se dobijeni rezulati razlikuju u odnosu na procenjene varijable. Ispitanici koji su profesionalno osposobljeni za rad i oni koji su prijavljeni na evidenciju Nacionalne službe za zapošljavanje prikazuju proaktivni odnos prema zapošljavanju. Podrška porodice je nedovoljna, a nedostatak podrške je izražen kod ispitanika koji žive u hraniteljskim porodicama. Statistički značajne razlike u odnosu na pol ispitanika nisu utvrđene. Zaključak: Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za pružanjem stručne podrške odraslim osobama s intelektualnom ometenošću o značaju rada u otvorenoj privredi, uz istovremenu saradnju sa članovima porodičnog okruženja. Takođe, potrebna su dalja istraživanja u cilju jasnijeg proflisanja spremnosti na zaposlenje i adekvatnog planiranja različitih usluga za uključivanje odraslih osoba s intelektualnom ometenošću u svet rada