Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College
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Toxic Effects Of Corn Oil On Liver Histology In Albino Rats
No full textObjective: To evaluate whether high quantities of unsaturated fats such as corn oil can produce fatty liver in albino rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out at BMSI, JPMC after obtaining ethical approval, from October to November 2008. Forty adult albino rats, weighing 200 to 240 grams were divided into 2 groups according to dietary regimen. Group A received control diet and Group B received high-corn oil diet (20 ml corn oil in 100 gm of diet).The groups were further divided into A1, A2 and B1, B2 on the basis of duration of treatment, that is 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively. The rats were sacrificed, liver removed and processed for haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections revealed swollen hepatocytes having vesicular appearance with absent or pyknotic nuclei in high-corn oil group as compared to control animals. Conclusion: This study has proved that use of high quantities of unsaturated fats, such as corn oil can lead to fatty liver.
Mortality Associated with Neck Compression Deaths –An Autopsy Based Study
Get PDFObjective: To determine the frequency of deaths due to compression of neck autopsied in three major mortuaries of Karachiand to evaluate the association of cause of neck compression deaths with the age and gender.Materials and Methods: This autopsy- based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st March 2008 to 28thFebruary 2009 in the mortuaries at Civil Hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi.The study included 90 cases of deaths due to hanging and strangulation, brought to mortuaries of public sector hospitals ofKarachi. Details of findings from autopsy reports and police papers were entered in a performa under the heading of cause,causative agent, manner, age and gender.Results: 90 out of 2090 unnatural deaths were due to hanging and strangulation. Hanging was the most frequent cause amongthe deaths due to neck compression. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Male dominated in hanging and ligature strangulation whilefemale dominated in manual strangulation. Age group ranging from 15 to 35years was chiefly involved. 100 % suicidal andhomicidal manner of death was seen in hanging and strangulation respectively. Cause of neck compression death was significantlyassociated with gender (P value <0.036) but not with the age (P value <0.732).Conclusion: Hanging is the most frequent neck compression death involving males of young age group. Hanging and strangulationare still used to commit suicide and homicide respectively. Such deaths indicate frustrated and stressful condition of youngpopulation necessitating comprehensive program of counseling for healthy environment
Clinical Presentation of Malignant Tumours of Tonsil and its Association with Unilateral Enlarged Tonsil in Different Age Groups
Get PDFObjective:To determine different clinical presentations in tonsil malignancy with unilateral enlarged tonsil (UET) in differentage groups.Materials and Methods:This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out from 2007 to 2014 in Social Security HospitalIslamabad (allied with Islamabad Medical and Dental College) and in Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi.80 patients underwenttonsillectomy suspected of tonsil tumour with tonsil asymmetry. In Group I patients were of 3-12 years and in group II, of 13and above. Clinical assessment was done for any Regional and systemic disease.After tonsillectomy, difference in tonsil sizewas recorded on gross examination and then sent for histopathology. Statistical evaluation was done by using SPSS 16.Results: In group I predominant symptom was bilateral (B/L) cervical lymph node enlargement, 32(82%) along with UET.Majority of patients (82.5%) with clinically enlarged tonsil also showed enlargement in gross. Reactive hyperplasia was seenin 2 and lymphoma in 7 on histopathology. In group II Predominant clinical features were cervical lymphadenopathy, recurrentsore throat, headache, nasal obstruction, cough, earache and postnasal drip. 87.5 % of clinically enlarged tonsil showedenlargement in gross examination.Histopathology revealed lymph adenitis in 30, Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 5 and Bcell lymphoma in 2.Conclusion: Tonsillectomy must be done in UET to rule out malignant tumou
Alarming Scarcity of Blood Donations
Get PDFHuman blood is a unique and specialized tissue.Screening of blood donation products have beenincreasing in the community before usage. However,on the con side “Blood Donation Practices” aredecreasing in the society. WHO blood donationsrecommendationfor low-income countriesare 20/1000population, at minimum level. Currently, this rate ishighin high-income countries (38/1000 population) and lowin low-income countries(4/1000 population). Accordingto WHO recent report, out of about 100 million blooddonations, nearly more than half donations are dulyneeded by children under the age of five years,amonglow-income populations. On the contrary, among thehigh-income populations, this ratio(approximate 75%)is shifted to older than 65 years of age.1There is cleartrend of boost in the demand of blood donations as thenumber of surgeries, neurological and blood carcinomasrelated palliative treatments as well as old age populationare growing day by day.To cope up these, there is veryscarce supply of blood donations in the healthcaremarket.2Even unethical blood donations like paid donorsnot able to cut these high demands down. Drasticallythey are increasing the burden of infections risks oftransfusion related serious transmitted infections forinstance HIV, Syphilis
Naegleria fowleri - Simple Facts About Brain Eating Amoeba
No full textYear after year, the inhabitants of Karachi have to face the fear and panic of Naegleria fowleri which can cause deadly disease called meningoencephalitis. A common citizen remains extremely wary of what to do and what not to do. The health authorities do come up with awareness campaigns mounted on large sized billboards, yet the simple facts remains eluded to even majority of health care personnel. It was in 1958 that Culbertson and his colleagues first described the concept that free living soil and water amoebae can cause disease in humans. Since then number of fatal cases of acute meningoencephalitis have been reported.1 Naegleria is a free living amoeba, commonly found in warm freshwater for example, lakes, rivers, hot springs and soil. Only one of the specie of Naegleria known as Naegleria fowleri is pathogenic and infects humans. This parasite infects people when water containing the amoeba enters the body through the nose. This normally occurs when people swim or dive in warm freshwater places, like lakes and rivers. The amoeba then travels up the nose to the brain via olfactory nerve where it destroys the brain tissue.2 As this amoeba can be found in warm freshwater, such as lakes and rivers, swimming pools that are poorly maintained, minimally chlorinated, and/or un-chlorinated, so the recreational water users should be aware that there will always be a low level risk of infection when entering these water
Impact of Maternal Education on Chlidren's Health in Slum Area of Karachi
No full textObjective: To determine the impact of maternal education on children’s health in a slum area of Karachi.
Materials and Methods: A population survey (cross-sectional study) was conducted on 390 children under 5years of age residing in Sharifabad, a slum area of Karachi. Systemic random sampling procedure was adopted to select 390 children. The selection of children was irrespective of gender, ethnicity and religion.
Results: Out of total 390 mothers, 273 (70%) mothers were illiterate and 117 (30%) were literate. In the literate group 21 mothers could read only, 42 had primary, 23 middle, 24 matric, 5 intermediate and 2 mothers had education up to graduate level. Overall a total 162 (41.54%) children were underweight, 205 (52.56%) were stunted and 89 (22.82%) had wasting. Maximum malnutrition regarding underweight and stunting was seen in children whose mothers had no education (illiterate). Maximum wasting was seen in children whose mothers could read only. There was a significant difference regarding underweight and stunting between the children whose mothers were illiterate in comparison to the children whose mothers had some education (P<0.05), but non-significant difference regarding wasting was found.
Conclusion: Mother’s literacy status has a definite association with malnutrition of the children < 5 years of age which is one of the important risk factor
Role of MicroRNA in Breast Cancer
Get PDFBreast Cancer is the commonest cancer affecting women worldwide especially in Asia. Several proteinaceous,genetic andepigenetic biomarkers areallied with the disease but their efficacy as vigorous and robust indicators of disease remains uncertain.The need to detectand differentiate aggressive from non-aggressive breast tumors at cellular level is being investigated.MicroRNAs seem to be a promising marker to identify the disease before it reaches aggressive level. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)are small 18-24 nucleotide RNAs which regulate the expression of approximately 30% of human genes. Their expression isfrequently deregulated in cancers. .miRNAshave been found in significantly large copy numbers in serum/plasma of cancerpatients. The stability of the serum miRNAs is not compromised even if the samples are treated with RNase or incubated atroom temperature over prolong periods or subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. miRNAs that are breast cancer-specificcan therefore be employed as disease predicting biomarkers.Keywords:Breast cancer, Micro RNA, Role, Serum, Stability
Misconceptions: How To Diagnose And Clarify Them In Undergraduate Medical Students
No full textABSTRACT: A big challenge for medical educationists is to search for learning strategies that promote meaningful learning and discourage rote learning. Clinical expertise is achieved by acquiring large amounts of biomedical knowledge structured as concepts linked together in a loosely connected semantic network. Medical students using concepts maps can successfully retrieve information in the short term. Concept maps allow students to recognize the relationship between concepts, which reflects the kind of real-world thinking predominant in the clinical setting. Conceptual thinking occurs when a student goes beyond the surface structure of a problem and recognizes how the problem can be solved, and in addition, possesses the content knowledge integral to solve the problem. Without both components a student may not just be able to critically analyze one problem, but will also fail when given a similar problem in a different context. Hence, there is great need for identification of these learning difficulties mainly in the form of confusions, ambiguities and misconceptions in the learner’s mind.
Heterotopic Pregnancy Following Ovulation Induction By Clomiphene Citrate And A Normally Growing Intrauterine Pregnancy: A Case Report
No full textABSTRACT: A heterotopic pregnancy is defined as the presence of a combined intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy. Heterotopic pregnancy is rare, estimated to occur in 1/30,000 pregnancies. It is also reported to be as high as 1% after the use of assisted reproductive technology. Simultaneous extra and intrauterine pregnancy after the induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate has been reported. Clomiphene citrate which increases the rate of twining could be associated with a heterotopic pregnancy rate of 1/900, which is much less than using assisted reproductive technology. Heterotopic pregnancies are diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for obstetricians. If they continue without diagnosis, a life- threatening situation may occur even when surgical intervention with laparotomy is performed.
Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound in Acute Appendicitis in Correlation with Total Leukocyte Count
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in correlation with totalleukocyte count (TLC).Materials and Methods: This cross sectional comparative study was conducted at the Radiology and Pathology Departmentsof CMH Lahore from 1st February 2007 to 31st January 2008. A total of 125 suspectedpatientsof appendicitis were included inthe study through non-probability purposive sampling. They all underwent US evaluation and laboratory assessment (TLC).Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of US findings and TLC werecalculated keeping surgical findings and histopathology of the removed appendix as gold standard whenever appendecectomywas carried out.Results:Among 62 patients finally proven to be suffering from acute appendicitis US correctly diagnosed the same in 55 (89%),whereas a normal appendix was visualized in 30 (48%) out of the remaining 63 non – appendicitis patients. The most accurateappendiceal finding for appendicitis was adiameter of 6 mm or larger, with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 97%,NPV of98%, and PPV of 98%.The lack of visualization of the appendixwith US had a NPV of 82%. An increase in TLC had a PPVof 66%, whereas normal TLC had a NPV of 73% whereas those of US were 96% and 90% respectively. By utilizing US as anadjunct to clinical evaluation, negative appendectomy rate was lessened to 3.2%.Conclusion: US have better diagnostic utility than TLC in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis