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Inequality in the Income of the Population as a Determinant of the Country's Economic Growth
Get PDFIn this article, there is explored the dependence of economic performance and economic growth on income inequality expressed by Gini coefficient and S80/S20 ratio. Analysis is based on data collected upon EU countries in years 2007, 2012 and 2017. Cluster analysis points out to heterogeneity of EU countries in observed characteristics and enables creation of three groups of countries: postsocialistic, southern and northern. Regression analysis, which takes into account groups of countries, was used to assess and illustrate the dependence. The results show that income inequality has a negative impact on the country's GDP per capita, and its impact on economic growth differs for particular groups of countries.O
The Relationship Between Production and Consumption of Alcohol and its Taxation in the EU Countries
Get PDFThe taxation of alcoholic beverages in the EU member states varies despite the harmonization efforts. This situation has been caused by the relatively liberal tendencies in tax policies concerning the determination of excise duties on alcohol and alcoholic products. The main goal of the present research is to identify the relationship between the taxation of spirits, beer and wine on the one hand, and the production and consumption on the other hand. This dependence is examined through the correlation analysis of the degree of taxation and production/consumption. The highest values of negative correlation have been identified between the taxation and consumption/production of wine. The correlation suggests that tax aspects influence both the production and the consumption of wine. Lower values of correlation coefficients between the production/consumption and taxation of beer and spirits show that these taxes represent stable and well predictable revenues of the EU member states' budgets. The obtained results support the significance of fiscal function of these taxes. Thus, there is a contradiction between the main function of excise duties and the real state of affairs in the area of taxes on the consumption of alcohol and alcoholic beverages. These are facts to be considered in the future efforts to harmonize excise duties.O
Transpiration and water potential of young Quercus petraea (M.) Liebl. coppice sprouts and seedlings during favourable and drought conditions
Get PDFIncreased frequency and intensity of drought events consequently affect oak high forests with the process of further decline, compromised growth and questionable natural regeneration. To overcome such difficulties, new adaptive strategies are required. Coppicing, as the oldest way of forest management, might provide some solutions. In our study two contrasting management systems, sessile oak coppice and high forest, were compared at the initial stages of regeneration and forest development. The transpiration of young oak sprouts and seedlings was monitored using sap flow systems during the 2015 growing season. The study of transpiration also included leaf water potential measurements during three measurement campaigns with contrasting weather conditions. Coppice sprouts transpired significantly more than seedlings on the individual tree and stand level during the entire growing season 2015; particularly large differences were observed during drought conditions. Coppice sprouts experienced lower water limitations due to the voluminous and deeper root system as indicated by leaf water potential results. Presented results attribute young coppices as one of the promising adaptable forest management types with a better adaptive strategy at the extreme sites under water limiting conditions.O
Development of sessile oak and European hornbeam sprouts after thinning
Get PDFWe observed the growth of juvenile sprouts at stool level in an oak-hornbeam selective coppice after selective thinning. We tested the relations of sprouting probability, number and height of new sprouts, and stool biometric characteristics with thinning intensity and light conditions. We compared the results between the two species. The sprouting probability, number of new sprouts, and height of new sprouts were modelled using different types of regression (logistic, generalized linear, and multiple linear regression) evaluated from 84 sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl.) and 139 European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) stools with the same site conditions. There were no significant relations between sprouting probability and the tested parameters because nearly all stools re-sprouted. The growth (number and height) of new sprouts depended on the stool basal area before thinning and on thinning intensity. Light conditions (indirect site factor) only influenced the number of new European hornbeam sprouts in 2016 and the height of new sessile oak sprouts. The number of new sprouts in European hornbeam was higher than in sessile oak.O
The root system of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) at the margins of regenerated stands
Get PDFThe paper aims to contribute to the determination of reasons causing the irregular growth of young pedunculate oaks occurring at the margins of naturally and artificially regenerated plots neighbouring with adult stands on alluvial sites. It presents analyses of aboveground biometric parameters, mortality, root system architecture of young trees, root density in the soil profile, global solar radiation and soil moisture content in dependence on the location of oaks at the northern, southern, eastern or western margins of the regenerated area and on the distance from the stand margin. The highest impact of the neighbouring adult stand is always recorded on the margin of the regenerated plot while its effect is weakening towards the plot centre, and fading away ca. 7 m behind the crown projection of adult trees. Regardless of the oak location (northern, southern, eastern or western margin), the cause is a high root density of marginal trees of the adult stand, which induces the critical lack of water under their crown projections.O
Analysis of performance of the forestry sector in the Czech and Slovak Republics
Get PDFThe forestry sector provides several social and economic benefits to the whole economy. It is based on the sustainable management of renewable natural resources and production of raw wood. It is therefore able of sustainable growth. The interest of the European Union is to build economy based on renewable natural resources, resulting in the need to pay increased attention to the development and support of the forestry. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the performance of forestry sector in the Czech and Slovak Republics for a period of five years. System of indicators measuring sectorial performance was set up to reach the goal. Obtained results in indicators have shown that the profitability and value added rate of Slovak and Czech forestry are at a high level and the performance is affected by high investment efficiency.O
Predicting financial distress of agriculture companies in EU
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is prediction of financial distress (default of payment or insolvency) of 250 agriculture business companies in EU from which 62 companies defaulted in 2014 with respect to lag of the used attributes. From many types of classification models we chose Logistic regression, Support vector machines method with RBF ANOVA kernel, Decision trees and Adaptive boosting based on decision trees to acquire the best results. From the results it is obvious that with the rising distance to the bankruptcy there drops average accuracy of financial distress prediction and there is a greater difference between active and distressed companies in terms of liquidity, rentability and debt ratios. The Decision trees and Adaptive boosting offer better accuracy for distress prediction than SVM and logit methods, what is comparable to previous studies. From overall of 15 accounting variables, we construct classification trees by Decision trees with inner feature selection method for better vizualization, what reduce full data set only to 1 or 2 attributes: ROA and Long-term debt to Total assets ratio in 2011, ROA and Current ratio in 2012, ROA in 2013 for discrimination of distressed companies.O
Rationale for Replacement of the Destructive Test by Non-Destructive One in Medical Devices Manufacturing
Get PDFDue to expanding demand for the level of testing on one side and reduction of costs on the other side, the question how to replace expensive destructive testing of medical devices without compromising the quality of final product arising urgently. This situation is common within all highly regulated industries - in this article is addressed the problem from medical device manufacturing industry. Based on real data containing testing and validation datasets, logit model and classification tree model are estimated for establishing the relationship between result of destructive test and measurements of explored device. Results point to possibility of replacing destructive test by non-destructive one in our case.O
Comparison of deferred tax materiality reporting in accordance with continental and Anglo-Saxon reporting system
Get PDFThe paper is concerned with the influence of a financial reporting system on a deferred tax reporting. The continental and Anglo-Saxon reporting systems are compared. The materiality of the deferred tax item is used as a means for evaluation of the impact of deferred tax reporting. The category of deferred income tax is assessed on a sample of companies operating in the chemical industry (NACE 20.1) and reporting in accordance with the Czech accounting legislation (representative of continental reporting system) in the time series from 2005 to 2015. The results are compared with the results of author's previous study concerning the reporting of deferred tax according to IFRS (representative of Anglo-Saxon reporting system).O
Visual Exposure of Rock Outcrops in the Context of a Forest Disease Outbreak Simulation Based on a Canopy Height Model and Spectral Information Acquired by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Get PDFThis research was focused on the study of visual exposure evolution in the locality of the Drátenická skála nature monument (in the Czech Republic) and the surrounding forest complex in terms of history and through modelling for further possible stand development. The local forests underwent conversion from a natural fir-beech composition to an intensive spruce monoculture with few insect pests or windbreak events to an actual bark beetle infestation. Historic maps, landscape paintings, photographs, and orthophotos served as the basic materials for the illustration of the past situation. Further development was modelled using canopy height models and spectral properties captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As an example, the possible situation of total mortality among coniferous spruce trees after a bark beetle outbreak was modelled. Other options and a practical use of such preprocessed data are, for example, a model for opening and transforming the stands around the rock as one of the ongoing outcrop management trends in the protected landscape area (PLA) of Žďárské vrchy.O