International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Relationship Analysis between Vegetation and Traffic Noise Pollution: A Case Study Lahore, Pakistan: SHORT COMMMUNICATION
No full textThe problem of exposure to traffic noise pollution is rapidly increasing day by day and is closely associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization process taking place over the glob (Margaritis and Kang, 2016)
Assessment of Rice Husk Biomass Potential for Power Generation in Pakistan
Full text linkRice husk is one of the utmost obtainable feedstock for renewable energy production and can contribute to resolving energy scarcity and environmental problems. Appropriate knowledge of the rice husk's physiochemical properties is essential for the approach of thermochemical conversion systems. The present study delivers data on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating values of rice husk collected from different regions of Sindh, Pakistan. Moisture content was found low ranging between 12.76% to 13.50% (Mean 12.98%), higher volatile matter in the range of 55.77% to 62.88% (Mean 61.19%) and ash particles of 14.50% to 16.48% (Mean 15.20%). The lower concentrations of nitrogen, 0.37% to 1.31%, (Mean 0.70%) and sulfur, 0.02% to 0.19%, (Mean 0.11%) environmentally deal with more appropriate fuel properties. The heating value of rice husk ranges varied from 5,276.33 to 6,237.13 Btu/lb (Mean 5,859.87 Btu/lb). The significant values of the rice husk samples indicated that the locally available renewable resources can be transformed into an extensive amount of energy products at a small level from active conversion techniques. Therefore, rice husk can be deliberated as appropriate fuel for energy generation and can be considered as an environmentally friendly and economically feasible fuel that helps to decline harmful pollutions
Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater of Taluka Chachro, Thar Parker, district, Sindh, Pakistan
Full text linkThe study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwater samples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the water samples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located in the study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg show that 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed a dominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3->SO4 ->NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poor category, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were found unsuitable for drinking purpos
Fault Control on Groundwater Flow in An Alluvial Aquifer, Chaman and Khojak Basins, Balochistan, Pakistan
Full text linkGeological structures such as faults play a critical role in the flow of fluids in a reservoir by affecting its permeability. This study explores the role of the Chaman Fault in the distribution of hydrological division, groundwater separation of the aquifer systems of Khojak and Chaman basins. The Chaman Fault is a left-lateral strike-slip transform plate boundary located at the border city of Chaman, District Killa Abdullah, Balochistan. The Chaman fault plays an important role in the division of groundwater in the subsurface, accommodating the structural compartment of the aquifer system. The studies showed that the strike-slip movement of the fault made the aquifer impervious along the fault line. This assertion may also be confirmed by the drastic change in the water table across the fault. Sharp changes in the groundwater table and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were observed during the study. The Karazes which are an indigenous method of irrigation is present in the eastern foothills of Khojak mountains called Khojak basin. Here the water table is as shallow as ≈ 6 meters in comparison to the western side of the fault, where the water table drops to ≈274 meters towards the valley of Chaman basin. The average TDS level on the eastern side of the fault line is 773 mg/L and 1361 mg/L on the western side. Therefore, the Chaman fault is acting as a groundwater barrier which is feeding the Karezes for centuries
Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Seismic Post-Stack Inversion in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Full text linkSeismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This study intends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for the identification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedance zone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume into porosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sand reservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity. The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosity of the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it could be a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysis indicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively be applied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and future exploration
Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Drinking Water of Rajanpur: Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Drinking Water of Rajanpur
No full textPunjab is the most populous area of Pakistan with around 100 million individuals and is confrontingsignificant issues of groundwater exhaustion and water quality deterioration. Groundwater quality in Rajanpur districtof Punjab is also deteriorating like other urban areas of Pakistan. Analysis of the chemical parameters of collectedwater revealed the notable contamination in Rajanpur. Samples were taken from different tube wells of Rajanpur overdifferent locations. A mapping of the total concentration of Arsenic (As), Iron (Fe), and Fluoride (F-) was carried out ondrinking water through GIS. Multiple locations exhibited water quality issues, surpassing both NEQ’S and WHOstandards for Arsenic (41% of samples), Iron (68% of samples), and Fluoride (21% of samples) out of a total of 41locations surveyed. The maximum contents of As, Fe, and F- were observed to be 1.6, 1.6, and 1.85 respectively. Asuitable and powerful removal innovative technology for these metals is required to save a huge number of individualsin Rajanpur from these metals hazardous effects. In the present era, a collective awareness has emerged, recognizingthe profound significance of ensuring access to pristine drinking water, advanced sanitation infrastructure, and elevatedstandards of personal hygiene. Governments have to take further steps to improve quality standards for drinking waterand to promote GIS technology. Thus GIS mapping and estimation would help us to estimate the smaller observationsand to take precautionary measures to prevent and control the contamination in drinking water.
Keywords: GIS, water quality, toxic elements, Rajanpu
Spatiotemporal Impact of Precipitation Trend on LULC Using Satellite Remote Sensing Technique in Khirthar National Park, Sindh Pakistan
Full text linkWater footprint techniques are extensively used for essential life chores. It also maintains the natural ecosystem. The variations in climatic spell are not only important to investigate the past and current scenarios, but it is also useful to develop the water resource projects. The current study explored the spatial-temporal climatic variation of dry and wet periods (between 1998 and 2010) using the digital image processing technique of ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) classics, satellite remote sensing g (SRS), and GIS. The results are organized for the reported period i.e. between 1998 and 2010, showing the change detection of the hydrological effect in the dry and wet years. It shows a significant change in the land use land cover (LULC) of vegetation, water, settlement, and ephemeral rivers followed by 91%, 97.45%, 94.40%, and 62.94 % respectively through the wet year of 2010, in association with the dry period of 1998. For more authentications, the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) image difference of the wet and dry period has also been evaluated, which has shown vegetation in large areas with more water potential in the wet year 2010. The water potential can be used by diverting it to the natural depressions, ditches, and ponds for storage purposes and to increase recharge of groundwater by increasing its quality and quantity. The stored water could be utilized in the drought-prone days for sustainable agriculture activities, to reduce the migr
Comparison of the SCS-CN and Hydrograph Separation Method for Runoff Estimation in an Ungauged Basin: The Izmit Basin, Turkey
Full text linkThe separation of surface runoff and base flow is a very specific problem in water balance calculations, particularly if there is not enough measured flow data. In this study, the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the surface runoff in the ungauged Izmit Basin. The CNs are estimated using the Hydrologic Soil Groups map, based on soil data of the General Directorate of Rural Services of Turkey and land use obtained from the CORINE-2006 database for different AMCs. The surface runoff was computed using the SCS-CN method for the ungauged Izmit Basin that corresponds to 17% and 21% of the rainfall, i.e. 134 mm (for Kocaeli Meteorological Station; rainfall=804 mm) and 171 mm (for Sakarya Meteorological Station; rainfall=820 mm). According to SCS-CN method estimates, approximately 41-42% of the annual rainfall in the Izmit Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow, and 21-25% of it contributes to base flow and unmeasured infiltration. To compare the results of the SCS-CN method along with hydrograph separation method, the gauged Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin, which is hydro-meteorologically similar to the Izmit Basin, was selected. The results showed that 16% of the rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin became surface runoff. Also, it was found that about 42% of the annual rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow and 23% of it contributes to the base flow and unmeasured infiltration. These results confirm that the ratio of surface runoff obtained by the hydrograph separation method in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin matches with the ratio of surface runoff calculated using the SCS-CN method for the entire Izmit Basin
Urban Floods and Suitability Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Potential Areas in Lahore City, Pakistan
Full text linkThere is a growing threat of urban flooding, particularly in Pakistan that needs attention and requires effective management strategies. The chief trigger for urban flooding is the rapid and unplanned urbanization in areas where impermeable surface inhibits rainwater diffusion and changes the natural water flow. In many developed countries, a technique of rainwater harvesting is implemented as a sustainable strategy to manage urban stormwater. Most studies and projects chiefly focused on the potential use of the Rainwater harvesting technique for water conservation in arid and semi-arid climates. In the present work, GIS and remote sensing methodologies are utilized for the suitability of rainwater harvesting structures. This study was conducted in Lahore, the second most populated city of Pakistan and the capital of Punjab. Generally, the water harvesting technique depends on topographical areas with water accumulation, where there is an availability of open spaces in the form of green areas and barren lands, rainfall, drainage network density, and rainfall distribution, particularly in the urban environment. The SRTM DEM data were used for finding high water accumulated areas, and the Landsat OLI image is used to retrieve land use information i.e. vacant land and open green spaces, existing drainage network density, and rainfall distribution. All these layers were integrated through AHP to detect the potentially suitable sites for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures. Results concluded 94 suitable sites with categorization from highly to critically suitable for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures in which 6 were highly suitable areas in Data Gunj Bakhsh Town and Ravi Town. Besides, residential areas are having a maximum site suitability percentage, followed by roads, agricultural and open spaces in the area under consideration. Considering the suitable sites, further rainwater harvesting methods can be identified in the study area to alleviate urban flooding and improve the urban environment
Prevention and Mitigation Management of Tunnel Collapse and Failure during Construction-A Review
Full text linkEmpirical and numerical methods of design play a vital role in assessing rock mass behaviour quantitatively and qualitatively for the design of underground structures and support systems. The purpose of this research is to review the techniques used for the management and prevention of failures that occur in rock mass for safe, stable, efficient, and economical design of support system for underground structures especially tunnels in diverse rock mass conditions. Failure of tunnels in rocks can occur during construction as well as during service; however, the former is very common. The most challenging task in tunnel construction is the rehabilitation and remedial process of the failed tunnel section. Unfortunately, due to differences in nature, shape, and type of failure, each case needs to be treated discretely and independently. The risk of failure can be minimized by implementing prior preventive measures, while the success of rehabilitation is based on better management of rehabilitation work. However, both prevention and rehabilitation need ample investigative knowledge that can be learned from case histories. The current work is related to the prevention and mitigation methods of tunnel failure and collapses that occur during the early stages of tunnel designing