International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Assessment of Potential Alkali-Carbonate Reactivity and Petrographic Analysis of Limestone from Samana Suk Formation Dhamtaur Area, District Abbottabad, Pakistan to Use as Aggregate: Assessment of Potential Alkali-Carbonate Reactivity and Petrographic Analysis of Limestone from Samana Suk Formation Dhamtaur Area, District Abbottabad, Pakistan to Use as Aggregate
No full textA detailed Limestone from the Samana Suk Formation in Dhamtaur, Pakistan, was studied to assess itspotential as a construction aggregate. The limestone contains variable amounts of dolomite, which can be harmful toconcrete. Petrographic analysis and ACR tests showed that the dolomite content is low and the limestone has low alkalireactivity. Engineering laboratory tests confirmed that the limestone meets ASTM and AASHTO standards foraggregate properties. Therefore, the limestone from Dhamtaur can be used as an aggregate in concrete and asphaltworks. The results of the engineering laboratory tests indicate that limestone from the Samana Suk Formation, locatedin the Dhamtaur area, exhibits specific gravity (2.84g/cm3), water absorption (0.0781%), Los Angeles abrasion value(20%), and sulfate soundness (2.23%). These findings strongly support the viability of utilizing these rocks asaggregate, aligning with the established standards of ASTM and AASHTO. A petrographic examination indicates thepresence of dolomite in a minor proportion (2-15%) with a Porphyrotopic-S type texture. Analysis of ACR resultsdemonstrates a slight expansion in the limestone (0-0.01%), implying low reactivity to alkali. Consequently, it isreasonable to propose the utilization of these rocks as a source of aggregate in concrete and asphalt projects.
Keywords: Alkali Carbonate Reactivity (ACR); limestone; dolomitic content; porphyrotopic-S type texture
Evaluation of the Performance of Drilling Machines in the Aegean Lignite Corporation (Türkiye) by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) and TOPSIS Method: Evaluation of the Performance of Drilling Machines in the Aegean Lignite Corporation (Türkiye) by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) and TOPSIS Method
No full textMulti-criteria decision making techniques are designed to enable better selection when it comes to complexdecisions involving various parameters. When a complex problem is mentioned, statements with immeasurable andcontradictory criteria such as efficiency, performance, safety, reliability, cost, and economy are understood. One of theknown purposes of the multi-criteria decision analysis approach is to assist the people who are responsible for organizingand synthesizing such information that makes them feel confident in taking a decision, and to minimize potential decisionafter regret by ensuring satisfaction when all criteria and factors are considered. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) iswidely used in solving complex problems involving more than one criterion. The AHP method is based on a hierarchicalsystem consisting of many goals, criteria and alternatives. TOPSIS method can be applied directly on the data withoutmaking a qualitative conversion.
Keywords: Open pit mining, drilling machinery, analytical hierarchy process, TOPSIS
An Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Tando Adam City of Sindh, Pakistan
Full text linkThe present study is aimed to assess the groundwater quality of Tando Adam city of district Sanghar, Sindh. Total twenty groundwater samples were randomly collected from handpump wells installed on different locations at various depths (50-90ft). The groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters to determine suitability for drinking purposes. Analytical results showed that most of water samples have elevated contents of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeding the permissible limit (<1000mg/l) for drinking water. The concentration of cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+) and anions (Cl-, HCO3-, SO4-2) were so high that World Health Organization (WHO) standards seem overcrossing in >80% water samples. Local geology, poor irrigation practices, and anthropogenic activities are responsible for higher ion concentrations in the area. Furthermore, Microbiological contamination was found positive in half of the groundwater samples due to sewage contamination, poor sanitation and dumping of waste near well sites. The groundwater quality of the study area is highly contaminated and not suitable for human consumption but despite being commonly used for drinking purpose
A Case Study of Tariq Road Underpass, Karachi: Environmental Analysis
Full text linkThe construction projects are rising in Pakistan to overcome the flow of traffic on the main road of big cities. Karachi is the metropolitan city of Pakistan facing uncontrolled growth and urbanization, which leads to an increase in the demand for urban transport facilities. The study focuses on the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Tariq Road underpass construction site. The data was collected with the help of community consultation using analytical methods. It includes public chat, site visits, interviews, questioners, and the samples collection of environmental components. The results show that the most common hazards were related to excavation, working practice variation, and personal protective equipment (PPEs). Faulty and unmaintained machinery with the lack of proper barrier producing noise and air pollution
GIS-based Analysis for Optimal Site Selection of Schools in Tehsil Khushab, Punjab: SHORT COMMUINICATION
No full textEducation plays an important role in the development of society. The service area for schools is generally considered at a distance coverd in 10 minute walk. There are four tehsils of Khushab which are Khushab, Nurpur Thal, Quaidabad and Noushera. There are some areas with no government schools for girls
Study of Rural-Urban Fringe Patterns of Sargodha City, Pakistan
No full textUrban fringe is a transitional zone of various land uses between urban and rural lands with a low population density that is lower than urban centre but higher than the countryside. The current study focuses on the spatial and structural pattern of the rural-urban fringes of Sargodha city which is one of the rapidly growing cities in Pakistan. To analyze the spatial pattern of rural-urban fringe five study sites were identified such as Gulberg Town, 49 Tail, 85 Jhaal, Jhaal Chakian and Johar Colony different techniques were utilized. Primary and secondary collected data were used for field surveying besides the interview based on a designed and partially structured questionnaire. Maps were prepared with the help of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Results revealed that many commercial centres were situated on the edges of the city. The structure and pattern of these localities were recognized and it is found that urban impacts have not only transformed the socio-economic and demographical shape of the rural-urban fringes but also the pattern of land use of the study area. It shows that GIS and remote sensing are essential techniques to map out the spatial changes at the urban fringe
Ambient Air Quality Assessment in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan
Full text linkPakistan’s urban air pollution is amongst the utmost severity in the world that causes acute damage to the economy and human health. This study was designed for the assessment of ambient air quality in different areas of Karachi. The data were collected as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season from main industrial zones of Karachi, S.I.T.E area, North Karachi industrial area, Korangi industrial area and Landhi industrial area in the year of 2017-2019. These zones are also a blend of industrial, residential, commercial and heavy traffic zones with dense populations. Ambient air data were collected for different pollutants like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matters (TSPM, PM10 and PM2.5). It is observed that in pre-monsoon, there is quite high intensity of particulate matter (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5) present in the air, whereas CO and NO2 values found in all four zones are moderate in the air samples as prescribed by Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) standards. It is observed specifically in Landhi, S.I.T.E Area and Korangi industrial area which are more prone to the exposure of these pollutants. In post-monsoon, the intensity of particulate matters (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5), CO and NO2 values in all four zones are less to moderate than the values of pre-monsoon due to the seasonal effects. Study data shows that three major zones; Landhi, Korangi and S.I.T.E. industrial areas are at a high exposure to gases and other toxic elements. North Karachi is at the least risk because of having a small scale of industries present. The PM10 & PM2.5 levels average about 2 - 3-fold greater than the SEPA standards. High levels of ambient air pollutants cause severe health problems and chronic diseases on human health. Therefore the implementation of rules and regulations regarding ambient air pollutants should be more rigorous
Geology, Petrography, and Mineralization of Sedimentary Hosted Strata-Bounded Barite Deposit at Gunga, Khuzdar District Balochistan, Pakistan
Full text linkGunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late Triassic-Jurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rock-forming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni)
Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Stockpiles with Different Particle Sizes: Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Stockpiles with Different Particle Sizes
No full textIn this study, the spontaneous combustion behavior of stocks created with coals of 3 different particle sizes (0-18/18-28/25-100 mm) was examined for 2 months and the results were analyzed. For this purpose, daily temperaturechanges in the stockpiles were recorded by means of temperature measurement probes placed in the stocks designed in2x3x10 m size. According to the results obtained; Coal stocks with grain sizes of 18-25 and 25-100 mm started to catchfire before the end of the first month of storage. While no open flame ignition was observed in the stock with the finestgrain size (0-18 mm), at the end of the 2nd month, a temperature increase was observed only at a single point accordingto the wind direction.
Keywords: Coal, spontaneous combustion, stockpile, particle size
Analyzing Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Using Geospatial Approaches: A Case Study of District Lahore, Pakistan: Analyzing Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Using Geospatial Approaches: A Case Study of District Lahore, Pakistan
No full textThe present study focuses on the city of Lahore due to the substantial impacts of LULC on land-atmosphereclimatic interactions. This study aims to find and interpret the variations in land use patterns in Lahore during 20 years(2003, 2013, and 2023) with a ten-year interval. For in-depth analysis, four different classes- built-up, barren land,vegetation, and water bodies were determined. Several pre- and post-processing procedures were carefully carried outto improve the accuracy of the results after Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2 satellite imageries had been utilized.The methodology included supervised classification using the maximum likelihood algorithm along with changedetection to evaluate and interpret the LULC alterations. The extent of change is demonstrated by quantitative datashowing that the built-up area increased from 308.6491261 sq. km in 2003 to 336.9702759 sq. km in 2023. On theother hand, there was a drop of 1099.13587 sq. km in barren land and a decrease of 10.47416794 sq. km in waterbodies. Despite a notable rise between 2003 and 2013, vegetation cover decreased by 328.4721624 sq. km by 2023.This study offers important insights for sustainable urban development and land management policy in addition tofurthering our understanding of the dynamics of land use and land cover in Lahore.
Keywords; GIS, Remote sensing, land use, land cover, change detection, management, Lahore