International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Determination of Underground Structure and Migration of Hot Plumes Contaminating Fresh Water Using Vertical Electrical Survey (VES) and Magnetic Survey, A Case Study of Tattapani Thermal Spring, Azad Kashmir: Determination of Underground Structure and Migration of Hot Plumes Contaminating Fresh Water Using Vertical Electrical Survey (VES) and Magnetic Survey, A Case Study of Tattapani Thermal Spring, Azad Kashmir
No full textA geophysical survey was carried out at Tattapani thermal spring Azad Kashmir to delineate structure, thickness, depth, lithology and migration of hot plumes contaminating fresh water. The study area was investigated by Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using schlumberger array at 21 locations arranged in ten profiles to a maximum depth of 500 m and 200 magnetic observations. The extension and tectonic setup of thermal spring was mapped by geoelectrical litho sections, subsurface geological sections (20m, 20-100m and 100-500m) pseudo section, apparent resistivity map, geoelectrical parameters, statistical distribution of apparent resistivity, total magnetic intensity and anomaly map. The data show that Tattapani hot spring is concentrated along the fault line delineated by geoelectrical litho sections and magnetic section with value of -120 nT to -300 nT, total field intensity of 50000-50450 nT and confirm by macro anisotropy (1.0 to 2.7). The geoelectrical lithological section portrays that study area comprises lithological fabric of dolomite (≥400 ohm.m), sandstone (150-200 ohm.m), clay (80-150 ohm.m), Shaley clay (50-80) and shale (≤ 50). The Thermal Plumes (10-70 ohm.m) were pictured by resistivity section and pseudo section at average depth of 30-60 m and showing migration of hot plumes in the North-Eastern direction contaminating fresh water (100-200 ohm.m). The longitudinal conductance (0.95-15 mhos), transverse resistance (20-300 ohm.m2) are seen having maximum value in the North-Eastern and North-Western side of the study area. The study also shows that fresh ground water is mostly concentrated in sandstone (150-200 ohm.m), dolomite (≥400 ohm.m) and lies above the thermal plumes and thus highly prone to contamination due to upwelling of thermal water
Study on Arsenic Poisoning by Worldwide Drinking Water, its Effects and Prevention: Study on Arsenic Poisoning by Worldwide Drinking Water, its Effects and Prevention
No full textThe present studies were conducted to evaluate the arsenic poisoning worldwide in drinking water. Arsenic not only contaminates the surface and groundwater but also enters into food chains like vegetables and food staff. Human beings are directly exposed to arsenic poisoning due to consumption of water resources containing arsenic. Sea foods and fish are two main sources of arsenic in human diet. Consumption of arsenic poisoned water can cause severe health problems like cancer, hyperkeratosis, gangrene and peripheral vascular diseases. The arsenic is excreted from the body trough skin, hair, urine, breath etc. Arsenic poisoning can be diagnosed by the measurement of total amount of arsenic in urine. Symptoms of arsenic poisoning include red or swollen skin, changes in the skin color, abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, diarrhea, cramping of muscles, finger and toe tingling etc. Arsenic poisoning may be relieved through steroid ingestion at its early stage or use of selenium. It is very difficult to remove all the arsenic from water bodies so the main remedy is to stop drinking water having arsenic content. Arsenic poisoning also affects the plant ‘s yield, its reproductive capacity, fertility and fruit production. Arsenic accumulation in plants will damage the cellular membranes and may lead to the leaking of electrolyte
Origin and Accumulation Mechanism of Gas Condensate in Kailashtila Gas Field, Sylhet Basin, Bangladesh: Origin and Accumulation Mechanism of Gas Condensate in Kailashtila Gas Field, Sylhet Basin, Bangladesh
No full textThe Kailashtila gas field (KGF) is situated in the northeastern part of Sylhet basin, Bangladesh. This paper presents chemical characteristics of extractable natural gas in drilled well KTL-2, in order to examine their potential source and maturity of organic matter, and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in the basin. The gas condensate in the KTL-2 composed primarily of methane (85.81 wt.%), ethane (6.68 wt.%), propane (2.13 wt.%), and traces of higher hydrocarbons (i-butane, 0.69 wt.%; n-butane, 0.73 wt.%; i-pentane, 0.50 wt.%; n-pentane, 0.44 wt.%; hexane, 1.27 wt.%; heptane, 0.99 wt.%; octane, 0.24 wt.%). Nitrogen and CO2 contents in the gas condensate are low (0.46 wt.% and 0.05 wt.%, respectively). Average dry coefficient (C1/C1–5) value in the gas condensate is 0.93 (0.91–0.95), which reflects relatively mature hydrocarbon migrating from nearby deeply buried source rocks. The δ13C1 (–39 to –40‰) and C1/C(2+3) (19.77) variation diagram show that gas condensate in the KGF is mainly controlled by type III kerogen, and the organic matter was thermally mature in nature. However, the relationships between stable isotope value of methane (δ13C1), ethane (δ13C2) and propane (δ13C3) indicate mainly thermogenic origin of the studied gas condensate, and minor input from mixed thermogenic and bacteriogenic processes. 
Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation Trends Observed at Some Selected Districts of Punjab, Pakistan: Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation Trends Observed at Some Selected Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
No full textPresent study examines the trends of extreme daily temperature and rainfall indices in some selected meteorological stations/districts of the Punjab. Due to paucity of data only six weather stations were selected from the whole Punjab, having data of 33 years for temperature and precipitation on daily basis. A set of 14 indices (recommended by climate ET) were used to calculate the trends over a period of 32 years (1985–2017) by using RClimDex (1.0) software package. These results showed that the number of tropical nights (TR20) and warm nights (TN90p) has been increasing in selected weather stations/districts and number for cool nights (TN10p) has been falling. Other temperature related indices trends such as, summer days, warms days, warm spell duration indicator (WSDI) and cool spell duration (CSDI) shows a mix pattern. The precipitation indices like SDII, RX1day, R10mm and PRCPTOT showed an increasing trend in some selected stations. Most of the trends were not significant at level of 0.05 % while maximum day temperature increase has been observed at five out of six selected stations. Similarly, an average increase in precipitation in the vicinity of 3 mm per decade has been noted. The annual total rainfall and number of heavy rainfall days has also increased by 18 mm and 8.4 mm respectively during each decade. The analysis identified and highlighted a slight change which was not temporally and spatially rational. However, there is need to more and adequate yearly data of different weather stations across the Punjab to identify the ongoing apparent and impeccable changes in climate of the Punjab province
Assessment of Smog Pattern and its Effects on Visibility in Lahore Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Assessment of Smog Pattern and its Effects on Visibility in Lahore Using Remote Sensing and GIS
No full textIn recent times, many parts of the world are experiencing drastic levels of air pollution, which includes smog, the mixture of fog and smoke, polluted air formed by human activities like burning of coal, excessive use of vehicles and many others. During November 2016, Lahore city also experienced the smog due to increased level of air pollutants. In earlier studies, very limited research work has been done related to smog, therefore, this research is aimed to study the pattern of smog in Lahore and its impact on visibility through remote sensing and GIS. Satellite images of MODIS and Landsat OLI, of November, 2016 is used to study the pattern of smog, whereas the visibility data was acquired from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). For the processing and analysis of data ERDAS IMAGINE 14 and ArcGIS 10.1 software were used. The findings of this research reveal that the dense smog cover on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th November 2016 leads to the considerable reduction in visibility. As on 2nd November’16, it was only 111.6 meters (m) while during bright days it was recorded more than 300 m or 400 m. 
Reservoir Characterization of Sand Intervals of Lower Goru Formation Using Petrophysical Studies; A Case Study of Zaur-03 Well, Badin Block, Pakistan: Reservoir Characterization of Sand Intervals of Lower Goru Formation Using Petrophysical Studies; A Case Study of Zaur-03 Well, Badin Block, Pakistan
No full textPresent study deals with petrophysical interpretation of Zaur-03 well for reservoir characterization of sand intervals of Lower Goru Formation in Badin Block, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Early Cretaceous Lower Goru Formation is the distinct reservoir that is producing hydrocarbons for two decades. Complete suite of wireline logs including GR log, Caliper log, SP log, Resistivity logs (MSFL, LLS, LLD), Neutron log and Density log along with well tops and complete drilling parameters were analyzed in this study. The prime objective of this study was to mark zones of interest that could act as reservoir and to evaluate reservoir properties including shale volume (Vsh), porosity (ϕ), water saturation (Sw), hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) and net pay thickness. Based on Petrophysical evaluation three zones have been marked in Lower Goru Formation, A Sand (1890m to 1930m), B-sand (1935m to 2010) and C-sand (2015m to 2100m). The average calculated parameters for evaluation of reservoir properties of Zaur-03 well depicts an average porosity of 8.92% and effective porosity of 4.81%. Water Saturation is calculated as 28.54% and Hydrocarbons Saturation is 71.46%. Analysis shows that Sh in Zaur-03 well is high so the production of hydrocarbons is economically feasible
Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Landuse Planning of Mayoon, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Landuse Planning of Mayoon, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
No full textGilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan is highly vulnerable and hazard-prone area according to National Disaster Managerment Authority, based on frequency of avalanches, landslides, glacier lake outburst floods, rockfall and flash floods. These hazards have been quite frequent since 2010, potentially due to changing climatic conditions and unique tectonic setting resulting in massive destruction, economic loss and human migration. In this study, geospatial techniques (GIS/RS) were used to identify landslide hazard with elements at risk. The resultant maps will be used for better planning and resilience of local communities. Landslide area has been marked based on field observations (GPS data). Risk category is ranked high, medium and low based on field observations, geological setting and historical landslide data. There are six offshoots of MKT crossing parallel to each other along KKH from Chalt to Ahmadabad. Chalt fault is crossing nearby the Mayoon landslide, which may affect the entire valley. This study identifies landslide as a major hazard in the area
Effects of Eucalyptus Globulus on the Underground Water in Udigram, Swat, Pakistan: Effects of Eucalyptus Globulus on the Underground Water in Udigram, Swat, Pakistan
No full textThe plantation of Eucalyptus in hilly areas is not encouraging insight because it vanishes more than 50 liters of groundwater per day into the atmosphere and is gradually more dangerous to the water table and rock reservoirs. The rate of water evaporated by eucalyptus is higher than compared to the incoming showers in the area.This imbalance in the water cycle caused changes in the water table as well as the flow of water from the springs.On the other hand, its wood is of poor quality and having low market demand as well as domestic use.The precipitation shows -2 inches (-25.8 millimeters) decline per year in the winter season between 1995 and 2014, while the ratio of increase is 1.24 inches (31.5 millimeters) in the summer months. Generally,the major share of annual precipitation was from the winter season before 1995, but onward, it is in summer and the area dropped from humid to sub-humid climate.This seasonal fluctuation of rainfall and dryness of rock reservoirs has not only decreased the water table, but also caused changes in the flow of water from the springs and rivers. The dryness of the wells after reduction in precipitation, generally leads to the digging and intensive use of tube wells in the area. The study reveals that the dryness in spring has an aftereffect totally of cultivation of Eucalyptus on the Raja Gira hill slopes and required mitigation to overcome the issue of water availability for the locals
Climate Changes and its Impact on the Agriculture Sector in Selected South Asian Countries: Climate Changes and its Impact on the Agriculture Sector in Selected South Asian Countries
No full textThis study depicts an inclusive estimation of climate variation and its effects on agriculture sector in the selected South Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri-Lanka) over the period of 1990-2014. Agriculture sector plays vigorous role in the economy of selected South Asian states because more than 60% people work in this sector. The rapid growth of industrialization and weather variation causes the raise of the temperature level by which reduce production of agriculture crops and the people face heavy losses. Therefore, main objective of this study is to detect the influence of the global weather variation in agriculture sector of selected South Asian countries. Agriculture sector is used as dependent variable. CO2 emission, gross capital formation, labor force and temperature are used as explanatory variables. Auto regressive distributed lag model is employed to examine the influence of climate variation on the agricultural sector. For analysis panel data were collected from selected South Asian countries. The existence of the short and long term relationship between dependent and independent variables is also assessed by this model. Thus, findings show the climate variation has significant effect on the agricultural sector. In a policy recommendation, government should use sector-wise policies and friendly environmental policies which minimize the negative effect of climate change
Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature of Lahore Through Landsat-8 TIRS Data: Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature of Lahore Through Landsat-8 TIRS Data
No full textLand surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter in global climate change and urban thermal environmental studies. The significance of land surface temperature is being acknowledged gradually and interest is increasing in developing methodologies for the retrieval of LST from Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) data. Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) of Landsat-8 is the newest TIR sensor for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), offering two adjacent thermal infrared bands (10, 11), having significant beneficiary for the land surface temperature inversion. The spectral radiance can be estimated through TIR bands 10 and 11 of Landsat-8 OLI_TIRS satellite image. In the present study, the radiative transfer equation-based method has been employed in estimating LST of Lahore and the analysis demonstrated that estimated LST has the highest accuracy from the radiative transfer method through band 10. Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) was derived with the aid of the NDVI’s threshold technique. The present study results show that as the built-up area increases and vegetation cover decreases in urban surface, they are linked to increase in urban land surface temperature and conversely larger vegetation cover associated with lower urban temperature. The output exposed that LST was high in built-up and barren land, whereas it was low in the area where there were more vegetation cover and water