International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Adsorption-Desorption Mechanism of Synthesized Benzimidazole Based Fungicide 2-(3’-Pyridyl) On Selected Soil Minerals: Adsorption-Desorption Mechanism of Synthesized Benzimidazole Based Fungicide 2-(3’-Pyridyl) On Selected Soil Minerals
No full textThe adsorption and desorption phenomena of synthesized Benzimidazole based fungicide, 2-(3’-pyridyl) benzimidazole (PyBlm), was investigated by batch equilibrium method. Four soil minerals were utilized for the sorption studies including; alumina, silica, muscovite and montmorillonite. The highest value of adsorption coefficient (Kd(ads)) was obtained for montmorillonite mineral (Mx (Al, Fe, Mg4) Si8O20 (OH4)) was 2779 µg ml-1. The highest rate of adsorption is attributable to its considerably large surface area of 628 m2g-1 and highest inter-lattice d-spacing, 10 Å. Highest desorption (Kd(des)) was also observed in montmorillonite mineral (21.45 µg ml-1). Montmorillonite thus displayed increased sorption capacity for PyBlm among all tested minerals. Hysteresis coefficient ranged from 0.58 to 3. The results were statistically evaluated by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, statistical evaluation done with the help of Minitab 17 expressed the good fitting of the obtained results which was shown by means of residual plots. Current research which is suggestive of the variable adsorption and desorption of PyBlm expresses the profound dependence of PyBlm interaction on the physicochemical characteristics of the selected minerals. All minerals except montmorillonite expressed poor adsorption signifying the percolation of PyBlm through them towards the lower soil profiles. Results obtained in the present research marks the favorability of montmorillonite in firmly interacting with the PyBlm molecules and thus alleviating the possibility of PyBlm percolation to lower soil profiles
Industrial Noise Pollution and Its Impact on the Hearing Capacity of Workers: A Case Study of Gujranwala City, Pakistan: Industrial Noise Pollution and Its Impact on the Hearing Capacity of Workers: A Case Study of Gujranwala City, Pakistan
No full textThe main purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the impacts of industrial noise pollution on hearing of workers in Gujranwala. Noise pollution levels were measured at fifty locations with the help of sound level meter, which was placed at a height above 1.2 meters from the ground. Two hundred workers were interviewed through questionnaire method. Different statistical tests correlation and chi-square were applied to analyze the noise pollution level in Gujranwala city. Impacts of industrial noise pollution on hearing of workers were shown in different maps using interpolation and buffers. The present study concluded that noise pollution levels were exceeding the WHO permissible limit of noise pollution at all sample locations. Workers of factories were suffering from annoyance, hypertension, irritation, interference with speech communication and sleep disturbance. Thus, it is necessary to possess a hearing discussion program in factories. One of its main parts is education to raise the consciousness of workers about noise risks and techniques of prevention. Lastly, the issues of noise annoyance should be included in all future studies on the usage of hearing protection devices. 
The Efficiency of Amalgamation and Cyanidation for the Extraction of Placer Gold Deposits of Indus River Basin along Gilgit to Thalachi (Gilgit-Baltistan): The Efficiency of Amalgamation and Cyanidation for the Extraction of Placer Gold Deposits of Indus River Basin along Gilgit to Thalachi (Gilgit-Baltistan)
No full textSeparation of gold from placers are not given importance in Pakistan, but in the economy of Gilgit-Baltistan, it plays a vital role. The study mainly focused on shaking table technique for the extraction of gold from placer deposits along Gilgit river between Gilgit and Thalachi, near Gilgit and Astore river junction. For the separation of gold, from the concentration of shaking table the Hg; mercury amalgamation has been used for it. In the result of the amalgamation process recovered gold was 27.12%. The cyanidation process was used to separate from remains of mercury amalgamation, tailing and middling of shaking table. The graphical results of gold extraction with bottle roll cyanidation and agitation method were compared. The results of gold separation using bottle roll cyanidation and agitation methods were about 87.5% and 29.8% respectively. It is clear from the results, the bottle roll cyanidation is a better technique for the separation of fine gold from placers along with downstream waterway areas, where placer deposits occur
A Comparison Between Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test and Point Load Index Test (IS50) for the Effectiveness in Estimating the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock- A Case Study with respect to Limestone of Early Eocene Nammal Formation, Central Salt: A Comparison Between Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test and Point Load Index Test (IS50) for the Effectiveness in Estimating the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock- A Case Study with respect to Limestone of Early Eocene Nammal Formation, Central Salt Range, Pakistan
No full textIn a bid to find some possible relation of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) with relatively simple laboratory tests like Point Load Test (PLT) and Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test (SRHT), some 50 core samples of Middle Eocene Nammal formation from Central Salt Range in Pakistan were collected and subjected to these test methods as per respective test standards of International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM). The values of SRHT and PLT were separately compared to the respective values of UCS so as to find the linear relations. On the basis of the R2 value of Regression Analysis, it has been found that a strong correlation with a high degree of accuracy exists between PLT and UCS while the degree of accuracy between SRHT and UCS was found to be low
Analytical Study on Urban Expansion Using the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Land Use Change in Faisalabad City, Pakistan: Analytical Study on Urban Expansion Using the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Land Use Change in Faisalabad City, Pakistan
No full textUrban expansion and unparalleled rural to urban conversion, along with an enormous population growth are influential forces changing land use in metropolitan areas. The current work determined temporal and spatial alteration in built-up area, agriculture land, barren land and water area by using Landsat imageries of Faisalabad city from 2003 to 2017.The supervised classification technique has been performed on all the images to produce the land use change maps using the maximum likelihood algorithm and accuracy assessment of the classification has been performed. It has been concluded maximum increase of built-up land were from 30% in 2003 to 50% in 2017 whereas the maximum decrease in agriculture land class has been observed from 36% of 2003 to 10% in 2017. Urban population of Faisalabad city has increased from 2 million in 1998 to population statistics reached up to 3.2 million in 2017. Faisalabad 3rd largest city of Pakistan facing lot of issues due to urban expansion, analyzing the reasons and penalties of land use changes facilitate local government and urban planners for the better management of future plans regarding the urban settlements and reduce the negative consequences
Urban Solid Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan: Urban Solid Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan
No full textKarachi is the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan with a population of 207,774,520 (Statistics, 2017). Ironically, a megacity of a developing state has its drawbacks and discrepancies in solid waste mechanism being one of them. Karachi has always been the center of businesses and government offices since independence, first as capital of Pakistan and later as a provincial capital. This study evaluates the importance of solid waste management for an urban city such as Karachi, and the steps which have been taken by the successive governments to fulfill the demands of this growing megapolis since independence. In this study, models of solid waste management adopted by different cities will be analyzed and a suitable model for Karachi will be proposed. Needless to say, Karachi has the potential to become an eco-friendly city by adopting the public private partnership. In short, the civil society’s role is of paramount importance
Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestones from Cape Monze and Adjoining Areas, Karachi, Pakistan for Their Utilization as Road Aggregate: Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestones from Cape Monze and Adjoining Areas, Karachi, Pakistan for Their Utilization as Road Aggregate
No full textLimestone samples (n = 19) were collected from outcrops of Nari and Gaj formations for the determination of physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Compressive strength of Nari and Gaj formations varied in the range of 29-63 and 94-32 MPA with mean of 44 and 58 MPA respectively. Density of Gaj Formation (range: 2364-3264; mean: 2893 Kg/m3) is relatively higher than Nari Formation (range: 2321-3284; mean: 2565 Kg/m3). Mean specific gravity of both Nari and Gaj formations is 2.5. Absorption of Nari Formation (mean: 2.64) is higher than the Gaj Formation (mean: 1.78). Mean Sulphate soundness of Nari Formation (8.7%) is slightly higher than Gaj Formation (8.5%). Abrasion values of both formations are within the AASHTO reference range (< 40%) where mean value of Loss Angles for Nari Formation is 34% and Gaj Formation is 26%. Crushing values of both Nari (10-50%) and Gaj (10-25%) formations where mean of Nari (27%) is double the mean of Gaj (13%) Formation. Mean water-soluble sulphate and chloride of both formations is same (0.1% and 0.04% respectively). Both formations have alkaline pH (8.1±). Mean TOC content of Nari and Gaj formations is 0.4%. Carbonate% of Nari and Gaj formations is < 46%. Clay lumps and friable particles in both formations are highly variable but the mean values are within permissible range (< 1%). Elongation Index of both formations is double (30) the standard EI value (15%) set by National Highway Authority, Pakistan. Mean Flakiness value of both formations is 20%
Soil Quality Variation under Different Land Use Types in Haramosh Valley, Gilgit, Pakistan: Soil Quality Variation under Different Land Use Types in Haramosh Valley, Gilgit, Pakistan
No full textSoil quality is a fundamental component of environmental quality and impact of land use is also a key instigating factor in today’s rapid urbanization era. The study aims to evaluate the effects of different land-use type on selected soil quality indicators. Sixty soil samples were collected from various land use types, i.e, pasture, forest, and agriculture from a depth of 0-15cm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the land use type significantly affected the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The moisture content was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the pasture (41.7%) than the forest (26.2%) and lowest in agricultural land (14.4%). The soil pH was significantly higher or slightly alkaline for agriculture (7.8), while for pasture (6.5) and forest (6.1), it was found to be slightly acidic. Electric conductivity (EC) and bulk density (BD) did not vary significantly with land use type, but the EC followed the decreasing order: agriculture (328.7μS/cm) > pasture (235μS/cm) > forest (203.7μS/cm). The soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) was statistically and significantly (p<0.05) different with land use type and found in the order: forest (3.0%, 1.3 %) > pasture land (2.9%, 1.2%) > arable land (2.5%, 1.1%). NO3-N, available P and exchangeable K did not vary significantly across land use types, however, mean values were higher for agriculture (10.2mg/kg, 4.5mg/kg, 66mg/kg) than forest (10mg/kg,3.5mg/kg, 60mg/kg) and pasture (9.8mg/kg, 4.3, 60.2mg/kg). Alpine soils are good ecological indicators because of vulnerability to environmental change, therefore, regular monitoring of soil properties along with carbon stocks is essential to maintain soil health, enhance agricultural productivity and sustain agro-ecosystems
A perspective Study on Lead Poisoning: Exposure, Effects and Treatment: A perspective Study on Lead Poisoning: Exposure, Effects and Treatment
No full textCurrent studies focus on various aspects of lead ‘s poisoning, its distribution and interaction routes, adverse effects on human body and treatment procedures. Lead metal has been involved in human exercise from the past 6000 years. In ancient cultures, lead was applied in the production of kitchen utensils, food pantries and other decorative items. Lead poisoning in developing countries is considered as a major risk factor and its exposure routes may involve food, paint, soil, water and other lead containing products. The distribution of lead from blood to tissues takes 4 to 6 weeks. Lead is poisonous to humans and has the most damaging effects on hemopoietic system. Some of the visible effected systems are nervous, reproductive and excretory systems. Lead poisoning can be treated using chelating agents which undergo complexation with lead and are then excreted through urinary tract
Refined GIS Mapping to Reinvestigate Groundwater Mining Potential Surrounding the Manmade Reservoirs and Tributaries in the Deduru Oya Basin, Sri Lanka: Refined GIS Mapping to Reinvestigate Groundwater Mining Potential Surrounding the Manmade Reservoirs and Tributaries in the Deduru Oya Basin, Sri Lanka
No full textA hydrogeologic study was carried out to understand the influence of Man-Made Reservoirs (MMR), tributaries and fracture intensity on well yields within the Deduru Oya Basin (DOB), Sri Lanka. A number of cascaded MMRs interconnected by tributaries are distributed throughout the basin. Fracture traces, lineaments and reservoir boundaries were initially demarcated using aerial photographs, however, subsequently re-plotted them on to a Google Earth map with corrections to rectify the distortion. The GPS based well locations were regenerated and plotted to obtain accurate dimensions. ArcGIS was used to redraw the buffer zones from 0-200, 200-400 and 400-600 m away from the MMRs and tributaries. After eliminating dry wells, box plots were prepared where lower and upper quartiles indicate yield variations from 18-470; 15.8-165 and 12.8–55 liters/minute respectively. It clearly exhibits decreasing yields with respect to distance away from the MMR. However, wells drilled within the alluvial plains of tributaries after filtering those controlled by the MMRs and eliminating dry wells indicate different yield variations, viz: 7-36.8; 12.8-67.5 and 6.5-142.5 liters/minute. The results assigned higher yields to the wells located away from the tributaries with steep hydraulic gradients whereas lower yields to the wells closer to the tributaries with gentle hydraulic gradients. Moreover, wells drilled at fracture interconnections indicate a potential for high yields compared with those drilled along with a single fracture. The study concludes that the potential for groundwater mining can be enhanced by identifying high recharging areas such as MMRs, zones of steeper hydraulic gradients and high fracture interconnectivity