International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Quality of Underground Water of Tehsil Khanewal- An Overview: Quality of Underground Water of Tehsil Khanewal- An Overview
No full textSHORT COMMUNICATIO
Fracture Analysis of Rocks for Slope Stability Assessment in SiriKot Area, District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Fracture Analysis of Rocks for Slope Stability Assessment in SiriKot Area, District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
No full textThe landslides are common and hazardous the Northern Gandghar Ranges, Pakistan. The slope failures have affected road sections between Ghazi to Sari area (~65 Km) along the Sirikot road in district Haripur, Pakistan. The objectives consist of failure mechanisms, slope sensitivity and remedial measures in potentially unstable. To analyze slope stability and understand failure mechanisms, Inventory Circle Method (ICM) has been employed at six locations. Most of the landslides have been found in the Precambrian metamorphic Manki Formation, consisting of slate, phyllite and schists. The data acquired through ICM technique have been used to measure the density of fractures and hydraulic properties (porosity and permeability). The fracture analysis revealed two episodes of deformation. Rose and pole diagrams were plotted for stress analysis and fracture orientation to determine the direction of principal stress σ1. Geological Strength Index (GSI) also provided details about the interlocking pattern of the rocks. Topple and rock fall were found in the limestone and quartzite. Moreover, the fractures also provided channels for the water to flow through and penetrate the foliation planes, decreasing the friction and causing a landslide
Assessment of Wastewater Quality of Paharang Drain and its Impact on the Ground Water Quality of Adjacent Areas: Assessment of Wastewater Quality of Paharang Drain and its Impact on the Ground Water Quality of Adjacent Areas
No full textThis study was conducted to assess the effect of wastewater quality of Paharang drain Faisalabad on ground water quality of adjacent areas. Ground water samples and drain water samples were collected and analyzed by using standard methods. Parameters of wastewater samples were compared with Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Results indicated that physico-chemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, fluoride and total hardness were found exceeding the permissible limits in wastewater samples. Similarly, few physicochemical parameters in groundwater were found within the permissible limit while electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, chlorides (Cl), fluoride (F), and total hardness in most of samples were found above the Pak EPA and WHO standard limits. Heavy metals like nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were found within the prescribed concentrations in drain and ground water samples. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of some drain wastewater parameters like conductivity, TDS, salt, temperature, and Cl on the corresponding ground water quality. A strong positive correlation between pH, EC, TDS, Salt, and Cl in drain wastewater and strong positive correlation between EC, TDS and Salt in ground water samples was observed. For improving the ground water quality in the adjacent areas textile wastewater treatment all factories is required, and a combined effluent treatment plant (CETP) at the Paharang drain is also recommended
The Process Designing of Gold Extraction from Placers of Passu to Shimshal (Hunza Valley) Gilgit-Baltistan by Mercury Amalgamation and Cyanidation Leached Method: The Process Designing of Gold Extraction from Placers of Passu to Shimshal (Hunza Valley) Gilgit-Baltistan by Mercury Amalgamation and Cyanidation Leached Method
No full textGold wash through panning or washing in the fluvial sediments or sands is done on the river banks in Skardu, Hunza and other places. The method of gold washing is very crude, primitive and most of the gold is washed away back into the river. The current study mainly focused on extraction of placer gold deposits. Pneumatic machines from Passu to Shimshal (Hunza valley) Gilgit-Baltistan. The mercury amalgamation and cyanide leached methods have been used for placer gold deposits extraction from the concentrate obtained from shaking table. The amount of gold recovered from amalgamation method with mercury was 30.9%. The alloyed gold with other metals, gold dust, and fine gold was recovered by chemical process. The reagent consumption, i.e. 1.4 kg/ton of NACN and 6 Kg / ton of CaO were used for extraction of placer gold deposits. The extracted gold is 10.24 g /t and silver 22 g /t and the remaining gold like the amalgamation residue, tailings and middlings are extracted by cyanidation leached method. The extraction of gold by cyanidation process was compared graphically, and study results revealed that extraction of gold using cyanidation leached method was 91.40% and silver 100%, respectively
Are Neural Network Models Truly Effective at Forecasting? An Evaluation of Forecast Performance of Traditional Models with Neural Network Model for the Macroeconomic Data of G-7 Countries: Are Neural Network Models Truly Effective at Forecasting? An Evaluation of Forecast Performance of Traditional Models with Neural Network Model for the Macroeconomic Data of G-7 Countries
No full textForecasting macroeconomic and financial data are always difficult task to the researchers. Various statistical and econometrics techniques have been used to forecast these variables more accurately. Furthermore, in the presence of structural break, linear models are failed to model and forecast. Therefore, this study examines the forecasting performance of economic variables of G7 countries: France, Italy, Canada, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom and United States of America using non-linear autoregressive neural network (ARNN) model, linear auto regressive (AR) and Auto regressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) models. The economic variables are inflation, exchange rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for the period from 1970 to 2015. To measure the performance of the considered model Root, Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error are used. The results show that the forecasts from the non-linear neural network model are undoubtedly better as compared to the AR and the Box–Jenkins ARIMA models
Evaluating the Effects of Textural Properties on the Strength Parameters of Marbles from North-Western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Evaluating the Effects of Textural Properties on the Strength Parameters of Marbles from North-Western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
No full textMarble is globally used as a natural stone for decorative and architectural purposes. Primary utilization of marble is as building and dimension stones. Mechanical properties and aesthetic aspects are major characteristics of marble and decisive factors for its selection and utilization. It is therefore imperative to evaluate the key strength properties i.e. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and Uniaxial Tensile Strength (UTS) of marble before its utilization. These key strength parameters are dependent on textural features of marble. Present study investigates the effect of two key textural features i.e. grain size and grain shape on two key strength parameters i.e. UCS and UTS of marble samples taken from three different regions i.e. Buner, Chitral and Swat in the north western part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Correlation and regression analysis between these textural properties and strength parameters revealed that prominent textural features of grain size and shape can be used as a quick indicator for assessment of strength parameters and as guideline for appropriate utilization of marble
Subsurface Structural and Crustal Assessment on the Basis of Gravity Data Along Bagh, Dir Kot and Adjoining Areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan: Subsurface Structural and Crustal Assessment on the Basis of Gravity Data Along Bagh, Dir Kot and Adjoining Areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
No full textThe research work is based on gravity data is taken from numerous parts of an active tectonic belt of Azad Kashmir to delineate the crustal thickness and demarcation of thin- skin and thick-skin structures in the study area. The study area includes Bagh, Dhirkot, Arja, Kohala, Sudhan Gali, Ghazi Abad, Chikkar and Chakoti. The study area bounded by the latitude 33°59′3″ and 34°9′22″ N and longitude 73°37′26″ and 73°40′16″ E. The proposed study area is a complex geological entity and is an active zone. This study has been focused to assess the subsurface lithology and structural geometry present in Bagh and surrounding areas. For this purpose the gravity data has been acquired with the help of CG-5 Auto-grav using multi-profile survey technique. Gravity model suggested that Riasi Thrust in the study zone is plunging at an angle of 42° NE and pierces to a depth of 7 km in the sub-surface. The model also suggested that Bagh Basement Fault in the study area is dipping at an angle of 75° NE in the crystalline basement up to Moho depth. Shaheed Galli Thrust has been delineated in Dhirkot area. The fault dips at 49° NE and penetrated up to a depth of 8 km in the sedimentary/meta-sedimentary wedge. The geological model demarcated, 11 km depth of sedimentary/meta-sedimentary wedge in the southwest and 13 km in the northeast area. The crustal thickness increases from 51 km in the southwest area to about 53.17 km in the northeast area
Assessing the Impact of Builtup Areas on Development of Urban Heat Island in Lahore, Pakistan: Assessing the Impact of Builtup Areas on Development of Urban Heat Island in Lahore, Pakistan
No full textThe aim of present study is to evaluate and assess the impact of built-up areas on development of the urban heat island (UHI).The study mainly focused on Lahore, which is one of the mega cities of Pakistan. In terms of population size, Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan with 11.13 million inhabitants. The geospatial techniques (Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System) along with statistical applications were applied to find out the Land Cover Land Uses changes and consequent development of builtup areas over the period of 2000 and 2015. To study the UHI, the meteorological data of each 30 minutes for 36 days starting from 30th June 2015 to 4th August 2015 were collected through direct on site observation by using digital weather station. The results of UHI were cross checked by obtaining land surface temperature by using thermal infrared (TIR) band 6 of the Landsat-7 TM. The results show that the LCLU and built environment have direct impact on development of UHI. The areas where there was more vegetation cover had less temperature while in urban areas, the temperature was measured higher. Over the period of 36 days, the average UHI remained 5.5°C and the highest intensity of UHI was observed as 8.3°C thus augmented research rationale. The study suggests establishment of a thick network of automatic weather stations in Lahore to gauge the urban heat island intensity and to plant indigenous trees on vacant swaths and develop urban forest to mitigate city’s rising temperature
Determination of Water Quality Index of Simly Dam, Islamabad by Arithmetic Weighted Method: Determination of Water Quality Index of Simly Dam, Islamabad by Arithmetic Weighted Method
No full textWater quality is of great importance due to its impact on human health and aquatic systems. Since Islamabad and Rawalpindi get their drinking water from Simly dam, this makes it an important drinking water source. In this study water quality parameters of Simly dam were determined and water quality index (WQI) using Arithmetic weighted method was calculated. Collection of water samples from different locations of dam and the filtration plant installed in the facility was done. Twelve physicochemical parameters of water quality including: pH , Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Chloride, Calcium, Nitrates, Potassium and Sodium (Na) were measured to estimate the sentient and water quality of the Simly dam. WQI of both raw dam water and filtered dam water was determined using World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The water quality index of raw dam water was found to be 62.79 while that of filtered dam water was 49.43. The WQI of the unfiltered raw dam water was found to be in class C that is poor category, while the filtered dam water was falling in Class B that refers to good category according to water quality index categories. Regular monitoring of water quality is recommended to ensure safe water supply to consumers
Gabbronorite from Jijal Complex, Kamila Amphibolite Belt and Chilas Complex, Northern Pakistan: Implications for Arc Genesis: Gabbronorite from Jijal Complex, Kamila Amphibolite Belt and Chilas Complex, Northern Pakistan: Implications for Arc Genesis
No full textRocks of gabbronoritic composition occur in three principal tectono-stratigraphic units forming the lower and middle parts of the Kohistan Island arc (KIA). These include the Jijal complex (JC), the Kamila Amphibolite belt (KAB) and the Chilas complex (CHC). The Jijal complex constitutes the lowermost part and hence is regarded as the root zone of KIA. Its north-eastern part adjacent to KAB contains gabbronorite as a minor component in the form of small irregular patches and layers within garnet granulite. The JC gabbronorite is sub-equigranular, medium to coarse grained, largely massive and consists of variable amounts of plagioclase (53-71 %), orthopyroxene (14-27 %) and clinopyroxene (11-19 %) as essential constituents and accessory to minor amounts of amphibole (1-9 %), opaque ore (1-6 %) and orthoclase (1-4 %). The occurrence and distribution of biotite, epidote, chlorite, clay, sericite, muscovite, quartz and actinolite in the studied samples suggest their formation through alteration and/ or reaction between pre-existing minerals. In many cases, these minerals are disposed such that a variety of simple and complex corona structures are produced. The principal petrographic features (modal composition, optical properties of the major mineral phases, exsolution in pyroxenes, products of alteration and reactions and the resulting corona textures) of the JC gabbronorite are broadly similar to gabbronorites from both the KAB and CHC. Although the observed similarities could reflect identical physico-chemical conditions during subsolidus or metamorphic re-equilibration, the possibility of a genetic relationship among gabbronorites from all the three tectono-magmatic units of the KIA (i.e. the JC, KAB and CHC) cannot be ruled out