International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Groundwater Characterization Studies Using Electric Resistivity Survey (ERS) in Kirana Hills, District Chiniot, Pakistan: Groundwater Characterization Studies Using Electric Resistivity Survey (ERS) in Kirana Hills, District Chiniot, Pakistan
No full textThis study demonstrates an application of resistivity surveys to understand local hydrological conditionsand basement configuration in Kirana Hills region of District Chiniot. Schlumberger configuration has been applied toacquire vertical electrical sounding (VES) data. The apparent resistivity curves were calibrated with theoretical curvesto compute true resistivity and depth of different layers. Maps of true resistivity at various depths were generated tostudy the lateral resistivity variation in the area. VES sounding data were compared with available lithological columnsto establish relationship of lithology and resistivity. Resistivity values are laterally variable due to lithology and qualityof water. Very low resistivity values were observed within alluvial sediments close to the Kirana Hills due to presenceof high Total Dissolved Solids in water. Resistivity value layers in unconsolidated sediments increases in the southernand western parts of the area where relatively better quality of groundwater occurs. In the northern and eastern parts ofthe study area very high resistivity (greater than 100 Ωm) is recorded at depth greater than 40m that indicates hard rockbasement. The resistivity survey in the area is useful to differentiate zones of low and high Total Dissolved Solidsgroundwater and also determine the zones where subsurface basement is shallow. Therefore, resistivity survey inKirana Hill regions is helpful in solving hydrological issues of the study area.
Keywords; Vertical electrical sounding, tds, electrical conductivity, borehole
Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Taluka Bulri Shah Karim, District Tando Muhammad Khan, Sindh, Pakistan: Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Taluka Bulri Shah Karim, District Tando Muhammad Khan, Sindh, Pakistan
No full textGroundwater in Pakistan is the main drinking water source, highlighting the significance of regularlymonitoring its quality. There have been several examples of high concentrations of elements like arsenic and nitrate ingroundwater that harm human health and the environment. Our aim with this study was to assess the groundwater qualityof the sub-district Bhulri Shah Karim for drinking and irrigation purposes. We collected groundwater samples from 53shallow bore well hand pumps in October and November 2018. We determined the concentration of four cations, fiveanions and other parameters like pH, turbidity, TDS, total hardness, EC, alkalinity, total iron, and arsenic. Thegroundwater was found to be very hard, and the relative abundance of cations and anions was Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ andCl‾ > HCO3‾ > SO42‾ > NO3‾ > F‾. The concentrations of arsenic and iron varied from 0 to 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 to 3.6mg/L, respectively. We discussed groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes by calculating the waterquality index, sodium adsorption ratio, percent of sodium, permeability index, and residual sodium carbonate. Inconclusion, the groundwater of the studied area is suitable for drinking on average and irrigation. However, some watersamples were high in arsenic content, and some were highly saline and may need some prior treatment.
Keywords; Groundwater quality, Bhulri Shah Karim, Sindh, Pakistan
Evaluation of Acid Rain Impacts Using Geostatistical Analysis and Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk City, Iraq: Evaluation of Acid Rain Impacts Using Geostatistical Analysis and Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk City, Iraq
No full textAcid rain is linked to the process of urbanization and industrialization and harms buildings. This study aims to evaluateacid rain in Kirkuk city using GIS-based spatial analysis, mathematical statistical modeling, and laboratory tests andexamine the harmful effects on the city buildings and human health. Precipitation ranges were determined based onTheisen’s polygon techniques. The methodology is based on two types of laboratory measurements of specific rainfallsamples within the city for the period of January 2021 to March 2022. Geographical Information Systems GISs wereused to verify the spatial distribution and quantity of precipitation data in the study area. Remote sensing RS was alsoused for mapping rainfall rates during the study period. According to spatial distribution maps, the acidity level of rainwas classified as (least acidic) ranging between (5.5 and 5.6). Specifically in the southern and south-eastern parts of thestudy area. Besides, spatial distributions have been presented with high accuracy with 95% and 83% accuracy ratings in2021 and 2022, respectively. Thus, we attempt to offer some useful guidelines for conserving buildings so that they arepreserved for a long time. RS and GIS techniques are best suited for estimating and modeling rainfall datacharacteristics.
Keywords; Acid rain, geostatistical analysis, GIS, Kirkuk city, spatial distributions
Determination of Optimum Irrigation Scheduling for Onion (Allium Cepa L.) at Bena Tsemay District, Southern Ethiopia: Determination of Optimum Irrigation Scheduling for Onion (Allium Cepa L.) at Bena Tsemay District, Southern Ethiopia
No full textThe effective use of irrigation methods is crucial for increasing crop productivity and promoting thesustainable use of agricultural land. Therefore, increasing agricultural water productivity is one of the most importantways to counteract future water scarcity. A field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal irrigation regimefor onion cultivation in Bena Tsemay district for two consecutive years. The experiment was laid out in a randomizedcomplete block design with five irrigation treatments and four replications. The treatments included five levels ofirrigation regimes: 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% available soil moisture depletion levels. The results showed thatirrigation regimes had a significant effect on plant height, bulb diameter, marketable yield and total yield, with a p-value of less than 0.05. The highest marketable yield (30.72 kg/ha) was observed at 100%ASMDL, followed by (30.49kg/ha) at 80%ASMDL. However, irrigation at 140%ASMDL resulted in the lowest yields of both marketable and totalonion. The two-year combined analysis revealed that the highest (6.5 kg/m3) water productivity was recoreded at 100%ASMDL, followed by (6.45 kg/m3) at 80% ASMDL. In contrast, the lowest water productivity (3.21 kg/m3) wasrecorded at 140% ASMDL. Therefore, based on the results of the current trial, it is recommended that the use of 80%ASMDL for a furrow irrigation system, and in similar agro ecology is a crucial option to increase the yield and waterproductivity of onion
Keywords; Irrigation scheduling, onion yield, soil moisture deplition, water productivity
Climate Change and its Impacts across Pakistan: Climate Change and its Impacts across Pakistan
No full textClimate change and variability is best manifested by persistent global temperature rise, changing precipitationpatterns, increasing frequency of extreme weather events, rapidly shrinking ice sheets & glacier melting and sea-levelrise. This study analyzed the rainfall (for three major seasons; monsoon, winter & spring), temperature (in three indices;annual mean, annual daytime and annual nighttime temperatures) and extreme events recorded at 56 data sites acrossPakistan over 63-years period (1961-2023) to investigate the climate change and diagnose the trends. We did time-seriesanalysis to assess the annual variability and applied the Mann-Kendall statistical trend test to determine the trend’ssignificance. Results showed a significant rise in annual-average temperature, annual maximum as well as annualminimum temperatures all over Pakistan and at 27 stations individually, annual maximum temperature at 28 and annualminimum at 25 stations across Pakistan. In rainfall, the annual and spring (AMJ) rains have shown significant rising trendthroughout Pakistan, while, the summer monsoon (JAS) rainfall showed a statistically significant increase at 8 stationsin the north with decrease at 2 sites in southwest, winter (DJFM) rainfall witnessed an increase at 3 sites and so was thespring (AMJ) at 7 sites mostly in the south, while a decrease at 3 sites in north of the country (all changes being significantat 95- 99% CI). Extreme events include an increase in annual high-temperature extreme (Tmax > 35 °C), decrease inannual cool nights (Tmin < 10 °C) and increase in wet days. The snowfall has decreased in both amount and frequency ofsnow days in KP, GB and Punjab hilly station, Murree. There is an increasing frequency of cyclone formation in theArabian Sea, particularly the intensity being significant. Sea-level data analysis depicted a 2.02 mm/year sea-level rise atKarachi coast. Increased cyclones frequency coupled with potentially heightened storm surges and sea-level rise mayprove fatal to coastal areas.
Keywords; Climate change, extreme weather events, rainfall, temperature, sea-level rise, tropical cyclone
Studies On the Role of Fungal Strains in Bioremediation of Dyes Isolated from Textile Effluents
Full text linkFungal strains are widely used for the cleaning of soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and the ecosystem. The presence of extracellular enzymes in fungi facilitates the process of bioremediation of textile dyes. This study was conducted to observe the quality of water being released from textile dyes industries and also the capability of some fungal strains which can remediate these dyes by showing the tendency of their resistance. Samples of water were collected from the polluted area surrounding the textile dyeing industries in Lahore. In the process of isolation, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to verify the fungal growth. Fungal strains were purified, and the morphological characterization of fungal strains was carried out at 10X and 100X by using a magnification microscope. The fungal strains, such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusoryzae, and Aspergillusflavus were identified. The stress of four types of dyes was given to each fungal strain. The results showed that Aspergillusoryzae was one of the most stable, non-toxic, and resistant fungal species against the high stress of dyes as compared to other specie
Evaluation of Occupational Accidents’ Statistics in Turkey: Evaluation of Occupational Accidents’ Statistics in Turkey
No full textIn this work, the statistics of occupational accidents occurring in Turkey were evaluated by using SSI (SocialSecurity Institution of Turkey) statistics between 2007-2021 and the European Union (EU) Statistical Office(EUROSTAT) data between 2011-2020. Additionally, this has been evaluated by comparing the statistics of occupational accidents in the European Union (EU) countries and Turkey, and it is observed that the measures taken to prevent fataloccupational accidents are not at a sufficient level compared to EU countries. However, the improvement in the occupational accident severity rate provided by the legal regulations made in 2012 indicates that more favorable working environments can be provided in the long run
Keywords: Work accident, loss of work day, work accident frequency rate, work accident severity rate
Appraisal of Neotectonic Activities in Shadi Kaur Catchment, Pasni, Balochistan-Pakistan: Appraisal of Neotectonic Activities in Shadi Kaur Catchment, Pasni, Balochistan-Pakistan
No full textThe goal of this research is to assess Neotectonic activity in the northern Pasni region of Balochistan-Pakistan. For atotal of 57 drainage sub-basins, four geomorphic parameters were calculated. These include the Factor of asymmetry(FA), Shape of the Basin (SB), Hypsometric Integral (HI), and Length Gradient of the stream (LGS). The Index ofNeotectonic (IN) was computed using a combination of the calculated geomorphic characteristics. The basins were thenclassified as having high, moderate, and low intensities as a result of this indexing. The tectonic strain by majorlineation found between Hoshab fault and NNE trending Nai Rud fault and NNE trending Ghulaman-i-Bent fault,respectively, has influenced the mechanism of current channels geometry, according to the quantitative analysis. TheIN intensities distribution revealed considerable disparities amongst drainage sub basins, indicating variances inNeotectonic activity due to their placement in relation to the study area's fault networks. A total of 8 knick pointsincluding the slope-break and vertical-step, were distinguished within the catchment area depending on the influencingfactor
Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Areas of Lahore
Full text linkAccess to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards
Residents’ Perception of Impact of Mass Tourism on Mountain Environment in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Full text linkThis study seeks to explore and explain the perception of residents about the environmental impact of mountain mass tourism in three tourist destinations in Gilgit-Baltistan. This study is based on quantitative and qualitative data collected through a survey and group discussions with residents of three tourist destinations. Results revealed that the residents of the study area are highly concerned about the environmental impact of mass tourism. They highlighted air pollution, traffic congestion, pressure on land use change and infrastructure, and degradation of mountain ecosystem services. The study also found that communities in these tourist places expect governmental and non-governmental organizations to come up with a better plan for the management of mountain tourism on a sustainable basis. Reflecting critically on the perceptions of stakeholders about tourism impact, it is important to develop linkages between governmental and non-governmental organizations for environmental protection and sustainable quality tourism in the region while taking communities on board