International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Impact Assessment of Urban Built-up Area on Groundwater Level of District Faisalabad, Pakistan
Full text linkThis paper attempts to explore the impact of built-up areas on groundwater levels in district Faisalabad. To understand the rate of built-up area expansion and changes in the level of groundwater in the study area, groundwater data has been acquired from the Land Reclamation Department for all tehsils in district Faisalabad. This study was conducted to assess spatial and temporal variation of groundwater level because of the built-up area change. Descriptive statistics (Scatter Plot correlation technique) have been applied to figure out changes in groundwater levels. Furthermore, some built-up area extraction methods have been incorporated that are always found to be effective tools for the assessment of built-up area change. The spatial analysis tool Spline has applied to 79 bore points in all tehsils of district Faisalabad. Results clearly show that a built-up increase of 41 km2 in Faisalabad city is causing 1-foot depletion in groundwater as compared to other tehsils, where a built-up increase is negligible. Such research studies of groundwater changes would assist the planners to adopt effective sustainable measures
Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Vehari District of Punjab, Pakistan
Full text linkThe current study is performed to assess the physio-chemical characteristics and drinking water quality in three Tehsils (Mailsi, Burewala and Vehari) of District Vehari, Punjab (Pakistan). The water samples of investigated regions were subjected to physicochemical characterization (pH, EC, TDS, HCO3-, CO3-2, Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-3, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 and Mn+2). It was demonstrated that certain parameters were exceeding WHO standard limits. The water of Lalazar colony, college town, Y-Block and Sharqi colony was found unfit for drinking purposes so it may cause serious health concerns in the citizens of the investigated areas
Climate and Weather Condition of Balochistan Province, Pakistan
Full text linkThe study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather condition taking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure, evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers that bring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, natural vegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that are arid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of the province receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winter season. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season (hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the area familiarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areas while 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and seven months in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has been classified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index, 2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to the ongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue
Investigation of the Change in the Work Environment and in Thermal Comfort Satisfaction of the Natural Stone Industry Employees: Investigation of the Change in the Work Environment and in Thermal Comfort Satisfaction of the Natural Stone Industry Employees
No full textNatural stones have been widely used for buildings, works of art/structures, flooring, etc. since ancient times.The fact that the stone can be used without the need for excessive processing, being directly extracted from the quarry,shaped and used is perhaps one of the main reasons why we come across natural stones in many structures around theworld. Natural stones, which have been used in many buildings for thousands of years, need to be produced much morewith the increase in the human population. With the increase in production, the number of quarries and employees, andthe mechanization have brought many problems, such as accidents and occupational diseases. A person's performance isproportional to his comfort. The comfort of the employee is directly related to the good health and safety conditions inthe working environment. One of the most important factors determining human comfort in the working environment isthermal comfort. One of the seasonal challenges faced by those working in natural stone quarries is extremely hot or coldweather. In this study, the thermal comfort conditions of the workers in the natural stone quarry and natural stoneprocessing plant were investigated
Keywords: Thermal comfort, mining, occupational health and safety
Amplification of Environmental Appraisal Coordination at General Hospital Lahore and its Implications to Evaluate Management Review
Full text linkQuality standards have been a significant achievement for organizations worldwide. Environmental standardsshould be established in hospitals by coding ISO14001. Hospital water pollution can cause health issues in nearby urbanareas and settlements. The study was aimed to estimate, characterize, use, and response to water quality parameters onamplification of environmental coordination at General Hospital Lahore (GHL), and their implications for evaluation inmanagement reviewing. For these purposes, the drinking water samples were collected from different locations in thestudy area. All these samples were analyzed for different water quality parameters namely, pH, TDS, turbidity, andchloride, and compared with national environmental quality standards (NEQS). All the results and management processeswere also compared with ISO 14001:2015, which indicated the weakness in the general administration framework andEnvironmental Management System (EMS). The results show that pH 8.6, TDS 1100 mg/l, turbidity 5.5 NTU, andchloride 260 mg/l were exceeding the maximum permissible limits. The present study recommended that GHL watershould be treated before its use/ disposal. In the end, an EMS (a policy with protocol) manual was developed for continualimprovement of water use. Drinking water quality assessment and EMS framework offer assistance to oversee the waterquality and environment in health centers. Drinking water quality management under the guidelines of the environmentmanagement system manual developed in this study will greatly help to manage the environment, particularly waterpollution in local hospitals of Pakistan.
Keywords: General hospital, environmental management system, national environmental quality standards, drinking water
Use of Nano-Sized Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment: A Review
Full text linkThere is an increased demand for high-quality drinking water, which requires the removal of hazardous contaminants emerging from municipal, agricultural, and industrial effluents. An approach towards safe drinking water requires the implementation of various treatment processes for water emerging from natural resources as well as coming in the form of industrial wastewater. Pollutants in water bodies may be present in multiple states, including large suspended particles, dissolved chemical substances, in the form of microorganisms or suspended solids. Over the last few years, researchers have concentrated on developing a practical methodology for extracting pollutants from wastewater. During the course of time, although many advanced and complex wastewater treatment processes have evolved, yet adsorption has its own importance. Owing to its simple operation process, low cost, and less sludge formation, adsorption is being considered the most promising technique for wastewater treatment. In this regard, nanomaterial adsorbents have become a topic of great interest owing to their exceptional properties such as high adsorption strength, greater surface area, and chemical stability. Keeping in view, key features of nanoparticles, researchers have explored the applications of various adsorbents at the nanoscale in addressing wastewater treatment issues. The present review focuses on the use of nano-adsorbents in treating various industrial effluents and also provides a comparative assay in terms of the advantages and drawbacks of these nano-adsorbents, employed in removing hazardous contaminants from industrial effluents.
Keywords: Wastewater, nanoparticles, adsorbents, polymer adsorbents
Recharge Zone of Shallow Groundwater at Southeastern Part of Kulon Progo District Area based on Groundwater Facies
Full text linkThe Galur and Lendah areas are in the southeastern part of Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This area has become a developing area because of the new airport in this district. Along with its development, the need for groundwater in this area is increasing, so groundwater research is also increasingly needed. A study on groundwater is required to support the development of this region. This time, a groundwater study was conducted to determine the potential for the recharge-discharge zone, also groundwater flow patterns based on the chemical facies of the groundwater. The hydrogeological survey was carried out with groundwater sampling from 9 (nine) dug wells and 1 () spring for physical/chemical testing of groundwater in the laboratory. The results showed groundwater in the study area generally flows south or northwest, with a radial pattern anomaly in the north. The shallow groundwater studied was bicarbonate type with Ca, Na, and Mg cations variations. The groundwater facies characterizes groundwater that is typical in the catchment area. Based on this fact, recharge zones can occur throughout the study area, with local to medium flow systems.
Keywords: Groundwater, facies, hydrochemistry, recharge, flow
Geology, Petrographical Features and Ore Mineralization of Volcanic Hosted Iron Ore Deposit in the Mashki Chah Area Chagai District, Balochistan, Pakistan
Full text linkThe Mashki Chah iron ore deposits are located in the western Chagai magmatic belt and hosted within andesitic rock units in the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Geometry, morphology, and structure of iron ore have massive, thin to thick-bedded and veins type of iron. The major ore type including magnetite as primary mineralization of iron ore and hematite, siderite, goethite, and limonite are secondary mineralization of iron ore. Petrographically, the iron ore is hosted within the basic to the intermediate type of units (Basaltic Andesite, Andesite, and Dacite) within the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Major constituents of basaltic andesitic units are composed of clinopyroxene and amphibole with minor constituents of quartz. Andesitic units consist of plagioclase, hornblende, k-feldspar, quartz and biotite. The dacitic unit is comprised of quartz, albite, k-feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. SEM-EDX and BSE analysis of ore mineralization of iron ore to identify the mineral crystal structure, texture, and elemental composition of iron ore. BSE images indicate the crystal morphology of magnetite and hematite have well-developed cubic and octahedron crystal shapes with a coarse grain texture. Elemental composition is identified by the EDX graph that is indicated the high peaks of Fe and O elements associated with the high peak rock-forming minerals elements Si and O with sub-peaks of Al, Na, K, and Ca and as well as have sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements are include a Cu, Ag, Ti, and Sn. The total iron reserve in the deposit area is approximately about 45 to 50 million tons and an average percentage of magnetite is 86.16% and hematite is about 69.40 %. These ore deposit has significant value for economic purpose and as well as economically the Mashki Chah iron ore deposit is viable for iron ore mining.
Keywords: Mashki Chah, geology, petrography, iron ore mineralization, Chagai
Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) through Bio and Phytoremediation in the Environment: A Review Study
Full text linkOne of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) utilized globally between the 1930s and 1980s was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Even though their usage has been severely constrained, a lot of PCBs are still present in the environment, including soils and air. This local, national, international and governmental organizations regarding polychlorinated biphenyls and how can resolve and treat the problem sustainably. This can be achieved if seriously working on degrading persistent organic pollutants, especially polychlorinated biphenyls biologically via thorough research and sound implementation. The methods opted for remediation by the use of choosing suitable types of microorganisms and plants. These methods are practically active for the identification of the source, concentration level and effects on the ecosystem. It would help in developing appropriate strategy and data generation in formulating the inventories for the management of polychlorinated biphenyls in the future. It is also noted through numerous research that polychlorinated biphenyls are also found in human blood commonly analyzed by indicator congeners such as PCB 138,153, 180, and in air and soil markers of PCBs pollution include PCB congeners 28, 52,101,138,153 and 180 as well. The methods and mechanisms described for degrading the persistent pollutant in this research review the solutions for mitigating PCB pollution in an environment. The best option is to strictly ban it in Pakistan or weightage its usage with its multiple benefits and disadvantages. Promote biological treatment if the payback is healthy and environmentally sustainable.
Keywords: Polychlorinated bi-Phenyls, bioremediation, phytoremediation, environment, pollution
Correlation of Schmidt Hammer Rebound Numbers with Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Slake Durability Index of Dolomitic Limestone of Khyber, North Pakistan
Full text linkThe ultrasonic pulse velocity and slake durability index are the indirect techniques used widely for rock strength determination. Various experimental studies like slake durability apparatus, ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer have been conducted on dolomitic limestone. The correlation of Schmidt hammer rebound number has been developed with these properties. The uniaxial compressive strength has been determined using the correlated rebound number. Statistical analyses were conducted and the most suitable models were recommended. The linear model was suited in correlation of Schmidt hammer and durability while exponential model appeared best fit with pulse velocity. Most of the tested samples show pulse velocity in the range of 1800-3800m/s. The mean value of pulse velocity was 2751 m/s while the rebound hammer value was 45. Using the correlations from literature the compressive strength calculated by rebound hammer and pulse velocity was 146MPa and 66MPa respectively.
Keywords: Schmidt hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, slake durability index, dolomitic limestone