Revista Latinoamericana de Antropología del Trabajo
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Proletarización en las estrategias de reproducción de grupos domésticos inmigrantes indigenas en el estado de Morelos, México
No full textThis article analyzes the reproductive strategies of the domestic groups of immigrant indigenous day laborers, in the Tenextepango area, in the south central region of Morelos (Mexico). For decades these were based on the alternation of agricultural activities in their places of origin in Guerrero and Oaxaca with salaried work via pendular migration in Morelos. However, at the end of the 20th century, within the framework of the structural reforms applied to the Mexican countryside, domestic groups transformed their strategies, settling in their workplace and intensifying their salarialization processes, as they increased their geographical mobility and their insertion in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. The data presented is the result of a qualitative research that has prioritized fieldwork, participant observation and the application of in-depth interviews. The case study contextualizes in a panorama of growing proletarianization of the peasantry in Mexico.Este articulo analiza las estrategias de reproducción de los grupos domésticos de jornaleros indigenas inmigrantes, en la zona de Tenextepango, en la región centro sur de Morelos (México). Por décadas se basaron en la alternancia de las actividades agropecuarias de autoconsumo en sus lugares de origen en Guerrero y Oaxaca y del trabajo asalariado agricola via migración pendular en Morelos. No obstante, a finales del siglo XX, en el marco de las reformas estructurales aplicadas al campo mexicano, los grupos domésticos transformaron sus estrategias, asentándose en el lugar de trabajo e intensificando sus procesos de asalarización, ya que incrementaron su movilidad geográfica y su inserción en los sectores secundario y terciario de la economia. Los datos presentados son resultado de una investigación cualitativa que ha priorizado la observación participante y la aplicación de entrevistas a profundidad. El estudio de caso se contextualiza en un panorama de creciente proletarización del campesinado en México
Multinacionales y organización sindical: centralización, monopolio y prácticas antisindicales en la industria de gases industriales
No full textThis article describes the characteristics of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Argentina, the process of concentration and centralization of the production of the branch of gases at a global and national level and the characteristics of the central houses of Linde, Praxair and Air Products of Argentina. From this description, the process of union organization or reorganization of the workers that occurred in these three establishments between 2005 and 2011 and the consequent employer response is analyzed.En este articulo se describen las caracteristicas de la industria quimica y petroquimica en la Argentina, el proceso de concentración y centralización de la producción de la rama de en los niveles global y nacional y las caracteristicas de las casas centrales de Linde, Praxair y Air Products de Argentina. A partir de esta descripción se analiza el proceso de organización o reorganización gremial de los trabajadores que se dio en estos tres establecimientos entre 2005 y 2011 y la consecuente respuesta patronal
Reproducción material rarámuri: cambios y continuidades por la migración en la ciudad de Chihuahua, México
No full textThe migration and residence of the Raramuri population in the city of Chihuahua are linked, mainly, to the achievement of resources for subsistence within an ethnized labor market. In this context, the objective of this paper is to show that the insertion in different jobs and remunerative activities is leading the Raramuri to a process of resignification, changes and continuities, in the way to solve the material reproduction, constructing new meanings of what a manor a woman can do to obtain resources, as well as the responsibility acquired in the city.La migración y residencia de la población rarámuri en la ciudad de Chihuahua están ligadas, principalmente, a la consecución de recursos para la subsistencia dentro de un mercado laboral etnizado. En este contexto, el objetivo del articulo es mostrar que la inserción en diferentes empleos y actividades remunerativas está llevando a los rarámuri a un proceso de resignificación, cambios y continuidades, en la manera de resolver la reproducción material, construyéndose nuevos significados de lo que un hombre o una mujer pueden hacer para conseguir recursos, asi como la responsabilidad adquirida en la urbe
La contienda sindical docente en La Rioja (Argentina). Subjetividad y acciones colectivas durante el periodo 1993-2010
No full textRebellions, insurrections, resistance, outbursts, like so many other denominations that we use in the social sciences, refer to situations of conflict that warn us about the "constituent" moments of contemporary social relations. Under this framework, this article intends to analyze the conflict led by teachers in the province of La Rioja between 1993 and 2010 joined in the teacher’s union Asociación de Maestros y Profesores de La Rioja. The analysis strategy consists in the collection of journalistic notes from the newspaper with the highest provincial circulation during the reporting period, where union actions carried out by teachers are identified, and in-depth interviews with different guild members. The notes are subjected to a quantitative content analysis that allows studying the collective actions displayed throughout the period, and the interviews provide the meaning of those actions, the framework of their construction, the form of appropriation and the historicity they carry, making the experience and the struggle/combat two central concepts to understand the configuration of the union contests.Rebeliones, insurrecciones, resistencias, estallidos, como tantas otras denominaciones que utilizamos en las ciencias sociales, remiten a situaciones de conflictividad que nos advierten sobre los momentos "constituyentes" de las relaciones sociales contemporáneas. En este marco, el articulo pretende analizar el conflicto protagonizado por los docentes en la provincia de La Rioja (Argentina) entre los años 1993 y 2010 agremiados en el sindicato docente Asociación de Maestros y Profesores de La Rioja. La estrategia de análisis consiste en la recolección de notas periodisticas del diario de mayor tirada provincial durante el periodo informado, para identificar acciones sindicales llevadas a cabo por los docentes, y entrevistas en profundidad a diferentes militantes del gremio. Las notas son sometidas a un análisis de contenido cuantitativo que permite estudiar las acciones colectivas desplegadas durante todo el periodo, y las entrevistas aportan el significado de esas acciones, el marco de su construcción, la forma de apropiación y la historicidad que portan, haciendo de la experiencia y la lucha dos conceptos centrales para comprender la configuración de las contiendas sindicales
O gênero como marcador da diferení§a no mercado de trabalho: experiências laborais de mulheres nas agências de Publicidade no Rio de Janeiro
No full textThe present article problematizes the hierarchy of gender from the sexual division of labor within advertising agencies located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Using the method of life trajectories, I conducted a survey of ten advertisers between the ages of 30 and 68 years. The aim was to know the professional reality of these women according to their work activities, the gender pay gap and the employment relationships based on the sexual option. The reflections start from my gender condition and from my professional experience as an advertising person acting for more than 20 years in the market. Having the Social Sciences as a place of speech, I decided to make my job an object of research to analyze the gender asymmetry in advertising, a professional area that in terms of innovating, helps to define trends and the models to be followed.O presente artigo problematiza a hierarquia de gênero a partir da divisão sexual do trabalho dentro das agências de publicidade localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Utilizando o método de trajetórias de vida, realizei uma pesquisa com dez publicitárias na faixa etária entre 30 e 68 anos. O objetivo era conhecer a realidade profissional dessas mulheres de acordo com suas atividades laborais, a diferení§a salarial em função do gênero e as relações de trabalho a partir da opção sexual. As reflexíµes partem da minha condição de gênero e da minha experiência profissional como publicitária atuando há mais de 20 anos no mercado. Tendo as Ciências Sociais como lugar de fala, eu decidi fazer do meu oficio um objeto de pesquisa para analisar a assimetria de gênero na publicidade, uma área profissional que a propósito de inovar, ajuda a definir tendências e os modelos a serem seguidos
La reinserción laboral de migrantes retornados/as: experiencias y estrategias en un contexto urbano de Ecuador
No full textThis article shows part of the findings of a doctoral thesis about the labor reinsertion experiences of a group of Ecuadorians who lived in Spain and Italy and returned to the city of Guayaquil. The objective is to identify and understand the practices that they developed to enter the labor market, taking into account their individual conditions and the opportunities and limitations of the context. We conducted depth interviews with men and women who returned between 2008 and 2015, and we developed a typology of strategies which deepen in the actors and their vulnerability in a greater or lesser degree when confronting the structure of opportunities. The general results show that in this process had more weight the physical and economic capital accumulated or mobilized by migrants before and/or after the return for self-employment initiatives; that the skills acquired abroad did little or nothing for reinsertion; and that the human capital that helped in certain cases, was that acquired prior to emigrating to Europe, as well as that achieved after of return with the support of social capital.El presente articulo muestra parte de los hallazgos de una tesis doctoral sobre las experiencias de reinserción laboral de un grupo de ecuatorianos/as que residieron en España e Italia y regresaron a la ciudad de Guayaquil. El objetivo es identificar y comprender las prácticas que desarrollaron para incorporarse al mercado de trabajo, teniendo en cuenta sus condiciones individuales y las oportunidades y limitantes del contexto. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a hombres y mujeres que volvieron entre 2008 y 2015, y se construyó una tipologia de estrategias que profundiza en los actores y en su mayor o menor vulnerabilidad para enfrentar la estructura de oportunidades. Los resultados muestran que en este proceso tuvieron más peso los capitales fisicos y económicos que acumularon o movilizaron los/as migrantes antes y/o después del retorno para iniciativas de autoempleo; que las competencias adquiridas en el extranjero poco o nada sirvieron para la reinserción; y que el capital humano que ayudó en ciertos casos fue el adquirido previo a emigrar a Europa, asi como el logrado tras el regreso con apoyo del capital social
Dirección y Coordinación en ámbitos locales: miradas sobre la juventud y el trabajo en las Oficinas de Empleo Municipales en Argentina
No full textThis article seeks to reflect on the views that the local directors of the municipal Employment Offices have about youth and work. The importance lies in the fact that these state agents will be responsible for directing at the local level the active employment policies that arise from the comprehensive plan for employment promotion from the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security. In this way the meanings that they give to the policies, work and youth will be fundamental in the processes of territorial implementation. To reach this goal, three cases are taken from the province of Entre Rios: Paraná, Gualeguaychú and Colón, cases selected by virtue of their territorial and demographic divergences. Through semi-structured interviews, participant observations and access to computer records, a fieldwork was developed that begins by describing the institutional management of the Offices and their consolidation processes, where the territorialization strategy is put in tension with local possibilities. The work ends with an analysis of the practices and meanings related to youth and work in these management spaces, where employment programs aimed at young people take centrality for the operation of the Offices.El presente articulo busca reflexionar sobre las miradas que los directores y directoras locales de las Oficinas de Empleo municipales dependientes de la Red de Servicios de Empleo tienen sobre la juventud y el trabajo. La importancia recae en que estos agentes estatales serán los responsables de direccionar en el nivel local las politicas activas de empleo que surgen del plan integral de promoción del empleo del Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. De este modo, los sentidos que le otorguen a la politica, al trabajo y a la juventud serán fundamentales en los procesos de implementación territorial. Con esta finalidad se toman tres casos de la provincia de Entre Rios: Paraná, Gualeguaychú y Colón, casos seleccionados en virtud de sus divergencias territoriales y demográficas. Por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones participantes y acceso a registros informáticos, se desarrolló un trabajo de campo que inicia por describir la gestión institucional de las Oficinas y sus procesos de consolidación, donde se pone en tensión la estrategia de territorializacion con las posibilidades locales. El trabajo finaliza con un análisis de las prácticas y sentidos en relaciona a la juventud y el trabajo en estos espacios de gestión, donde los programas de empleos destinados a jóvenes toman centralidad para el funcionamiento de la Oficinas
Género, migración y trabajo en la agricultura familiar. Trayectorias laborales y migratorias de horticultoras bolivianas en el cinturón horticola del gran La Plata, 2018
No full textThe aim of this article is to analyze the link between gender, migration and work in family farming. We study the case of horticulture in Argentina, a labor niche historically segmented by nationality, currently dominated by Bolivian families of peasant origin who come to the country in search of better working conditions. This migratory process can be understood within the framework of social mobility process, in which transnational relations are also established, since societies of origin and destination keep related through networks established by migrants. In this context, we inquire about the place that women occupy in the migratory process and about their experiences as rural migrant workers. Understanding that patriarchal forms of domination are reproduced through common senses transmitted from generation to generation, we seek to understand how the roles assigned to (and played by) women in this sector of family farming are raised. A longitudinal perspective, through the analysis of trajectories, allows us to reconstruct the ways in which these roles are configured, reproduced and transformed over time. The main dimensions that emerge from the analysis of the labor and migration trajectories of Bolivian women who live and work in La Plata’s horticultural belt are: the forms of family organization of work in the Bolivian peasant economy; the factors that motivate and / or constrain women to start a migratory project; and its labor and territorial insertion itineraries in Argentina.El objetivo de este articulo es analizar la articulación entre género, migración y trabajo en la agricultura familiar. Abordamos el caso de la horticultura en Argentina, un nicho laboral históricamente segmentado por nacionalidad, hegemonizado actualmente por familias bolivianas de origen campesino que llegan al pais en busca de mejores condiciones laborales. Este proceso migratorio puede comprenderse en el marco de un proceso de movilidad social, en el que además se establecen relaciones transnacionales, ya que se tejen redes que mantienen en comunicación a las sociedades de origen y destino. En ese marco, estudiamos el lugar que ocupan las mujeres en el proceso migratorio y sus experiencias como trabajadoras rurales migrantes. Las formas patriarcales de dominación se reproducen mediante sentidos comunes transmitidos de generación en generación: buscamos comprender cómo se van construyendo los roles asignados a (y ocupados por) las mujeres en este sector de la agricultura familiar. Una mirada longitudinal, por medio del análisis de trayectorias, nos permite reconstruir las formas en que se configuran, reproducen y transforman estos roles a lo largo del tiempo. Las principales dimensiones que emergen del análisis de las trayectorias laborales y migratorias de mujeres bolivianas que viven y trabajan en el cinturón horticola de La Plata son las formas de organización familiar del trabajo en la economia campesina de Bolivia; los factores que motivan y/o constriñen a las mujeres para iniciar un proyecto migratorio; y sus itinerarios de inserción laboral y territorial en Argentina
Sobre lutas e memórias: os militantes do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) e o movimento de luta pela terra na Baixada Fluminense (1950-1964)
No full textAt the end of the 1940s, the region known as Baixada Fluminense witnessed a peasant mobilization by a group of farmers who were claiming ownership of land that were the target of speculation. In this context, some social actors of different ideological backgrounds went to the locality in order to dispute the political representation of this group of farmers who were fighting for their permanence on the land. One of these agents was the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB), more specifically, some communist militants who began to act in this territory in order to mediate the struggles for the land that were being fought. The objective of this paper is to analyze the identity relationship built between the communist militants and the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) in the memories of Joseph Purity da Silva, Lyndolpho Silva and Braulio Rodrigues da Silva when acting as mediators of these land conflicts in the Baixada region Fluminense in the late 1940s to the early 1960s as we seek to understand how they thought and how they acted together farmers, look at how they built the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) by its base. It is important here, for an institutional history of the PCB seen from below, seen by its active militants and not by the party leadership; by the concrete mediation of the conflicts (practice) in spite of the party orientations (theory).Resumo: No final da década de 1940, a região conhecida como Baixada Fluminense presenciou uma mobilização camponesa por parte de um grupo de lavradores que reivindicavam a posse de terras que estavam sendo alvo de especulação imobiliária. Neste contexto, alguns atores sociais de matrizes ideológicas diversas se direcionaram para a localidade a fim de disputar a representação politica deste grupo de lavradores que lutavam pela permanência na terra. Um destes agentes foi o Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB), mais especificamente, alguns militantes comunistas que comeí§aram a atuar neste território com o intuito de mediar as lutas pela terra que se travavam. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação de identidade construida entre os militantes comunistas e o Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) nas memórias de José Pureza da Silva, Lyndolpho Silva e Bráulio Rodrigues da Silva quando atuaram enquanto mediadores destes conflitos fundiários na região da Baixada Fluminense no final da década de 1940 até inicios da década de 1960. Ao buscarmos compreender como eles pensavam e como eles agiam junto aos camponeses, analisaremos como se construiu o Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) pela sua "base". Preza-se, aqui, por uma história institucional do PCB vista de baixo, vista pelos seus militantes atuantes e não pela cúpula partidária; pela mediação concreta dos conflitos (prática) a despeito das orientações partidárias (teoria)
