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Management Indicators and Their Influence on Organizational Productivity: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature
No full textCon este artículo, se busca explorar la conexión que existe entre los indicadores de gestión y la productividad organizacional, esto mediante una revisión profunda de la literatura científica. En el entorno empresarial que se caracteriza por la competitividad y la eficiencia, los indicadores se transforman en herramientas relevantes y fundamentales en la toma de decisiones, y lo que podría llamarse la mejora de rendimiento (productividad). No obstante, para las organizaciones su implementación inicia desde la necesidad de cumplir una normativa, en vez de entenderlos como aliados para medir el desempeño de los colaboradores, lo que ha causado una limitación real en su impacto y en los resultados organizacionales.
Por medio de un enfoque cualitativo-documental, lo que se busca es lograr identificar los tipos de indicadores más comunes y utilizados a nivel organizacional, con sus metodologías aplicadas y los contextos en los que se han evaluado, teniendo como base estudios previos que se han realizado en Colombia y América Latina. El objetivo del presente estudio es lograr resaltar las contribuciones, las limitaciones y los vacíos teóricos que pueden llegar a influir de una manera directa y efectiva en la productividad. Se espera que los resultados encontrados puedan servir como una base para futuros estudios, y para organizaciones que busquen optimizar sus sistemas de medición de la mano con la gestión del talento humano, por medio de indicadores, desde una perspectiva que sea sostenible y fundamentada en la evidencia sistemática.This article seeks to explore the connection between management indicators and organizational productivity through an in-depth review of scientific literature. In a business environment characterized by competitiveness and efficiency, indicators become essential tools for decision-making and what can be understood as performance improvement (productivity). However, within organizations, their implementation often begins as a response to regulatory compliance rather than as a strategic ally to measure employee performance, which has limited their real impact on organizational outcomes.
Through a qualitative-documentary approach, the study aims to identify the most common types of indicators used at the organizational level, their applied methodologies, and the contexts in which they have been evaluated, drawing on previous studies conducted in Colombia and Latin America. The objective of this study is to highlight contributions, limitations, and theoretical gaps that may directly and effectively influence productivity. The findings are expected to serve as a basis for future research and for organizations seeking to optimize their measurement systems in alignment with human talent management, using indicators from a sustainable and evidence-based perspective
Role of the environmental ethics in creating the bio-policies: genetically modified organisms
No full textWhen taking decisions on environment, being satisfied only with the science and technology without considering the ethical and philosophical problems will create more problems than it solves. The fundamental assumption in this study is that the environment policies should be determined by incorporating the views of as different stakeholders as possible and in political circles within an ethical framework. For example, by using biotechnology, it is possible to cultivate, reproduce and genetically modify the organs, tissue and cells of vegetables. Despite strongly opposed by environment organizations, anti-globalization groups, some academicians and politicians due to their negative effects on natural world, Genetically Modified Organisms are promoted by some agricultural producers and manufacturing companies as well as by some political groups. The importance of referring to the environmental ethics approaches in making the bio policies is understood when we consider that although claims focus on the idea that the reproduction of the genetically modified species will reduce famine in the world, heal diseases and ensure continuity in agriculture, the available data indicate that the main purpose is to control the sectors like seed, food and medical products
Learning How to Teach: A pilot intervention to boost anesthesia residents' confidence in their teaching skills
No full textIntroducción:
La enseñanza hace parte fundamental del ejercicio de la medicina. Durante la especialidad médica es frecuente que los residentes se encuentren, interactúen e incluso guíen a personal en salud en estados más tempranos de su formación médica, como estudiantes de medicina, internos e incluso otros residentes. Igualmente, es probable que esos mismos residentes asuman roles educativos una vez se convierten en especialistas, sin necesariamente contar con el entrenamiento requerido para enseñar y transmitir de manera efectiva su conocimiento.
Objetivo:
El propósito de este estudio es realizar un ensayo piloto del programa de entrenamiento en docencia médica aplicado a los residentes institucionales de anestesiología en la fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá.
Diseño, Materiales y Métodos:
La metodología se dividió en dos partes: en primer lugar, se diseñó la estrategia a partir de una revisión de la literatura que fundamentó cada una de las sesiones. En segundo lugar, se realizó un piloto con los residentes de anestesiología implementando la estrategia diseñada. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo de un solo brazo tipo pre - post para evaluar la autopercepción de las habilidades docentes de los residentes antes y después del programa de entrenamiento realizado. Todos los residentes de Anestesiología de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá durante el año 2025 fueron invitados a participar. El desenlace primario es el cambio en la evaluación de cada uno de los ítems de la encuesta diseñada para evaluar la autopercepción de los residentes sobre sus habilidades educativas. Dentro de los desenlaces secundarios se buscó evaluar la percepción de los residentes sobre la relevancia de recibir entrenamiento en docencia médica y su opinión sobre la pertinencia y calidad de la estrategia implementada.
Resultados
Se diseñó un programa de 3 sesiones en el cual se abordaron los siguientes temas: 1) Principios básicos del aprendizaje en adultos, 2) Cómo proveer una retroalimentación adecuada y 3) Cómo enseñar una habilidad manual. El programa resultó en un aumento de la percepción de los residentes de anestesiología sobre sus habilidades en educación médica que fue estadísticamente significativo en 6 de los 8 dominios evaluados.
Conclusión
El programa Aprendiendo a Enseñar generó un impacto positivo en la percepción de los residentes de anestesiología sobre sus habilidades educativas. Los participantes evaluaron el programa de manera positiva y manifestaron que fue una experiencia valiosa que contribuye al desarrollo de sus actividades profesionales actuales y futuras.Especialista en AnestesiologíaEspecializaciónIntroduction:
Teaching is a fundamental part of medical practice. During their medical training, residents frequently encounter, interact with, and even mentor healthcare professionals at earlier stages of their medical training, such as medical students, interns, and even other residents. Likewise, these same residents are likely to assume educational roles once they become attending physicians, without necessarily having the skills required to effectively teach and transmit knowledge.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to conduct a pilot trial of a medical teaching training program (Learning how to Teach) applied to anesthesiology residents at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá.
Design, Materials, and Methods:
The methodology was divided into two parts: first, the training program was designed based on a literature review that informed each session. Second, a pilot study was conducted with anesthesiology residents implementing the designed program. A single-arm pre-post trial was conducted to evaluate residents' self-assessment of their teaching skills before and after the training program. All Anesthesiology residents at the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá during the year 2025 were invited to participate. The primary outcome was the change in the evaluation of each of the items on the survey designed to assess residents' self-perception of their teaching skills. Secondary outcomes sought to assess residents' insights on the relevance of receiving training in medical teaching and their opinions on the quality of the implemented program.
Results
A 3-session program was designed to address the following topics: 1) Basic principles of adult learning, 2) How to provide appropriate feedback, and 3) How to teach a manual skill. The program resulted in statistically significant increases in anesthesiology residents' perceptions of their medical education skills in 6 of the 8 domains assessed.
Conclusion
The Learning How to Teach program had a positive impact on anesthesiology residents' perceptions of their teaching skills. Participants evaluated the program positively and stated that it was a valuable experience that contributes to the development of their current and future professional activities
L’exercice de la medecine: valeurs des patients, normes des professionnels, conflits et deliberation publique
No full text Suivant Ricoeur, pour l´exercice de la médecine ce qui se passe au chevet du malade n’est pas séparable de ce qui travaille la société, de l’évolution des moeurs, de la représentation par les individus de la santé, voire du bonheur, et de ce qu’ils peuvent demander aux médecins. Du côté des soignants, les possibilités techniques obligent à redéfinir le sens du soin, penser la proportionnalité des traitements et à réfléchir à la place de l’éthique. Le problème est de savoir comment articuler le droit et la morale. L’éthique de la discussion de Habermas séduit les médecins et ils parviennent, au deuxième niveau du jugement médical, à dégager des normes valides et universalisables. Mais au troisième niveau, la question est de savoir si cette éthique de la discussion est applicable au niveau politique, qui nous concerne tous. Parler des valeurs des patients, des normes des professionnels, des conflits et de la délibération publique invite à proposer une conception rénovée du sujet qui serve de fondement au politique, à penser la modification des instances délibératives et de la démocratie représentative et à répondre à la demande d’intelligibilité du public qui est mûr pour une autre démocratie
Dilemas bioéticos sobre o final da vida
No full textThat article focuses on investigating the interpretation of the dilemmas of bioethics at the end of life. The main purpose was estimated in the analysis of bioethical dilemmas about the end of human life faced in judicial de-cisions in Colombia. A documentary study was conducted as a process of inquiry, reflection, construction and re-signification of knowledge about the moral dilemmas of active euthanasia and hunger strikes, present in the judgments of the Constitutional Court C-239 of 1997, T-571/08 and Bill 117, 2014. This document is presented in three parts: in the first, the dilemmas of euthanasia, assisted suicide and hunger strike are described; in the second, an interpretation of these dilemmas amid tensions between bioethics and law arises; and in the third a possible hermeneutics if the dilemmas is proposed as Gadamer category of “world of life”.Este escrito se abordó indagando por la interpretación de los dilemas de la bioética en el final de la vida. Elpropósito fundamental se estimó en el análisis de los dilemas bioéticos sobre el final de la vida humana,enfrentados en las decisiones judiciales en Colombia. Se hizo un estudio documental como proceso deindagación, reflexión, construcción y re-significación del conocimiento sobre los dilemas morales sobreeutanasia activa y huelga de hambre, presentes en las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional C-239 de 1997,T-571/08 y el Proyecto de Ley 117 de 2014. Este documento se presenta en tres partes: en la primera, seenuncian y se describen los dilemas sobre la eutanasia, el suicidio asistido y la huelga de hambre; en lasegunda, se plantea una interpretación de estos dilemas en medio de las tensiones entre la bioética y elderecho, y en la tercera parte se propone una posible hermenéutica de los dilemas nombrados, según lacategoría gadameriana de «mundo de la vida».Este artigo foca a investigação da interpretação dos dilemas da bioética no final da vida. O propósito fundamen-tal foi baseado na análise dos dilemas bioéticos sobre o final da vida humana, enfrentados nas decisões judiciais, na Colômbia. Foi realizado um estudo documental como processo de investigação, reflexão, construção e ressig-nificação do conhecimento sobre os dilemas morais da eutanásia ativa e greve de fome, presentes nas sentenças da Corte Constitucional C-239 de 1997, T-571/08 e o Projeto de Lei 117, de 2014. Este documento é apresentado em três partes: na primeira, os dilemas sobre a eutanásia, o suicídio assistido e a greve de fome são enunciados e descritos; na segunda, é exposta uma interpretação destes dilemas em meio às tensões entre a bioética e o di-reito e, na terceira parte, é proposta uma possível hermenêutica dos dilemas nomeados, segundo a categoria de Gadamer do “mundo da vida”
Developments and Challenges in Advanced Practice Nursing
No full textAdvanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1).
Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4).
In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5).
Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5).
During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5).
These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7).
In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP’s work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries.
In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10).
Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11).
With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN’s roles, the definition of APN’s limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system.Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1).
Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4).
In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5).
Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5).
During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5).
These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7).
In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP’s work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries.
In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10).
Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11).
With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN’s roles, the definition of APN’s limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system.Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) emerged as a response to the need for professionals capable of giving care to patients, thereby improving the quality of healthcare; the results obtained by implementing APNs in healthcare teams confirm that APNs can be implemented in the healthcare of patients of all ages and with varied health situations (1).
Levels of development in APN are very diverse in distinct countries, in the legal aspect as well as in the roles that a nurse with this level of training can fulfill. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) counts around seventy countries as being preoccupied with introducing clear function for APNs (20); nonetheless, literature describes the main progress in this sense occurring in Canada, Australia, Ireland, Finland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, although in the last ten years significant advances have been identifies in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore, Korea, and Africa (3, 4).
In Latin-American, progress in this initiative is embryonic: the role that a APN can fulfill has not been sufficiently disseminated and the implementation of this strategy has been limited by healthcare policies in many countries or by the opposition to APNs by professionals in other areas who are reacting to misinformation or to fear of usurpation of certain functions by APNs. However, in primary care, APNs have been incorporated into healthcare teams, and research shows positive results for the expansion of coverage and reduction of healthcare costs, in both rural areas and urban centers (1, 5).
Thanks to these advances, in 2000 the ICN supported the creation of the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/APNN) with the objective of favoring dialogue, advancing the installation of APNs in the countries, facilitating the interchange of knowledge, determining the limits in the expansion of the role of nurses, and defining the guidelines for the formation of human resources at this level. Likewise, the World Health Organization and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) have worked with universities and nursing associations in Latin America and the Caribbean to, through context analyses, propose implementation of APNs (5).
During August 2018, the 10th Conference of the International Nursing Council convened in Rotterdam with the goal of exploring the role of APNs in the transformation of healthcare (6). With the participation of more than fifty countries, the council established a global panorama of the situation and of the challenges nursing faces as an active participant and agent for achieving universal health coverage. An important conclusion drawn from the event is the recognition given by all participating countries to APNs for allowing significant advancement of strategies for primary healthcare and the achievement of goals related with universal health coverage and sustainable development: the guarantee of a healthy life and the promotion of wellness for everyone at every age (4, 5).
These propositions imply a process and the need for countries to work towards the expansion of nursing roles, which requires the promotion of a collective project that unites different sectors involved in the formation of human talent, on one hand, that the offering of health services on the other. Likewise, administrators of education and health policy along with associations involved in the nursing discipline need to contribute to the analyses of strategies for implementing a sustainable and efficient health system that allows universal access to health (1, 4, 7).
In this context, APNs are understood to have undergone master or doctorate level training that develops scientific knowledge, clinical expertise, leadership, political formation, communicational capacity, and education for the patient, family, and community groups. Therefore, the professional is enabled to take ethical decisions, work autonomously, interact in intra- and interdisciplinary groups, and understand that ANP’s work will be determined by the unique environment, healthcare structure, and legislation of different countries.
In accord with Morán-Peña (8), the International Nursing Council states that APNs are characterized by an autonomous practice that allows the implementation of tools like: valuation, diagnostic reasoning, decision making for the handling of cases, plan development, implementation and evaluation of programs as part of consultation services, and being the first point of contact in the healthcare system. This implies that an ANP will have competencies to participate in the elaboration of public policy as well as on teams dedicated to care for individuals, families, groups, and communities in disease prevention, health promotion, treatment, recuperation, and palliative care (7, 9, 10).
Consequently, working on the implementation of the EPA can possibly lead to transformation of healthcare systems in the clinical area, improvement in the access to primary healthcare, and in the design and development of investigation projects whose results can be applied in practice; in short, it would affect the quality and effectiveness of healthcare at different levels and allow the urgent and much needed evolution of healthcare systems (11).
With this perspective, the fundamental question is whether sufficient political interest exist for the development of APN’s roles, the definition of APN’s limits, the adaption of the existing structure, the establishment of guidelines for educational programs, and the application of expert knowledge, among other aspects, in benefit of health coverage, healthcare quality, and the establishment of a sustainable healthcare system
Homens, saúde sexual e saúde reprodutiva: avanços nas pesquisas recentes na América Latina
No full textFrom a gender perspective, a critical reading was conducted on recent research about men, sexual health and reproductive health in Latin America, based on a literature review. Were analyzed 55 studies. Despite some changes seen in the transit to new masculinities, mainly linked to paternity, it was found that hegemonic masculinity is still present in the sexual and reproductive experiences of Latin American men. Since adolescence, there are practices, ideas and construction of values interrelated with a male sexuality distant from caring for oneself and others. Studies on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV and AIDS reflect manhood stereotypes as a cause of not perceiving the risk of being infected and prevent men from consulting if they have problems that affect they sex life. Sexual and reproductive health services are shown in some studies as men excluding and with a lack of preparation with a broad set of health requirements in the different stages of their lives. In addition there is little comprehension and sensitivity in their approach to the diversity. As knowledge about sexuality is not enough to develop attitudes of self-care and awareness of the care of others, authors insist in the relevance of revaluating the masculinity definitions. Programs including a masculine perspective achieve positive changes when they are designed to respond to the necessities of men.Objetivo: Realizar una lectura crítica con perspectiva de género de la investigación reciente sobre hombres, salud sexual y salud reproductiva en América Latina, basada en una revisión de la literatura. Método: Fueron seleccionados, sistematizados y analizados 67 estudios mediante un ejercicio hermenéutico. Resultados: Se halló que la masculinidad hegemónica sigue presente en las vivencias sexuales y reproductivas de los varones en la región, a pesar de observarse el tránsito hacia nuevas masculinidades, hecho relacionado en particular con la vivencia de la paternidad en que se incorporan la proximidad afectiva y el cuidado de los hijos. Desde la adolescencia se observa la construcción de valores, ideas y prácticas anudadas a la naturalización de una sexualidad masculina ajena al cuidado de sí y de otros. Los estudios sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual y VIH-sida muestran que los estereotipos viriles llevan a no percibir el riesgo de infectarse. De igual modo, estos estereotipos impiden a los hombres consultar ante la presencia de problemas que afectan su sexualidad. Los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva aparecen en los estudios como excluyentes de los hombres y poco preparados para atender a la población masculina en los diferentes momentos del curso de vida y en la amplitud de sus necesidades de salud, además de mostrar ser poco integrales en su abordaje y poco sensibles a la diversidad. Conclusiones: Los autores insisten en la importancia de impactar las construcciones sobre la masculinidad para desarrollar actitudes de autocuidado y conciencia del cuidado de otros, así como para generar cambios en las relaciones de género. Cuando están diseñados para responder a las necesidades de los hombres, con perspectiva de masculinidades, los programas logran ejercer cambios positivos. La política pública en salud, como instrumento de construcción de ciudadanía, tiene en sus manos la tarea de marcar caminos para avanzar en la equidad e igualdad de género en los países de América Latina, reconociendo la importancia de abrirle espacio a las nuevas masculinidades en los ámbitos de la sexualidad y la reproducción.A partir da perspectiva de gênero, uma leitura crítica foi conduzida utilizando uma recente pesquisa relacionada aos homens, à saúde sexual e à saude reprodutiva na América Latina, tudo isto baseado em revisão da literatura. Dessa forma, um total de 55 estudos foi analisado. Foi observado que a masculinidade hegemônica está ainda presente nas experiências sexuais e reprodutivas do homem da América Latina, apesar de algumas mudanças serem vistas na transição para novas masculinidades, principalmente ligadas à paternidade. Desde a adolescência, observa-se a construção de valores, ideias e práticas vinculadas à naturalização da sexualidade masculina alheia ao cuidado de si e dos outros. Estudos relacionados à doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) e SIDA (Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida - AIDS-HIV) mostram que os estereótipos masculinos são a causa da não percepção dos riscos de ser infectado e impedem que os homens consultem caso eles tenham problemas que afetem sua vida sexual. Serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva são apontados em alguns estudos como sendo excludentes masculinos e mal preparados para atendê-los na amplitude de suas necessidades de saúde e nos diferentes estágios de suas vidas. E além disso, apresentam pouca compreensão e sensibilidade ao abordar a diversidade. Como o conhecimento sobre a sexualidade não é suficiente para desenvolver atitudes de autocuidado e consciência do cuidado com os outros, os autores insistem na importância de reavaliar as definições de masculinidade. Quando projetados para responder às necessidades dos homens, sob uma perspectiva masculina, os programas conseguem exercer mudanças positivas
What does Colombia lose and what does it gain if diplomatic relations with the United States are canceled?
No full textLa presente investigación tiene como propósito analizar el estado actual de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Colombia y Estados Unidos, considerando diversas perspectivas de excancilleres, políticos y economistas, en torno al interrogante: ¿Qué pierde y qué gana Colombia si se cancelan las relaciones diplomáticas con Estados Unidos? Las discrepancias políticas entre las naciones han generado tensiones económicas, diplomáticas y migratorias. A pesar de los esfuerzos por establecer acuerdos y encontrar puntos en común, existen desafíos significativos para llegar a un consenso sobre estas diferencias. En el marco de su curso, se ha podido observar que las diferencias de ideologías políticas y el manejo adecuado de estas han generado tensiones sobre el bienestar para cada país según su mandatario elegido. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos por establecer acuerdos y encontrar puntos en común, en la actualidad se presentan desafíos significativos para llegar a un consenso sobre estas diferencias. “La diplomacia es el arte de dejar que el otro tenga su manera de pensar” (Kissinger, 1994, p. 32). En este sentido, la diplomacia efectiva requiere una comprensión profunda de las perspectivas y necesidades de ambas partes, lo que puede ser un desafío significativo en el contexto de las relaciones entre Colombia y Estados Unidos, dado que una ruptura podría afectar gravemente la inversión extranjera, la seguridad, el empleo y la estabilidad fiscal del país, crucial para la sostenibilidad de miles de personas, empresas y el bienestar de sus trabajadores. Debido a lo anterior, esta investigación se centra en conocer y analizar qué impacto, tanto positivo como negativo, tendría para Colombia en materia económica la posible ruptura de las relaciones diplomáticas con Estados Unidos, por medio de opiniones de expertos, en aspectos financieros y tributarios en el país y las empresas. Las relaciones diplomáticas entre Colombia y Estados Unidos han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo económico bilateral, como el tratado de libre comercio (TLC), inversiones estratégicas y cooperación en seguridad y derechos humanos. Desde su entrada en vigor en 2012, el TLC ha permitido que EE.UU. representa el 28,8% de las exportaciones colombianas y el 25,7% de sus importaciones, consolidándose como su principal socio comercial. Sectores como el agroindustrial han crecido significativamente, con exportaciones de café, flores y banano que han duplicado su participación en la última década. Sin embargo, recientes tensiones diplomáticas, impulsadas por la soberbia de los gobernantes de los dos países con la disputa de diferencias en políticas antidrogas y la intención del gobierno colombiano de renegociar el TLC, han generado incertidumbre sobre la continuidad de esta alianza.Contador públicoPregradoThe purpose of this research is to analyze the current state of diplomatic relations between Colombia and the United States, considering various perspectives from former foreign ministers, politicians, and economists regarding the question: What does Colombia lose and what does it gain if diplomatic relations with the United States are canceled?
The political disagreements between the nations have generated economic, diplomatic, and migratory tensions. Despite efforts to establish agreements and find common ground, there are significant challenges in reaching a consensus on these differences.
Throughout its course, it has been observed that differences in political ideologies and their proper management have generated tensions on the well-being of each country according to its elected leader.
However, despite efforts to establish agreements and find common ground, there are currently significant challenges in reaching a consensus on these differences. “Diplomacy is the art of letting the other person have their way of thinking” (Kissinger, 1994, p. 32). In this sense, effective diplomacy requires a deep understanding of the perspectives and needs of both parties, which can be a significant challenge in the context of relations between Colombia and the United States, given that a rupture could seriously affect foreign investment, security, employment, and the country's fiscal stability, crucial for the sustainability of thousands of people, businesses, and the well-being of its workers.
Because of this, this research focuses on understanding and analyzing the economic impact, both positive and negative, of a possible rupture of diplomatic relations with the United States. This research, based on expert opinions, would address financial and tax issues affecting the country and its businesses. Diplomatic relations between Colombia and the United States have been fundamental to bilateral economic development, as has the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), strategic investments, and cooperation in security and human rights. Since its entry into force in 2012, the FTA has allowed the United States to represent 28.8% of Colombian exports and 25.7% of its imports, consolidating its position as its main trading partner. Sectors such as agribusiness have grown significantly, with coffee, flower, and banana exports doubling their share in the last decade. However, recent diplomatic tensions, fueled by the arrogance of the two countries' leaders over differences in anti-drug policies and the Colombian government's intention to renegotiate the FTA, have generated uncertainty about the continued existence of this alliance
Algunas reflexiones filosóficas a propósito del coronavirus: la polémica Han-Harari y el problema ontológico el Covid-19
No full textIn the first part, a reflection on Coronavirus is proposed as a disease classified as a “pandemic” and that affects the whole world without distinction, breaking the barriers of nationalism. Two of the most important opinions about the Coronavirus and its effects are examined: Byung-Chul Han's and Yuval Noah Harari's. It seeks to contrast these two points of view, highlighting the advantages and risks that may derive from the indiscriminate algorithmic control of individuals (techno-information), as well as the advantages and risks of biological and genetic control (bio-information). In the second part, the ontological problems of Covid-19 are addressed to establish whether it is a living or inert biosystem, while the Coronavirus disease is examined as the state of a biological system, a person, depending on the values of certain functions in accordance with established laws. It warns of the categorical error of confusing the cause of the disease with the disease itself.En la primera parte se propone una reflexión sobre el Coronavirus como una enfermedad calificada de ‘pandemia’ y que afecta sin distingos a todo el mundo rompiendo las barreras de los nacionalismos. Se examinan dos de las más importantes opiniones acerca del Coronavirus y sus efectos: la de Byung-Chul Han y la de Yuval Noah Harari. Se busca contrastar estos dos puntos de vista, destacando las ventajas y riesgos que se puedan derivar del control algorítmico indiscriminado de la los individuos (tecno-información), como de las ventajas y riesgos del control biológico y genético (bio-información). En la segunda parte se abordan los problemas ontológicos del Covid-19 para establecer si se trata de un biosistema vivo o inerte, al tiempo que se examina la enfermedad del Coronavirus como el estado de un sistema biológico, una persona, en función de los valores de ciertas funciones de conformidad con leyes ya establecidas. Se advierte del error categorial de confundir la causa de la enfermedad con la enfermedad misma
Análise bibliométrica de periódicos científicos relacionados à optometria na Colômbia (2014-2019)
No full textIntroduction: Health Sciences are a branch of science of great social and economic interest. A bibliometric analysis of scientific journals related to optometry in Colombia can contribute to improving the level of research in this field. Aim: to recognize the bibliometric behavior of scientific journals related to Optometry, published in Colombia, during the period 2014 - 2019. Material and methods: a descriptive-retrospective bibliometric analysis was carried out with cross section of 241 publications made in the five scientific journals related to Optometry existing in the country. Results: it was found that the prevalent subject area in the articles reviewed was Diagnosis and Treatment. Multi-authorship from 2 to 5 authors is preponderant. Scientific journals have high isolates. Citations in a language other than Spanish exceeded 50% in the 5 magazines. The most used specific design was the descriptive cross section. Type of document most used was research. The descriptor with the highest appearance was Retina. Conclusion: it can be affirmed that in Colombia there are few bibliometric studies in the area of Optometry; In the country, it has been possible to develop a group of scientific journals that give visibility to the results of research carried out, mainly at the national level. The papers resulting from these investigations can be improved in terms of openness, research design and updating of citation sources.Introducción: las Ciencias de la Salud constituyen una rama de la ciencia de gran interés social y económico, por lo que, un análisis bibliométrico de las revistas científicas afines a optometría en Colombia puede aportar a mejorar el nivel de la investigación en este campo. Objetivo general de la investigación: reconocer el comportamiento bibliométrico de las revistas científicas afines a Optometría, publicadas en Colombia, durante el periodo 2014 – 2019. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo-retrospectivo con corte transversal de 241 publicaciones realizadas en las cinco revistas científicas afines a Optometría existentes en el país. Resultados: se halló que el área temática prevalente en los artículos revisados fue Diagnóstico y Tratamiento. Es preponderante la multi autoría de 2 a 5 autores. Las revistas poseen aislamientos altos. Las citas en otro idioma diferente al español superaron el 50% en todas las revistas analizadas. El diseño específico más utilizado fue el descriptivo de corte transversal. Tipo de documento más empleado fue investigación. El descriptor con mayor aparición fue Retina. Conclusión: se pude afirmar que en Colombia existen pocos estudios bibliométricos en el área de Optometría; en el país, se ha logrado desarrollar un grupo de revistas que dan visibilidad a los resultados de investigaciones hechas, principalmente, a nivel nacional. Estás investigaciones y, por ende, los artículos resultantes de ellas pueden ser mejorados en cuanto a niveles de apertura, diseño de investigación y actualización de fuentes de citación.Introdução: As Ciências da Saúde constituem um ramo da ciência de grande interesse social e econômico, portanto, uma análise bibliométrica das revistas científicas relacionadas com a optometria na Colômbia pode contribuir para melhorar o nível de pesquisa nesta área. Objetivo geral da pesquisa: reconhecer o comportamento bibliométrico das revistas científicas relacionadas à Optometria, publicadas na Colômbia, durante o período de 2014 a 2019. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica descritiva-retrospectiva com um corte transversal de 241 publicações realizadas nas cinco revistas científicas relacionadas à optometria existentes no país. Resultados: constatou-se que a área temática prevalente nos artigos revisados foi Diagnóstico e Tratamento. A multi-autoria de 2 a 5 autores é predominante. As revistas têm altos isolamentos. As citações em outro idioma que não o espanhol ultrapassaram 50% em todas as revistas analisadas. O desenho específico mais utilizado foi o desenho transversal descritivo. O tipo de documento mais utilizado foi a pesquisa. O descritor com a aparência mais alta foi Retina. Conclusão: pode-se afirmar que na Colômbia existem poucos estudos bibliométricos na área de Optometria; No país, tem sido possível desenvolver um conjunto de periódicos que dão visibilidade aos resultados de pesquisas realizadas principalmente em âmbito nacional. Essas investigações e, portanto, os artigos delas resultantes podem ser aprimorados em termos de níveis de abertura, desenho da pesquisa e atualização das fontes de citação