Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology
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Sulphur and particulate matter affecting on soil and underground plants
No full textEnvironmental problems were faced, and one of them is the accumulation of Sulphur and its compounds in the atmosphere and through the atmosphere, it accumulates in the soil and then the underground plants. In the atmosphere Sulphur it is present in the form of aerosols and acid precipitation. Volatile Sulphur compounds are released by the combustion of fossil fuels and volcanic eruption also produces Sulphur oxides. Deficiency of Sulphur produces paling of plants and denaturing of some enzymes that are then fulfilled by using the fertilizers of Sulphur. Soil also has an adverse effect when particulate matter or Sulphur aggregates in the plants and their physiological and biological development is retarded. Most of the industrial processes contain Sulphur compounds like thiol, thiophene, oxides of Sulphur etc. Structural and chemical mutation occurs when particulate substances induce into the plants and productivity and efficiency of that plant is reduced. The impact of acid rain in places with high quantities of mixed air pollutants has yet to be determined. Acid inputs appear to be affecting several techniques in field soils. These must be measured in terms of plant output. SO2 enters the leaves via stomata and quickly dissolves in Apoplastic water, producing mostly Sulphite (SO3)-2, bisulphite (HSO-3), and H+ ions. SO2 phytotoxicity has been attributed to Sulphite and bisulphite ion interactions with different chemicals. If the quantities are not too high, most leaves can detoxify Sulphite and bisulphite by oxidizing them to less harmful Sulphate ions via a series of processes. SO2 absorbed by foliage may undergo reduction conversion, including absorption into organic Sulphur compounds and release from the leaves as H2S. The oxidizing or reducing route of SO2 in plants is determined by plant species, soil Sulphur content, SO2 amount and persistence, and plant growth conditions
Eco-friendly management of rice stem borer in spring rice (chaite-5)
No full textSince chemical pesticides have a variety of short- and long-term social, economic, and environmental repercussions, research was conducted in Baniyani, Jhapa, Nepal from January to July 2021 to manage the Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) of rice in an environmentally responsible manner. The research followed the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and seven treatments using the spring rice variety Chaite-2. The seven treatments used were spinosad 45% SC, Bacillus Thuringensis var krustaki + saccharopolyspora spinosad 15% SC, Azadiractin 0.3%, Chinaberry (Bakaino) leaf extract, Mugwort (Titepati) leaf extract, Metarhizium anisopliae and untreated plot. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments, the number of dead heart and white head symptoms were counted at various time intervals, namely 7, 15, and 21 days after spraying (DAS). At the vegetative and reproductive stages of rice, the rice stem borer causes the symptoms known as "dead heart" and "white head," respectively. The eco-friendly insecticides significantly altered how the rice stem borer was affected. Among the insecticides, Spinosad 45%SC caused the highest reduction in dead hearts and whiteheads. Spinosad 45% SC treated plot showed highest yield (7.5tha-1). Given its effectiveness and eco-friendliness, spinosad could be regarded as the most successful eco-friendly insecticide for controlling the rice pest known as the Rice Stem Borer
Morphological characterisation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) germplasm collections: A basis for crop improvement
No full textBambara groundnut is one of the underutilised legume crops adapted to Sub-Saharan Africa\u27s harsh, semi-arid tropical regions, providing nutrition and cash income among resource-poor farmers. A field study comprising 25 Bambara groundnut accessions was carried out during the 2018/2019 cropping season at the Crop Science Experimental Field, University of Namibia-Ogongo Campus, to characterise the accessions using qualitative traits. The experimental design used was an alpha lattice with three replications. Based on the visual observation techniques, the results showed morphological variation among the genotypes. The Bambara groundnut germplasm studied showed high phenotypic variations. The germplasm had a high proportion of the bunch-type growth habit (44% accessions), oval leaflet shape (64%), sparse hairiness (56%), and absence of eye pattern colour (70%). Also, cluster analysis grouped the accessions into five super classes. Shanon-Wennier index indicated a significant level of diversity among the Bambara groundnut accessions for most traits studied, with plant growth habits having the highest index of 2.15, followed by for pod colour (1.45) and seed eye pattern colour (1.22). These results may be useful in formulating national Bambara groundnut breeding programs in semi-arid Sub-Saharan African regions. However, molecular analysis is required to determine the genetic variations among the accessions
Rate of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) on wheat in the highland and lowland area
No full textStripe (Yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) is a crucial wheat disease causing severe damage to cultivated susceptible wheat varieties. The wheat yellow rust assessment was conducted during the primary rainy season of 2018/19 at Ada’a, Lume, and Gimbichu using the zigzag disease assessment method. Disease data, agro-ecological data, and other essential parameters were recorded. The disease was prevalent in all districts by diverse incidence and severity ranges. This implies that yellow rust is distributed wheat disease at all surveyed potential districts. The highest yellow rust prevalence, 62.5% was recorded at Gimbichu district; conversely, the lowest prevalence 31.25% was recorded at Ada’a district. The highest severity and incidence of yellow rust 60% and 100%, respectively, was recorded at Ada’a district with susceptible reaction. In comparison, the lowest severity and incidence (30% and 5%) respectively were recorded at Lume districts with moderately sensitive responses. Many distributions and occurrences govern yellow rust. The highest incidence of yellow rust, namely 100% on land cultivated with kakaba and kubsa wheat bread varieties, occurred at the milk growth stage to the ripe stage. The local cultivar has shown the lowest incidence and severity percentage with moderately susceptible responses than improved varieties
Composition, structure, and level of weed diversity in oil palm plantation in Pagar Merbau Village, Tanjung Morawa, Indonesia
No full textWeed vegetation growth affects the growth and production of oil palm plants. To control weeds in plantation land, especially by using herbicides or bioherbicides, weed vegetation analysis is needed. This research was conducted to determine the composition, structure, and level of diversity of weeds in oil palm plantations owned by the community of Pagar Merbau village, Tanjung Morawa District. The method used is a descriptive method with sampling technique done by porposive sampling. The results of the analysis showed that weeds found were 7 families, 10 species, and 3153 individuals. Weed species found were: Clidemia hirta, Borreria alata, Mimosa invisa, Setaria barbata, Ageratum conyzoides, Paspalum conjugatum, Ottochloa nodosa, Cyclosorus aridus, Calopogonium mucudoines, Ophioglossum reticulatum. Ottochloa nodosa is a type of weed that has the highest importance value index 66.52% (1323 individuals) and Setaria barbata is a type of weed that has the lowest important value index of 1.00% (4 individuals). Weed diversity index in this oil palm plantation is in the moderate category (H \u27= 1.3741). The weed control system to be carried out in this oil palm plantation must consider the dosage and types of herbicides and bioherbicides used so that it does not have the potential to reduce the level of diversity of weeds of grass or broadleaf weeds
A review on ecology, biology, and management of a detrimental pest, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
No full textInsect pests are the forcing barrier for crop production worldwide. Of those insects, lepidopteran forms a major group of pests damaging from larval, pupal to adult stages. A leaf-mining insect i.e., Tuta absoluta of the lepidopteran group is a serious pest of tomato throughout the globe. The widespread outreach resulting from this challenging pest posed a great threat in every habituated continent recently. The extensive infestations fortified by feeding grubs on tomato and other Solanaceous crops have unprecedented economic losses of the yield. Due to the entophytic nature of the pest, it makes growers difficult to manage the tomato leaf miner pest. So, every approach is to be foreseen to manipulate the pest environment not favoring them for survival, multiplication, and growth. Thence, a complete package of useful tactics including physical, biological, mechanical, biotechnical, botanical, and chemical measures are fruitful to harness the real impact of pest management. The best control strategies are accessed and complied herein considering the actual know-how on the nature of pests and effective mitigating measures to assure the crops in this review paper
Methane emission and rice growth on clayey soil under controlled water regime
No full textConventional lowland rice cultivation involves flooding the paddy from planting to close to harvest, and high N fertilization. This practice leads to large amount of methane emissions. We studied the effect of soil water regime control on methane gas emissions and growth of several rice varieties on clayey soil. The experiment was arranged according to Split Plot Design. The main plot was water regime, i.e. continuous flooding (2-cm inundation), and intermittent flooding (flooded 2 cm then allowed to dry until the soil started to cracks). The sub-plots consisted of 3 rice varieties, i.e. Inpari 32, Mekongga, and Cisadane. Together, there were six treatment combinations, repeated 4 times. We measured methane emission, plant height, number of tillers per clump, number of productive tillers, and root volume. We computed analysis of variance, then performed Duncan Multiple Range Test. We found, at 57 and 73 days after planting, continuous flooding resulted in much (statistically) higher methane gas emissions than intermittent flooding (about 2 times greater for both Inpari and Cisadane, and 5 times greater for Mekongga). The two water regimes examined did not result in differences in plant height, number of tillers, productive tillers and root volume of the three varieties, although the flooded treatment tended to slightly give taller plant, more tillers and productive tillers. In conclusion, intermittent flooding significantly suppresses methane emission compared to continuous flooding. However, certain rice variety produces more methane than others. While intermittent flooding reduced methane emission, it did not statistically affect rice growth compared to continuous flooding
Effects of botanical extracts and antibiotic on incidence and severity of bacterial blight of cotton incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Malvacearum
No full textA multilocational field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of some plant extracts (Bolanite aegyptica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Citrus aurantium) and a synthetic antibiotic (Streptomycin) on the incidence and severity of angular leaf spot on five cotton genotypes namely SAMCOT-8, SAMCOT-9, SAMCOT-10, SAMCOT-11 and SAMCOT-12 in Yola and Jalingo, both located in the northern guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. The experiment was carried out on a split-plot design having three replications with cotton genotypes on the main plots and plant extracts on the sub-plots. Data collected on the incidence and severity of the disease were analysed using the Generalized Linear Model procedure and means separation at 5% level of probability by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Findings of the study revealed that Streptomycin and Bolanite aegyptiaca were able to reduce the disease incidence by 18.12% from 58.69% in Yola at 13 WAS. In Jalingo however, B. aegyptiaca was found to have reduced the disease severity from 52.12% to 19.69% at 13 WAS. SAMCOT-8 consistently recorded lower incidence and severity means in Yola and Jalingo of 47.96%; 59.12% and 40.82%; 39.70% while SAMCOT-12 recorded higher means of 53.29%; 59.82% and 48.03%; 46.70% respectively