Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology
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Efficient Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of CRISPR/Cas9 construct using cotyledonary node explants of greengram: Regeneration of greengram using CRISPR/Cas9 construct
No full textAn efficient protocol for generating transformed greengram plants by choosing prominent explant which is used to generate transformed plantlets for their survivability and also with high transformation efficiency. However, the crop production is reduced due to factors. In current work, we employed transgenic free approach using CRISPR/Cas9 tool for establishing transformation protocol. The CRISPR/Cas9 is getting momentum widely for developing transgene free crops. In this approach, guide RNA encoding for ~18-23 bp sequence that contains a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) on either strand of DNA, where CRISPR incepts with a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target genes and initiate excision of a complimentary strands through the Cas9 endonuclease. Explants’ effects on CRISPR/Cas9 construct transformation were studied. For transformation, three distinct explants cotyledonary node (CN- MSB5 +3% sucrose+ 0.5 mg/L BAP for CN), shoot tip (ST- MSB5 + 3% sucrose+ + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L NAA), and immature cotyledon (IMC-3% sucrose + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA) were used. The prepared explants were infected with EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector of pMDC100 containing npt II gene as screenable marker and Cas9. The explants were selected on 50 mg/L kanamycin medium. The transformed plants were confirmed by PCR using npt II and Cas9 specific primers. Cotyledonary node explant was found to be more efficient for CRISPR/Cas9 transformation and also it promisingly showed transgene integration through PCR analysis having more transformation efficiency and can be used for the production of transgenic free greengram crop using CRISPR/Cas9 approach
Isolation and characterization of endophytic fungi associated with Ephedra alata (macroscopic and microscopic characterization)
No full textEphedra alata, known in Algeria as Alanda, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Ephedracea family, it looks like a shrub without leaves. This species can grow in semi-arid and desert conditions thanks to its high tolerance to water shortage. It is used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties, in particular to treat the bronchi, the circular system, digestive system disorders, kidneys, oedema, fever, headaches, allergies, and to relieve asthma attacks as well as bacterial and fungal infections this is due to its production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. On the other hand, This plant represents a host that allows endophytic fungi to feed, protect and spread; in return, this plant also benefits from certain advantages of endophytes. Despite its importance, no studies on its endophytic fungi has been conducted to date. This study aimed to isolate and identify the fungal endophyte community associated with the plant Ephedra alata growing in arid environments. the harvest of the Ephedra alata plant (aerial part) was made in the region of Bechar (southwest algeria). Isolation and purification of fungal strains were carried out on PDA medium supplemented with lactic acid. The identification of the isolated strains was made on the basis of morphological and cultural criteria. Ephedra alata presents a wide diversity of fungal species with a high load. A total of twelve fungal strains were isolated and the predominant genera were Aspergillus, then Penicillium, Mucor, and unidentified structures in small percentages. The most common phylum of fungal genera identified was Ascomycota, followed by Zygomycota and small percentages of unidentified structures (SNI)
Molecular basis of heat stress tolerance in wheat
No full textThe rise in Earth’s temperature is one of the most alarming climatic issues in the field of agriculture and food production, in the present context. The increase in temperature leads to heat stress, major abiotic stress responsible for a huge decline in the production of crops. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), among many crops, also experiences a significant decline in yield and overall productivity due to extreme heat stress. But Wheat has also developed natural tolerance mechanisms to defend itself from heat damage. The selection of cultivars with a higher degree of tolerance mechanism protects against thermal stress, which minimizes the risk of poor productivity to a greater extent. In this review, we discuss the current works of literature concerning the heat stress tolerance mechanism in wheat plants and also highlight the strategic approaches that improve their heat stress tolerance at the molecular level. The success of these approaches depends on a better understanding of heat tolerance traits, their genomic composition, and molecular responses
Genetic engineering of bacteria for the production of antibiotics: A review
No full textDue to high demand of antibiotics for treatment of increasing bacterial infections there is an urgent need of engineering bacterial strains to get high concentration and meet industrial demands. Different techniques are being used for this purpose: which include over-expression of a gene in its host strain, engineering of different activators and regulators of antibiotic synthesizing gene cluster and expression of antibiotic gene cluster in heterologous host. The emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens was a huge problem for existing medications and it urges a need or the development of novel antibiotics with high specificity. These can be produced by combinatorial biosynthesis or awakening of silent genes already present in bacteria. These advancements present a bright future of antibiotic production at industrial level
Multivariate analysis of GGE and AMMI biplot graph to investigate geno-type by environment interaction of rice hybrids at multiple locations in Malaysia
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the genotype by environment (G×E) interaction of 20 rice hybrids tested in eight environments which include four locations and two different cropping seasons in Malaysia. The parameter was observed on yield per ha, number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, and thousand-grain weight. Data analysis was used by ANOVA and stability measurement according to AMMI and GGE biplot graph. The ANOVA indicated that all studied phenotypic showed significantly different in variance genotypes, season, location, location × season, genotype × season, genotype × location × season. The most promising hybrids were G19, G3, G18, G13, G8, G7, and G14, resulting in a higher mean yield per ha. The multivariate stability analysis defined those hybrids divided into three categories. The first category is hybrids with high mean yield and wide adaptability (G19, G18, G3 and G4), the second category is the hybrid exhibiting high mean yield and is suitable for a specific environment (G12) and lastly, a hybrid with low yield and high stability (G9, G11 and G1). Hybrids with high yield and stable performance could be further evaluated in large-scale planting for prior release for commercial
Acute toxicity test of water and ethanol extract from african leaf (Gym-nanthemum amygdalina Del.) on zebra fish embrio (Danio rerio)
No full textBitterleaf or African Leaf is a herbal plant empirically used to relieve fever and kidney disease. Pharmacological research reports that the leaves have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, and a toxicity test was also conducted to ensure their safety. Therefore, this experiment aimed to obtain LC50 of African Leaf (Gymnanthemum amygdalina Del.) ethanol and water extract with the ZFET (Zebra Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity) method and also to observe the toxicity effect of zebrafish (Danio rario) embryo\u27s morphology after the induction of the extract. The experiment refers to the OECD No.236 of 2013 as a guideline, and it was shown that African Leaf\u27s ethanol extract LC50 values were obtained at 6.3629 ppm. Furthermore, the water extract LC50 value was obtained at 25.0520 ppm, and the African Leaf extract was categorized in the toxic category. The leaf extract has a harmful effect on zebrafish embryos, resulting in malformations of the tail, notochord, pericardium, and yolk sac
The effect of iron coating on stabilizing rice direct seeding onto puddled soil on growth and production
No full textRice is a food-crop commodity that plays an important role in Indonesia\u27s economy. This research aims to analyze the following aspects: 1) the response of several rice varieties to the growth and production of rice and 2) the effect of iron coating on the growth and production of rice. This study was conducted in Borongloe Village, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, from March to December 2021. The split-plot design was applied for two factors. The main plot was used to test for the first factor, namely variety, for Inpari 32, Cigeulis, and Mekongga, and the subplot was used to test for the second factor, namely coating, uncoating, 25% coating, and 50% coating. The two factors were combined to create 9 treatment combinations. Each treatment combination was repeated four times. The Inpari 32 variety was found to be the best variety for coating based on the number of pithy seeds (82.04 per panicle), the weight of the seeds per panicle (2.50 g), and production (4.04 t h-1). Significant plant height was also seen in the Mekongga variety (121.39 cm). Furthermore, the 25% coating treatment was the best treatment for increasing crop yields based on the character of the number of tillers (24.32 tillers per clump) and the number of productive tillers (19.31 stem). 
Biology and integrated management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab.: A systematic review
No full textTobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops. Mainly it affects solanaceous crops. It feeds on the leaves of the crop and crops seems as it is fed by the animals. In later stage it damages whole plant causing rotting of plant. Commercial farmers are normally relying on chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is suggested as a best option of pest management. Using respective trap crop of major crops has been found most effective method as trap has multiple advantages for the small-scale farmers. Handpicking can be effectively used for the fourth and fifth instar of the larva. This systematic review aims to collect the general biology of tobacco caterpillar and related species as well as various IPM measures of pest management. The details pest biology, ecology, host distribution and integrated pest management are reviewed systematically and presented in review section. Reviews were carried out citing different journal articles, books, conference proceedings, thesis, reports, books sections etc. This review can be useful for the researchers, academicians and extension workers to develop an IPM protocol for the tobacco caterpillar