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El sector residencial riojano y la rehabilitación energética del sector residencial rural riojano
No full textThis Doctoral Thesis analyzes the characteristics of the building sector in La Rioja, focusing on the characteristics of the residential sector in La Rioja. Final energy consumption by source in the residential sector between 2000 and 2019 is examined, and the factors influencing this consumption are analyzed. Available energy resources, specifically solar photovoltaic energy and biomass, are evaluated, and their utilization for the residential sector is studied. Furthermore, regarding the residential sector, the number of dwellings, the area of dwellings, the area per dwelling, the number of floors per building, and the condition of the dwellings are studied, differentiating between urban and rural areas, and taking into account the different combined climate zones. Subsequently, the reference single-family houses and multi-family buildings, both urban and rural, are defined by combined climate zone.
Finally, proposals are made for energy renovations to be implemented between 2024 and 2035 for the rural residential sector in La Rioja. These proposals are based on various energy conversion measures included in the case studies for the rural reference buildings. In these case studies it is proposed to improve the thermal envelope, replace the existing heating and domestic hot water system, and/or incorporate a solar photovoltaic system, thereby achieving nearly zero-energy buildings. Furthermore, to determine the best energy renovation proposal, the energy, environmental, and economic impact of each proposal is assessed by 2054.En esta Tesis Doctoral se analizan las características del sector edificatorio riojano, centrándose en las características del sector residencial riojano. Se examina el consumo de energía final del sector residencial por fuentes entre 2000 y 2019, y se analizan los factores que influyen en dicho consumo. Se evalúan los recursos autóctonos disponibles, en concreto, la energía solar fotovoltaica y la biomasa, y se estudia su aprovechamiento para el sector residencial. Además, respecto al sector residencial, se estudian el número de viviendas, la superficie de viviendas, la superficie por vivienda, el número de plantas por edificio y el estado de las viviendas, diferenciando entre urbano y rural, y teniendo en cuenta las diferentes zonas climáticas combinadas. Posteriormente, se definen los edificios residenciales unifamiliares y plurifamiliares de referencia, tanto urbanos como rurales, por zona climática combinada.
Finalmente, se realizan propuestas de rehabilitación energética a llevar a cabo entre 2024 y 2035 para el sector residencial rural riojano. Estas propuestas se basan en las diferentes actuaciones de rehabilitación energética recogidas en los casos de estudio sobre los edificios de referencia rurales definidos. En estos casos de estudio se propone mejorar la envolvente térmica, sustituir el sistema de calefacción y agua caliente sanitaria existente e/o incorporar un sistema solar fotovoltaico, con las que se logran edificios de consumo de energía casi nulo. Además, para determinar la mejor propuesta de rehabilitación energética se evalúa el impacto energético, medioambiental y económico de cada una de ellas para 2054.
Resumen en inglés: This Doctoral Thesis analyzes the characteristics of the building sector in La Rioja, focusing on the characteristics of the residential sector in La Rioja. Final energy consumption by source in the residential sector between 2000 and 2019 is examined, and the factors influencing this consumption are analyzed. Available energy resources, specifically solar photovoltaic energy and biomass, are evaluated, and their utilization for the residential sector is studied. Furthermore, regarding the residential sector, the number of dwellings, the area of dwellings, the area per dwelling, the number of floors per building, and the condition of the dwellings are studied, differentiating between urban and rural areas, and taking into account the different combined climate zones. Subsequently, the reference single-family houses and multi-family buildings, both urban and rural, are defined by combined climate zone.
Finally, proposals are made for energy renovations to be implemented between 2024 and 2035 for the rural residential sector in La Rioja. These proposals are based on various energy conversion measures included in the case studies for the rural reference buildings. In these case studies it is proposed to improve the thermal envelope, replace the existing heating and domestic hot water system, and/or incorporate a solar photovoltaic system, thereby achieving nearly zero-energy buildings. Furthermore, to determine the best energy renovation proposal, the energy, environmental, and economic impact of each proposal is assessed by 2054
Funciones ejecutivas y procesos cognitivos en escolares típicos y con alta capacidad: resultados de un meta-análisis
Get PDFUn estudio comparativo de las experiencias de participación en los programas derenta mínima de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra y la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja en un contexto de implementación del IMV
No full textValidity and Reliability of the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory and Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale in Patients Living With Cancer
Get PDFCardiac Healthcare Providers’ Perspectives regarding Sexual Counseling Delivery: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Get PDFThe Many Faces of Data Deletion: On the Significance and Implications of Deleting Data
Get PDFToday, our data is not only stored on personal computers, but is managed by many devices, from cell phones or watches to smart TVs, and stored in remote repositories (usually referred to as “the cloud”). In this new context, defining what exactly “data deletion” is becomes a challenge, especially considering the many different scenarios in which it is becoming more increasingly important. This is the case, for example, of the “right to be forgotten” established by regulations such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the deletion of data used as a source to feed machine learning processes, the long-term effects of which are very difficult to estimate. This work reviews the various terminology used when dealing with data deletion and analyzes the different fields and technologies to which it is related. We conclude by offering a structured discussion of key takeaways, lessons learned, and future research directions
From molecular Au(I) complexes to subnanoclusters and nanoparticles: study of the influence of secondary interactions in (photo)catalytic systems
No full textIn recent years, hydrogen bonding interactions have garnered significant interest, driven both by the increased use of this metal as catalyst and by the importance of these interaction in enhancing stability. Various studies have evaluated the influence of secondary interactions in the design of new gold-based catalysts, focusing primarily on the development of catalytically active systems. In this context, the present work does not aim primarily at stabilizing gold-based catalysts, but rather at analyzing the influence of weak interactions throughout the entire catalytic profile, with particular attention to their role in stabilizing transition states.
Additionally, this work will address the influence of these weak interactions on the in-situ generation of catalytically active species, such as gold subnanoclusters. Similarly, their role in the stabilization of larger gold nanoparticles will be analyzed through their deposition on carbon-based matrixes. Everything constitutes a relevant strategy for the design of more efficient and durable catalytic systems.
First, the catalytic ability of the polymeric complex [Au(C-CPh)]n in the A3 coupling reaction for the obtention of propargylamines has been evaluated. The active species involved in the catalyzed coupling reaction were identified through an experimental mechanistic study. Furthermore, the importance of weak interactions, specifically gold hydrogen bonds Au···H-C, has been assessed throughout the entire catalytic energy profile.
On other hand, the ability of different functional groups to stabilize gold subnanoclusters (AuSNC), characterized by their short-lived nature and strong tendency to aggregate, has been evaluated. The presence of weak interactions, such as gold hydrogen bonds Au···H-C or multiple bonds interactions Au···π, can significantly contribute to the stabilization of these highly reactive species. The stabilizing ability, assessed through both experimental and computational methods, has enabled the extension of this study to catalytic applications. In this context, and considering the relevance of interactions between gold atoms and π electronic density of multiple bonds, the catalytic activity of gold subnanoclusters in the alkyne hydration has been evaluated.
Moreover, the catalytic ability of gold nanoparticles stabilized on a polymeric matrix PEG-Au NPs has been studied. In this case, a photocatalytic study focused on the alkyne hydration reaction was carried out using these gold nanoparticles as the catalytic system. Thus, the synthetized material PEG-Au NPs has demonstrated excellent catalytic properties, with enhanced activity attributed to the continuous release of gold subnanoclusters into the reaction medium from larger gold nanoparticles stabilized within the polymeric matrix. The catalytic mechanism was determined to involve the generation of hot charge carriers due to the excitation of the 5d-6s6p interband region.
Finally, a new in-situ synthetic method has been developed for the formation of gold nanoparticles stabilized on carbon-based matrixes, such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Thorough the in-situ reduction of organometallic gold(I) complexes, such as [Au(C6F5)(tht)], the growth and stabilization of nanoparticles approximately 2-4 nm in size within the cavities of the semiconductor (COF) material have been successfully achieved. Furthermore, the ability of these plasmonic materials to promote hydrogen generation by the dehydrogenation reaction of N-Heterocycles has been evaluated, achieving promising results under mild reaction conditions.En los últimos años, las interacciones de hidrógeno con oro han adquirido gran protagonismo, motivado tanto por el aumento del uso de este metal como catalizador, como por la importancia de dichas interacciones en la mejora de su estabilidad. Diversos estudios han evaluado la influencia de las interacciones secundarias en el diseño de nuevos catalizadores basados en oro, enfocándose principalmente en la obtención de sistemas catalíticamente estables. En este contexto, el presente trabajo no se enfoca en la estabilización de catalizadores basados en oro como objetivo principal, sino en el análisis de la influencia de las interacciones débiles a lo largo de todo el perfil catalítico, prestando especial atención a su papel en la estabilización de los estados de transición.
Adicionalmente, se abordará el estudio la influencia que ejercen estas interacciones débiles en la generación in situ de especies catalíticamente activas, como los subnanoclusteres de oro. Del mismo modo, se analizará su papel en la estabilización de nanopartículas de mayor tamaño mediante su deposición en matrices basadas en carbono. Todo ello constituye una estrategia relevante para el diseño de sistemas catalíticos más eficientes y duraderos.
En primer lugar, se ha evaluado la capacidad catalítica del compuesto polimérico [Au(C-CPh)]n en la reacción de acoplamiento A3 para la obtención de propargilaminas. Mediante un estudio mecanístico se han determinado las especies activas involucradas en la reacción de acoplamiento catalizada. Por otro lado, se ha evaluado la importancia de las interacciones débiles de tipo enlace de hidrógeno con oro Au···H-C a lo largo de todo el perfil catalítico de energía.
Por otro lado, se ha evaluado la capacidad de diferentes grupos funcionales para estabilizar subnanoclusteres de oro (AuSNC), caracterizados por su corta vida útil y su alta tendencia a la agregación. La presencia de interacciones débiles, como enlaces de hidrógeno con oro Au···H-C o interacciones con enlaces múltiples Au···π, puede contribuir significativamente en la estabilización de estas especies altamente reactivas. El análisis de la capacidad estabilizante, realizado tanto por métodos experimentales como computacional, ha permitido extender el estudio hacia una aplicación en catálisis. En este contexto, y considerando la relevancia de las interacciones entre el átomo de oro y la densidad electrónica π de enlaces múltiples, se ha evaluado la actividad catalítica de subnanoclusteres de oro en la hidratación de alquinos.
Además, se ha estudiado la capacidad catalítica de nanopartículas de oro estabilizadas en una matriz polimérica PEG-Au NPs. En este caso, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio fotocatalítico enfocado en la reacción de hidratación de alquinos, empleando dichas nanopartículas como sistema catalítico. Así, el material sintetizado PEG-Au NPs ha demostrado tener excelentes propiedades como catalizador incrementando su actividad catalítica gracias a la continua segregación de nanoclústeres de oro al medio de reacción a partir de nanopartículas de oro más grandes estabilizadas en la matriz polimérica. Se ha determinado el mecanismo de acción catalítica a través de la generación de portadores de carga calientes por la excitación de la zona interbanda 5d-6s6p.
Finalmente, se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de síntesis in-situ para la formación de nanopartículas de oro estabilizadas en matrices basadas en carbono, como los covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Mediante la reducción in-situ de complejos organometálicos de oro(I), como [Au(C6F5)(tht)], se consigue el crecimiento y la estabilización de nanopartículas de aproximadamente unos 2-4 nm dentro de las cavidades del material semiconductor COF. Asimismo, se ha evaluado la capacidad de estos materiales plasmónicos para la generación de hidrógeno mediante la reacción de deshidrogenación de compuestos N-heterocíclicos, obteniendo resultados prometedores bajo condiciones suaves de reacción
