Scientific Publications of the University of Toulouse II Le Mirail
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No full textInternational audienceIn this article, the author offers a comprehensive reading of the thematic issue by bringing the contributions into dialogue with the social sciences and contemporary research on the governance of migrating populations and borders.Dans cet article, l’autrice propose une lecture globale du numéro thématique en faisant dialoguer les contributions avec les sciences sociales et les recherches contemporaines sur le gouvernement des populations en migration et les frontières
Au bout du fil à tout bout de champ
No full textInternational audienceResearch on the effects of ICTs on social relations in agricultural communities remains scant, even though agriculture is currently undergoing profound demographic, social, economic and professional changes. In this article we present results from a comparison of data from two studies analysing, respectively, egocentric networks in the general population and, more specifically, among farm managers.The objective is twofold: to examine the everyday social interactions of farmers, and to identify the role played therein by digital technology. Focusing on specific uses of smartphones, we show that relation-ships primarily concern professional and family circles, that phone use is intense throughout farmers’ careers, and that media multiplexity is prevalent in these social interactions. This distinguishes farmers from other professional groups and intensifies their social relations.Les effets des TIC sur les sociabilités agricoles restent peu étudiés alors que l’agriculture connaît aujourd’hui de profondes transformations au plan démographique, social, économique et professionnel.Pour traiter cette dimension, nous présentons des résultats comparant les données de deux enquêtes d’analyse des réseaux égocentrés en population générale puis plus spécifiquement sur les chefs d’exploitation agricole. La proposition de cet article est double : s’intéresser aux sociabilités ordinaires des agriculteurs et comprendre la place qu’y occupe le numérique. En nous focalisant sur les usages plus spécifiques du smartphone, nous montrons une centralisationdes relations sur les cercles professionnels et familiaux, une intensité d’usage du téléphone au long de la carrière et une sur-multiplexité médiatique dans le déroulement des sociabilités qui distinguent les agriculteurs des autres
Analysis of acoustic-motor relationship after oral or oropharyngeal cancer using an automatic phonemic inventory
No full textInternational audienceBackground Oral or oropharyngeal cancer degrades speech function. However, there is little relationship between motor scores and perceptual assessments. And yet, the link between anatomy and speech deficits seems close, due to the location of the tumor. Automatic speech recognition based on AI could provide clinicians with new data. The objective is to analyze the links between oro-pharyngeal motor scores and speech (using an automatic phonemic inventory) after oral or oropharyngeal cancer.Methods Seventy-seven subjects treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer were recorded, producing two phonetically balanced lists of 52 pseudowords (Ghio et al., 2022). The recordings were automatically processed by an automatic phoneme recognition system (Transformer CTC-type), trained on 148.9 hours of typical adult speech (CommonVoice Corpus). A phonemic inventory was then drawn up: number of consonants recognized, rate of consonants recognized according to place of articulation and rate of vowels recognized according to their articulatory features. These 77 subjects also underwent an oro-pharyngeal motor assessment, giving a binary motor score (0: no abnormality, discrete or moderate abnormality; 1: marked, severe or quasi-permanent abnormality).Results The rate of consonants is significantly lower in the case of tongue deficit (p=0,004). No significant difference in post-alveolar consonant rate is found in tongue deficit, whereas it is found in jaw alteration (p=0,02). When the jaw, lips and tongue are affected, the rate of recognized labiodental consonants becomes higher (p<0,05). The rate of front vowels is significantly higher, and the rate of back vowels lower, when the tongue (p=0,002) and cheeks (p=0,01) are affected. Jaw (p=0,03) and tongue (p=0,04) deficits are associated with a lower rate of close vowels. Finally, tongue deficit significantly reduces the rate of rounded vowels.Conclusions The use of an automatic phoneme recognition system provides an overview of the anatomical-functional abilities of the subjects. It highlights the effects of cancer on speech function, namely anteriorization of consonants (higher rate of recognized labio-dentals) as a compensatory mechanism, but also frontness and openness of vowels. AI-based tools could thus provide clinicians with a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in low-level articulatory and acoustic links in speech
Les visions du futur des jeunes, un enjeu pour une éducation au politique
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Le Serment d'honnêteté et ses implications en psychologie du témoignage
No full textEyewitness testimony plays a central role in trials, but its reliability is subject to the influence of numerous variables. These can be divided into estimator variables (inherent to the situation or the individual) and systemic variables (controllable by the judicial system). Among the latter, the witness oath, a solemn act morally and socially binding the witness to tell the truth, could enhance the sincerity and quality of statements. This thesis explores the extent to which this oath of honesty improves the quality and reliability of testimony.The first study, a Scoping Review, reveals that the oath has been mostly studied in experimental economics, whereas it remains scarcely explored in legal psychology. The main findings suggest that taking an oath reduces dishonest behavior, but its effect is modulated by the context and the individual characteristics of the person taking it.Studies 2a and 2b examine the social representations of the oath among gendarmes, future magistrates, and potential jurors. Despite its secularization, the oath is still perceived as an act of truth and commitment. However, its perception varies depending on the profile: gendarmes tend to associate it more with professional duty, while legal auditors view it more as a symbolic act. Older participants, as well as those with more investigative experience, perceived the oath as more effective.Studies 3a and 3b investigate the effect of the oath on testimony quality, specifically measuring the accuracy and precision of the information provided, as well as the confidence associated with the responses. These studies highlight that the oath does not have a clear positive or negative impact on witness performance. Nevertheless, certain trends emerge: taking an oath seems to influence witnesses’ metacognitive strategies, leading them to exercise greater caution and to refrain from responding when in doubt.Study 4 focuses on the influence of an oath of honesty on the occurrence of deceptive behavior. Faced with a dilemma between prosocial loyalty and scientific integrity, the vast majority of participants chose to lie, regardless of whether they had taken an oath. One possible explanation is that loyalty and social identification with the accomplice neutralized the influence of the oath. In addition, evaluators judged lies told without an oath to be more credible than those told under oath. The decrease in certain credibility indicators in the latter's statements may indicate that the oath increases the cognitive load on the liar, making it more difficult to construct a convincing false statement.This thesis highlights the limitations and mechanisms of the oath of honesty. It cannot be considered a sufficient guarantee of sincerity. It therefore seems necessary to consider the complexity of the psychological, social, and moral factors that influence witness statements. By combining several strategies, it may be possible to improve the reliability of testimony and, consequently, strengthen the effectiveness of the judicial system.Le témoignage oculaire joue un rôle central dans les procès, mais sa fiabilité est soumise à l’influence de nombreuses variables. Celles-ci se répartissent entre des variables estimatrices (variables inhérentes à la situation ou à l’individu) et des variables système (contrôlables par le système judiciaire). Parmi ces dernières, le serment du témoin, acte solennel engageant moralement et socialement le témoin à dire la vérité, pourrait renforcer la sincérité et la qualité des déclarations. Cette thèse explore dans quelle mesure ce serment d’honnêteté améliore la qualité et la fiabilité des témoignages. La première étude, une Scoping Review, révèle que le serment a été majoritairement étudié en économie expérimentale, alors qu’il demeure peu exploré en psychologie légale. Les principaux résultats suggèrent que prêter serment permet de diminuer les comportements malhonnêtes, mais que son effet est modulé selon les contextes et les caractéristiques individuelles de celui qui s’y engage. Les études 2a et 2b s’intéressent aux représentations sociales du serment chez des gendarmes, futurs magistrats et potentiels jurés. Malgré sa sécularisation, le serment reste perçu comme un acte de vérité et d’engagement. Toutefois, ses représentations varient selon les profils : les gendarmes semblent davantage l’associer à un devoir professionnel, et les auditeurs de justice y verraient plutôt un acte symbolique. Les participants plus âgés, mais également plus expérimentés dans des fonctions d’investigation, percevraient le serment comme plus efficace. Les études 3a et 3b étudient l’effet du serment sur la qualité du témoignage, notamment par la mesure de l’exactitude et de la précision des informations transmises, ainsi que de la certitude associée aux réponses. Ces études soulignent que le serment n'a pas d'impact positif ou négatif sur les performances des témoins. Toutefois, certaines tendances émergent. La prestation d’un serment semble influencer les stratégies métacognitives des témoins : ceux-ci font preuve de plus de prudence en s’abstenant davantage lorsqu’ils doutent. L’étude 4 se focalise sur l'influence d'un serment d'honnêteté sur l'occurrence des comportements mensongers. Face à un dilemme entre loyauté prosociale et intégrité scientifique, la grande majorité des participants a préféré mentir, qu’ils aient prêté serment ou non. Une explication à cela serait que la loyauté et l'identification sociale envers la complice aient neutralisé l’influence du serment. Par ailleurs, des évaluateurs ont jugé plus crédibles les témoignages mensongers non précédés d’un serment que ceux énoncés avec serment. La diminution de certains indices liés à la crédibilité dans le discours de ces derniers pourrait indiquer que le serment augmente la charge cognitive du menteur, rendant plus difficile la construction d’un discours mensonger convaincant. Cette thèse souligne les limites et les modalités d'action du serment d’honnêteté. Il ne peut être considéré comme une garantie suffisante de sincérité. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de prendre en compte la complexité des facteurs psychologiques, sociaux et moraux qui influencent les déclarations des témoins. En combinant plusieurs stratégies, il serait possible d’améliorer la fiabilité des témoignages et, par conséquent, de renforcer l’efficacité du système judiciaire
Generalized weight properties of resultants and discriminants, and applications to projective enumerative geometry
No full textIn a book dating back to 1862, Salmon stated a formula giving the first terms of the Taylor expansion of the discriminant of a plane algebraic curve, and from it derived various enumerative quantities for surfaces in the 3-dimensional projective space. In this text, we provide complete proofs of this formula and its enumerative applications, and extend Salmon's considerations to hypersurfaces in a projective space of arbitrary dimension. To this end, we extend reduced elimination theory by introducing the concept of reduced discriminant, and provide a thorough study of its weight properties; the latter are deeply linked to projective enumerative geometric properties. Then, following Salmon's approach, we compute the number of members of a pencil of hyperplanes that are bitangent to a fixed projective hypersurface. Some other results in the same spirit are also discussed
BayLum: Chronological Bayesian Models Integrating Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Radiocarbon Age Dating
No full textBayesian analysis of luminescence data and C-14 age estimates. Bayesian models are based on the following publications: Combes, B. and Philippe, A. (2017) and Combes et al. (2015). This includes, amongst others, data import, export, application of age models and palaeodose model
Quantum bioelectrochemical (QBIOL) software based on point stochastic processes
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« Les élus locaux face à la gouvernance territoriale : une professionnalisation inégale », p. 235-253
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PolExp growth for automorphisms of toral relatively hyperbolic groups
No full textLet be a toral relatively hyperbolic group, and let . We prove that, under iteration of , the conjugacy length of every element grows like for some and some algebraic integer . For a given , only finitely many values of and occur as varies in . The same statements hold for the growth of the word length . For hyperbolic, we generalize polynomial subgroups: we show that, for a given growth type other than , there is a malnormal family of quasiconvex subgroups such that a conjugacy class grows at most like if and only if is conjugate into one of the subgroups