Scientific Publications of the University of Toulouse II Le Mirail
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Gradient-enhanced global sensitivity analysis with Poincaré chaos expansions
No full textChaos expansions are widely used in global sensitivity analysis (GSA), as they leverage orthogonal bases of L2 spaces to efficiently compute Sobol' indices, particularly in data-scarce settings. When derivatives are available, we argue that a desirable property is for the derivatives of the basis functions to also form an orthogonal basis. We demonstrate that the only basis satisfying this property is the one associated with weighted Poincaré inequalities and Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems, which we refer to as the Poincaré basis. We then introduce a comprehensive framework for gradient-enhanced GSA that integrates recent advances in sparse, gradient-enhanced regression for surrogate modeling with the construction of weighting schemes for derivative-based sensitivity analysis. The proposed methodology is applicable to a broad class of probability measures and supports various choices of weights. We illustrate the effectiveness of the approach on a challenging flood modeling case study, where Sobol' indices are accurately estimated using limited data
Impact of Regulated and Non-Regulated Food-Associated Mycotoxins on the Viability and Proliferation of Enteric Glial Cells
No full textInternational audience(1) Background: Humans and animals are exposed daily to numerous food-associated noxious molecules, including fungal toxins or mycotoxins. Effects of mycotoxins on the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are well characterized. However, their impact on the enteric nervous system (ENS), particularly on enteric glial cells (EGCs), has not been evaluated. (2) Methods: In the present work, the impact of major mycotoxins (eighteen mycotoxins in total, both regulated and non-regulated (including emerging ones) mycotoxins) on EGCs was evaluated in vitro in terms of antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects using rat EGCs as a model. Inhibitory concentrations on cell division and cell viability were determined using the resazurin assay, and biochemical analysis was performed to identify the mechanism(s) of action involved. (3) Results: Of the eighteen mycotoxins tested, twelve were found to be toxic; apicidin, deoxynivalenol, and cyclohexadepsipeptide mycotoxins (enniatins and beauvericin) were the most toxic, with active concentrations as low as 0.19 ± 0.07 µM for deoxynivalenol. Mechanistic studies revealed that toxicity occurs through the induction of oxidative stress, alteration of the membrane integrity, and/or induction of apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: As far as we know, the data presented here show for the first time that EGCs are targets of foodborne mycotoxins, even at low concentrations potentially achieved in cases of ingesting contaminated food
A Large-Scale Study of Binding Communication to Promote Ecological Behavior: The Commitment Technique Combined with Persuasive Communication in Mass Media Streaming
No full textInternational audienceThe climate emergency necessitates the adoption of effective communication strategies. While persuasive communication is easily scalable, its effectiveness at changing behavior is limited. In contrast, commitment techniques, such as foot-in-the-door and low-ball techniques, are more effective for behavior change but harder to scale. In this study, we test the effectiveness of combining a commitment strategy with persuasive communication in the streaming broadcast of an audiovisual show. Study 1, conducted in an "as if" setting with a full experimental design (N = 1003), showed that incorporating a commitment strategy into persuasive communication effectively promoted pro-ecological behavior, although it did not lead to a significant change in attitudes. In Study 2, conducted in an ecological setting during a live broadcast of an international rugby tournament (N = 240,245), we showed that combining commitment and persuasive strategies increased the intention to engage in behaviors that reduce digital pollution
Dater l'eau : humanités numériques et restitution chronologique des qanats d’Al-Aflāj et d'Al-Kharj (Arabie centrale, IIIᵉ-XXᵉ siècles): Méthodologies numériques pour résoudre les défis de datation en contextes hydrauliques perturbés
No full textThis paper presents a methodological contribution to radiocarbon dating in disturbed hydraulic contexts. The research is based on 203 radiocarbon dates and 3 thermoluminescence dates from Al-Aflaj and Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia). Five digital principles were developed: systematic multiplication of dates, contextual diversification, relational database, Bayesian modeling (OxCal), and 4D GIS analysis. Major finding: revision of qanat emergence by 4-6 centuries (3rd c. CE instead of 7th-9th c. CE).International audienceThis paper presents digital humanities methodologies developed to overcome the specific challenges of radiometric dating in disturbed hydraulic contexts, within a research program on the qanats (underground drainage galleries) of Al-Aflaj and Al-Kharj (Central Najd, Saudi Arabia). Qanat systems pose unique methodological problems: mobility of organic materials transported by water, sedimentary disturbances from successive cleanings, inverted stratigraphies, and multiple contaminations. Our strategy relies on five integrated digital principles: systematic multiplication (203 ¹⁴C dates), contextual diversification, relational database, Bayesian modeling (OxCal), and 4D GIS. This approach produces the first rigorous absolute chronology for Al-Aflaj and Al-Kharj, revising the emergence of qanats by 4-6 centuries (3rd century vs. previously assumed 7th-9th c.) and documenting 1500 years of continuous occupation (3rd-20th c.).Cette communication présente les méthodologies d'humanités numériques développées pour surmonter les défis spécifiques de la datation radiométrique en contextes hydrauliques perturbés, dans le cadre d'un programme sur les qanats (galeries drainantes souterraines) d'Al-Aflāj et d'Al-Kharj (Najd central, Arabie Saoudite). Les systèmes de qanats posent des problèmes méthodologiques uniques : mobilité des matériaux organiques transportés par l'eau, remaniements sédimentaires par curages successifs, stratigraphies inversées, contaminations multiples. Notre stratégie repose sur cinq principes numériques intégrés : multiplication systématique (203 datations ¹⁴C), diversification contextuelle, base de données relationnelle, modélisation bayésienne (OxCal) et SIG 4D. Cette approche produit la première chronologie absolue rigoureuse pour Al-Aflāj et Al-Kharj, révisant de 4-6 siècles l'émergence des qanats (IIIᵉ siècle vs VIIᵉ-IXᵉ s. postulé) et documentant 1500 ans d'occupation continue (IIIᵉ-XXᵉ s.)
Using generative AI to increase sceptics’ engagement with climate science
No full textInternational audienceClimate scepticism remains an important barrier to public engagement with accurate climate information, because sceptics often actively avoid information that contains climate science facts. There still lacks a scalable, repeatable intervention to boost sceptics’ engagement with climate information. Here we show that generative artificial intelligence can enhance engagement with climate science among sceptical audiences by subtly modifying headlines to reduce anticipated disagreement, regret and negative emotions, without compromising factual integrity. Headlines of climate science articles modified by an open-source large language model led to more bookmarks and more upvotes, and these effects were strongest among the most sceptical participants. Participants who engaged with climate science as a result of this intervention showed a shift in beliefs towards alignment with the scientific consensus. These results show that generative artificial intelligence can alter the information diet sceptics consume and holds promise for advancing public understanding of science when responsibly deployed by well-intentioned actors
: Le cas des projets soutenus dans le cadre des dispositifs 2024 du comité de programme Science et société de TIRIS
No full textL’enseignement de l’histoire dans l'enseignement secondaire en France et en Allemagne : Une étude comparative du discours didactique de l’histoire et ses enjeux politiques et sociétaux entre 1963 et 2005
No full textThis thesis provides a binational comparison of the interactions between political objectives, societal issues and history teaching in secondary education in France and Germany between 1963 and 2005. By considering didactic transposition as determined by societal, cultural and political factors for the transmission of knowledge canonized within the nation-state, its analysis allows us to understand to what extent the formation of the future citizen in history classes is not only achieved through the content of historical knowledge, but also through its organization, presentation and structuring. National disciplinary history teaching is analyzed through a linguistic analysis of discourse using both a quantitative and qualitative method. The results of this analysis are then compared with the governmental political objectives and societal issues in the two countries of the chosen period. The writing of a Franco-German history through history teaching and education can be established, as the premise of this research project suggests, through a synchronic comparison of the two neighboring countries as well as a diachronic comparison between the different objectives of the French and German national governments.This thesis project constitutes the very first research project to consider a detailed comparison of history teaching discourse in France and Germany in secondary education after more than 90 years of Franco-German exchange on history teaching in terms of content. It is part of this tradition - within the framework of these 90 years of Franco-German exchanges of historical research - by analyzing the teaching of history in France and Germany between 1963 and 2005 to question the transmission of national memory and the training of future citizens, this in an interdisciplinary framework, positioning itself between history, the history of education, and Franco-German linguistics.Historical research to date has problematized and outlined the construction of nation-states from the beginning of the 19th century in connection with the industrialization of their economies and the emergence of their national bourgeoisies. The institution of national education as a place of transmission of a collective memory is seen as emblematic for the understanding of a country and its relationship to history, and forces the adoption of a "methodological nationalism" referring to an object - in fact - circumscribed to the limits of the nation-state, and this contrary to the post-national inclinations of accelerated globalization and European integration. It is necessary to take into account the innovative aspect of the documents studied within the framework of this project, analyzing the discourse of history didactics as an actor in the formation of French and German historical consciousness. The following four questions represent the guiding thread that runs throughout this thesis project:1. What concepts and methods of structuring, presentation, and transmission are considered, and in what period, within history education research and within the framework of didactic transposition?2. Do these concepts and methods correspond to the political objectives and societal demands of the different periods, or do they propose opposing concepts?3. Should we speak of a triangular relationship of interactions between the political, societal, and research spheres in the emergence of history education?4. What convergences and divergences exist in these respects between Germany and France?La thèse réalise une comparaison binationale des interactions entre les objectifs politiques, les enjeux sociétaux et la didactique de l’histoire dans l’enseignement secondaire en France et en Allemagne entre 1963 et 2005. En envisageant la transposition didactique comme déterminée par des facteurs sociétaux, culturels et politiques pour la transmission d’un savoir canonisé au sein de l’État-nation, son analyse permet de comprendre dans quelle mesure la formation du futur citoyen dans les cours d’histoire ne se réalise pas uniquement au travers du contenu des connaissances historiques, mais également par l’organisation, la présentation et la structuration de celles-ci. Les didactiques disciplinaires d’histoire nationales sont analysées par une analyse linguistique du discours au moyen d’une méthode à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Les résultats de cette analyse sont confrontés ensuite aux objectifs politiques gouvernementaux et des enjeux sociétaux dans les deux pays de l’époque choisie. L’écriture d’une histoire franco-allemande par la didactique de l’histoire et de son enseignement peut être établie, tel est le postulat de ce projet de recherche, par une comparaison synchronique des deux pays voisins ainsi que par une comparaison diachronique entre les différents objectifs des gouvernements nationaux, français et allemands.Ce projet de thèse constitue la toute première recherche qui envisage une comparaison détaillée du discours didactique de l’histoire en France et en Allemagne dans l’enseignement secondaire après plus de 90 ans d’échange franco-allemand sur l’enseignement de l’histoire en termes de contenus. Il s’inscrit dans cette tradition - dans le cadre de ces 90 ans d’échanges franco-allemands de recherche historique - en analysant la didactique de l’histoire en France et en Allemagne entre 1963 et 2005 pour une interrogation quant à la transmission mémorielle nationale et à la formation des futurs citoyens, ceci dans un cadre interdisciplinaire, se positionnant entre l’histoire, l’histoire de l’éducation, et la linguistique franco-allemande.La recherche historique jusqu’ici problématise et esquisse la construction des Etats-nations à partir du début du 19e siècle en lien avec l’industrialisation de leurs économies et l’émergence de leurs bourgeoisies nationales. L’institution de l’éducation nationale comme lieu de transmission d’une mémoire collective est vue comme emblématique pour la compréhension d’un pays et de son rapport à l’histoire, et force à adopter un « nationalisme méthodologique » se référant à un objet - de fait - circonscrit aux limites de l’Etat-nation, et ce contrairement aux velléités post-nationales d’une globalisation accélérée et de l’intégration européenne. Il faut tenir compte de l’aspect novateur des documents étudiés dans le cadre de ce projet, analysant le discours de la didactique de l’histoire comme acteur dans la formation des consciences historiques françaises et allemandes. Les quatre questions suivantes représentent le fil conducteur constituant la trame de ce projet de thèse :1.Quels concepts et quelles méthodes de structuration, de présentation et de transmission sont envisagés, et ce à quelle période, au sein de la recherche en didactique de l’histoire et dans le cadre de la transposition didactique ?2.Ces concepts et méthodes correspondent-ils aux objectifs politiques et aux revendications sociétales des différentes périodes ou proposent-ils des concepts opposés ?3.Faut-il parler d’un rapport triangulaire d’interactions entre la sphère politique, la sphère sociétale et celle de la recherche dans l’émergence d’une didactique de l’histoire ?4.Quelles convergences et quelles divergences existent à ces égards entre l’Allemagne et la France
Acteurs et enjeux des co-recherches en Occitanie ouest: Le cas des projets soutenus dans le cadre des dispositifs 2024 du comité de programme Science et société de TIRIS
No full textWhat killed the cat again? Towards a logical formalization of curiosity (and suspense, and surprise) in narratives with an experimental use of LLM for capturing causality
No full textInternational audienceThis paper slightly extends the one presented at TIME’2024 in which we formalize the affects of narrative tension – curiosity, suspense and surprise – in propositional logic. Non-monotonic reasoning is used to compactly represent the default behavior of the world and to reason about the affective state of an agent. We add here an experiment in automatic causality computation with an LLM.Cet article étend légèrement celui présenté à la conférence TIME'2024 dans lequel nous formalisons les affects de la tension narrative -curiosité, suspense et surprise -en logique propositionnelle. Le raisonnement nonmonotone est utilisé pour représenter de façon compacte le comportement par défaut du monde et raisonner sur l'état affectif d'un agent. Nous ajoutons ici une expérimentation de calcul automatique de la causalité avec un LLM
Mailing Vaginal or Urine Self-Sampling Kits versus Conventional Invitation Letters: A Randomized Trial to Assess the Effect on Cervical Cancer Screening Attendance
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background: Human papillomavirus testing on vaginal self-samples (VSS) has recently been offered in France as an option for women aged 30 to 65 years who are not regularly screened for cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus testing can also be performed on first-void urine. Methods: The CapU4 study is a three-arm randomized controlled trial enrolling 14,997 women aged 30 to 65 years who had no screening test recorded for more than 4 years and who did not respond to an invitation letter 12 months prior. Women were allocated to two experimental arms [mailing of a VSS or a urine self-sampling (USS) kit] or to a control arm (invitation to visit a physician to collect a cervical specimen). Results: A total of 13,061 women were included. The intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that the participation rate increased in the self-sampling arms (USS: 23.6%; VSS: 23.5%) compared with the control arm (12.9%). The per-protocol analysis did not show a favorable effect (USS: 11.1%; VSS: 12.6%), particularly for USS. Conclusions: Invitations including VSS or USS kits increased participation in cervical cancer screening by approximately 11%. Half of the responding women in the self-sampling arms visited a physician to take a cervical specimen. Impact: There is evidence that sending VSS kits can increase attendance at cervical cancer screening. However, no data exist suggesting that sending urine collection kits may also be effective in triggering participation compared with conventional invitation letters. The results of the CapU4 trial may generate innovative tools that could help optimize attendance at cervical cancer screening