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Investigation of the performance and emission of bus engine using blends of diesel fuel with bio-diesel of sunflower
Get PDFAn experiment investigation is conducted to evaluate the use of sunflower oil methyl esters (bio-diesels) of Greek origin as supplements in the diesel fuel at blend ratios of 10/90 and 20/80, in a fully instrumented, six-cylinder, turbocharged and after-cooled, direct injection (DI),Mercedes –Benz, mini-bus diesel engine installed at the author`s laboratory. The tests are conducted using each of the above fuel blends, with the engine working at two speeds and three loads. Fuel consumption, exhaust smokiness and exhaust regulated gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and total unburned hydrocarbons are measured. The diesel fuel and two bio-diesels are determined and compared
Setup Planning Automation of Turned Parts Based on STEP-NC Standard
Get PDFSTEP-NC(ISO 14649), the extension of STEP(ISO 10303) standard developed for CNC controllers, is a feature-based data model. STEP-NC develops the step neutral data standard for CAD data, and uses the modern geometric constructs to define device independent tool paths, and CAM independent volume removal features. This paper will present an automatic setup planning module integrated in a CAPP system for rotational parts to be machined on a lathe. The developed system will determine the possible setup combinations that are necessary for a complete machining of the part. The applied methodology will take into consideration constraints such as the geometry of both the stock and the final part, the geometry and the capacity of the chuck, and the part tolerances. Finally, the analysis of tolerances charts will be implemented for the sets of surfaces to be machined within each setup. The output can be then used to augment the STEP-NC physical file
Analysis of a Biomechanical Model for Safe Lifting Using Matlab Simulation
Get PDFThis paper describes the development of a multi-body biomechanical model that can be used to assess the risk of low back disorders. A multi-segment link model is considered in this paper which represents a human body in which links represent various limbs such as arms, leg, foot, thigh, thorax etc. Force balance and moment balance equations are formed at different joints. Equations formed are written in form of a MATLAB program to determine the relationship between load lifted and muscle moment generated due to load. This biomechanical model was employed to clarify the role of various biomechanical factors such as magnitude of load, shape, size and location of load involved in the load lifting process. To determine safe lifting postures on the basis of model such that the reaction force at the L4 / L5 joint is minimum subjected to other joints not being overstressed is carried out. Various moment-load relationships between various joints are computed along with momentmoment relationships between various joints. The model is able to suggest the safe posture in manual material handling tasks. A geometric model for simulations of postural control is obtained with Matlab/Simulink software
AGEING RATE OF PAPER INSULATION IN TRANSFORMERS ON ITS MECHANICAL STRENGTH
Get PDFIt is well known that the paper and oil used in transformers Degrade with time at rates which depend on the temperature and the amount of air and water present [1, 2]. Various devices such as completely sealing the units, using nitrogen blankets and using flexible membranes, have been suggested as means of improving the lifetime of the oil. In addition, thermally upgraded papers have been devised and have been available for some years. Some supply authorities and transformer manufacturers have been using some or all of these devices with varying degrees of success. Many others have taken the stance of cautious awareness. In the absence of any evidence that normal papers are inadequate, they have continued to use them in transformers fitted with conservators. As part of this current overall package of research, paper aging was re-examined with a view to reassessing the need for change, either in the materials or practices Used or in the preservation systems
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF APPLYING VARIOUS CUTTING EDGES ON WIPER MILLING INSERTS IN FACE MILLING AISI 1070 STEEL
Get PDFIn metal cutting industry, edge preparation on carbide inserts have a significant effect on the productivity of a machine. In this study, the effect of various cutting edge preparations on wiper facet which influences various force components and surface finish in the rough milling operation of AISI 1070 steel were experimentally investigated. Tungsten Carbide inserts with three distinct edge preparations and AISI 1070 steel blocks were used. Three-factor (Cutting speed, Feed and Geometry), three-level full factorial design experiments were conducted under dry conditions. During the rough milling operation, three components of forces and surface finish of the machined surface were measured. This study shows that the effect of various edge geometries is more significant on surface finish and has very little impact on the force components
AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN TAPI BASIN FOR MAHARASHTRA STATE
Get PDFThe Tapi basin is spread in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujrat.The water allotted to Maharashtra state is about 191.4 TMC has been exausted.There is no scope for new project in the region based on water availability. The attempt is being made to use the available water by transferring the same within sub-basin so that the different storages within the catchment can be optimally used to store the water
Reliability Estimation Model for Software Components Using CEP
Get PDFThis paper presents a graphical complexity measure based approach with an illustration for estimating the reliability of software component. This paper also elucidates how the graph-theory concepts are applied in the field of software programming. The control graphs of several actual software components are described and the correlation between intuitive complexity and the graph-theoretic complexity are illustrated. Several properties of the graph theoretic complexity are presented which shows that the software component complexity depends only on the decision structure. A symbolic reliability model for component based software systems from the execution path of software components connected in series, parallel or mixed configuration network structure is presented with a crisp narration of the factors which influence computation of the overall reliability of component based software systems. In this paper, reliability estimation model for software components using Component Execution Paths (CEP) based on graph theory is elucidated
NUCLEATE POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN ULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES ON SURFACES: AN REVIEW
Get PDFBoiling of multicomponent mixtures is characterized by a close linking between heat and mass transfer processes, with the evaporation rate usually being limited by the mass transfer process. This is significantly different from single and binary component systems where interfacial mass transfer rates are normally very high. Information on pool boiling of binary mixtures is widely available in the literature, whereas research on forced convective boiling of mixtures has become significant only over the last few years. This paper presents a brief review of experimental results obtained in pool boiling of ternary mixtures and also the empirical or theoretical correlations for these situation
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE EXPANSION RAMP NOZZLE FLOWS
Get PDFThe present work deals with the computational study of the single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) flows for the supersonic regime. Theoretical calculations are carried out for different geometries with certain assumptions. Based on the initial calculation and with the help of Method of Characteristics, nozzle configuration with similar axisymmetric convergent portion and distinct non-axisymmetric divergent portions are drafted. Commercial CFD software ANSYS 12 with Navier Stokes code is used for the computational studies. The study begins with a simple upper flat ramp at different angles with a very small lower cowl at fixed angles. The divergent section of a conventional three-dimensional nozzle is used as the upper ramp of the SERN. The study includes the variation of the ramp at different angles ranging from 16 deg. to 24 deg. with 2 deg. intervals, the cowl angle ranging from 0 deg. to 6 deg. with 2 deg. intervals and the length of the cowl varying from 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 times the length of the ramp. The performance parameters like Thrust, Normal force and Mach Variation for these different contours are analyzed and compared. The various parameters used are nozzle length, cowl length, cowl angle, ramp-angle, and ramp length. The shape of the SERN is optimized for the design parameters. The grid sensitivity computational analysis is also performed before finalizing the grid for study
EFFECT OF NANOCLAY ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPATIBILIZED ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER / HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE BLENDS
Get PDFThis paper presents a part of research on the mechanical properties of compatibilized Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA)/ high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ organo modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing technique. Use of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MA-g-PE) as Compatibilizer improves compatibility of EVA and HDPE. Blends containing EVA/HDPE blend with 2 phr MA-g-PE shows optimum properties. It observes that the addition of nanoclay improves the mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural modulus, abrasion resistance and hardness of compatibilized nanocomposites systems. The morphology is studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimized properties occurrs at clay loading levels of 4 phr with MA-g-PE system