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Africa Region Water and Climate Policy Note
No full textWater management is foundational for
development and climate adaptation. Investments in water not
only improve health and wealth of nations but can also
buffer the impacts of climate change. Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) is the most vulnerable region to climate change
impacts. This policy note examines national development
vision documents and Nationally Determined Contributions
(NDC) documents across SSA to: (1) review the extent to
which water and water related climate priorities feature in
them; (2) propose substantive improvements to the
presentation of water and water related climate priorities;
and, (3) identify practical ways water sector actors can
engage in shaping national planning documents going forward.
The analysis shows that water and water-related climate
actions are not consistently included in either national
vision documents or NDCs across SSA. Most country’s vision
documents (91 percent) aimed to improve access to water
supply and sanitation (WSS) but only half of the visions
aimed to expand irrigation and hydropower. Water resources
management (WRM), though referenced in two thirds of the
visions was poorly defined and only very few cases described
institutional mechanisms for managing water. Water
adaptation measures featured in all SSA countries’ NDCs but
were often generic in nature without clear indicators or
targets. For example, early warning systems (EWS) were
included in over two thirds of NDCs but only a few countries
were specific about when or how EWS would be set up. WRM
measures in NDCs were even less specific than those included
in national visions. Water related mitigation measures in
NDCs were less frequently included than adaptation measures.
For example, only a quarter of NDCs mentioned improving
energy efficiency in WSS and only one country set a specific
target to reduce energy intensity. As vision documents and
NDCs get revised there is a window of opportunity to ensure
that water and its subsectors (WSS, irrigation, hydropower
and WRM) are presented with clear indicators and targets.
Half of the countries in SSA will revise their visons in the
2020s and NDCs are revised every 5 years
Weathering Storms, Rebuilding Resilience
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic and the global
shocks that followed have worsened fiscal and debt positions
in small states, intensifying their already substantial
fiscal challenges—especially the need to manage more
frequent climate change–related natural disasters. Forty
percent of the 35 emerging market and developing economies
(EMDEs) that are small states are at high risk of debt
distress or already in it, roughly twice the share for other
EMDEs. Larger fiscal deficits since the pandemic reflect
increased spending to support households and firms, and
weaker revenues. To improve their fiscal sustainability and
resilience to future shocks, small states need to strike a
balance between maintaining adequate fiscal buffers and
increasing investments in human capital and climate
change–resilient infrastructure. Comprehensive fiscal
reforms are essential. First, small states’ revenues, which
are highly volatile and dependent on sometimes unreliable
sources, should be drawn from a more stable and secure tax
base. Second, spending efficiency needs to be improved,
especially on transfers to public enterprises, subsidies,
and the public wage bill. Third, these changes should be
complemented by reforms to fiscal frameworks, including
better utilization of fiscal rules and sovereign wealth
funds. Finally, to help these countries stay on sustainable
fiscal paths, well-coordinated and targeted global policies
are also needed. Policies supported by the global community
can help to improve fiscal policy management, provide
technical assistance, address debt challenges, and bolster
funding for small states to invest in climate change
resilience and adaptation, and other priority areas
République Centrafricaine - Revue des dépenses publiques dans les secteurs clés pour le développement humain
No full textThis Public Expenditure Review (PER)
provides an analytical basis to decision makers and
stakeholders for the formulation of ambitious yet fiscally
responsible interventions to improve human capital outcomes
in CAR. The PER examines public expenditure trends of the
education, health, and SP sectors with a focus on
adequacy,efficiency, and equity of expenditures as well as
human resource management (HRM). The primary objective is to
provide analytical insights for government policy
development and prioritization strategy as it seeks to
achievea resilient recovery, rebuild its education and
health sectors, and establish a strong SP system that will
help the poorest households invest and protect their own
human capital. The PER can also serve as a useful source of
knowledge and information to development partners seeking to
deepen the impact of their support to thehuman capital
development sectors. The recommendations put forth by the
PER are those identified as fiscally sustainable and most
important for rebuilding and strengthening human capital
development sectors, including a focus on future human
resource (HR) recruitment needed in the education and health sectors.Cette revue des dépenses publiques (RDP) fournit une base d’analyse aux décideurs et aux parties prenantes
pour la formulation d’interventions ambitieuses mais financièrement responsables pour améliorer les résultats
du capital humain en RCA. La RDP examine les tendances des dépenses publiques des secteurs de l’éducation,
de la santé et de la protection sociale en mettant l’accent sur l’adéquation, l’efficacité et l’équité des dépenses
ainsi que sur la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH). L’objectif principal est de fournir des informations
analytiques pour l’élaboration des politiques publiques et la stratégie de priorisation alors que le pays cherche
à réaliser une reprise résiliente, à reconstruire ses secteurs de l’éducation et de la santé et à établir un système
de protection sociale solide qui aidera les ménages les plus pauvres à investir et à protéger leur propre capital
humain. La RDP peut également servir de source de connaissances et d’informations pour les partenaires au
développement qui cherchent à approfondir l’impact de leur appui aux secteurs du développement du capital
humain. Les recommandations formulées par la RDP correspondent aux mesures qui sont reconnues comme
étant financièrement viables et les plus importantes pour la reconstruction et le renforcement des secteurs
de développement du capital humain. Ces mesures comprennent de donner une importance particulière au
recrutement futur des ressources humaines (RH) nécessaires dans les secteurs de l’éducation et de la santé
Attitudes, Challenges, and Policy Recommendations - Evidence from Five Countries in Europe and Central Asia
No full textClimate change is among the most
significant social, economic, and environmental threats.
Achieving even modest climate targets will depend on
local-to-global coordination on costly and far-reaching
policies. This research program will focus on the national
climate change policymaking context in five countries –
Albania, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan – to
identify both challenges and opportunities to achieving
sufficient consensus for action and reform. This study aims
to identify the depth of stakeholders’ support in pursuing
aggressive policy to address climate change and differences
in the salience of the issue between different stakeholder
groups. Nearly all recent surveys have focused on
perceptions of the public, while there are a range of other
actors relevant to the formulation of policy aimed at
addressing climate change. Stakeholders such as government
and industry also play decisive roles. However, these actors
may have different levels of interest or prioritization
which in turn affects the probability of successfully
implementing climate change related policy. The report
focuses on deep dive surveys collected from two
stakeholders, businesses and the general public. The report
summarizes the depth and prioritization of climate change in
public policy and contrasts the survey responses between the
stakeholders, demonstrating the degree of consensus or
disagreement around policy to address climate change
Country-by-country Analysis and Projections for the Developing World
No full textThis edition of the Macro Poverty
Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts
and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators
for the developing countries. Macroeconomic indicators such
as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic
product per capita, and where available, other indicators
such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth,
total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others,
are included for each country. In addition to the World
Bank’s most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges,
recent developments and outlook are briefly described for
each country
A Review of the Literature and Methodologies Used in Assessment
No full textSignificant scale-up of clean energy, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency, is the most important component of worldwide efforts to address climate change and increase energy access. As clean energy makes a growing contribution to the total energy supply, as countries undertake their energy transitions, it is also expected to create millions of jobs. This review is part of an investigation into how the global energy transition - the move away from fossil fuels, which involves the adoption of new technologies and new service delivery models in the sector can contribute to job creation and support economic activity while advancing the global decarbonization agenda. The objective of this literature review is to understand how existing academic and policy work has assessed the impact of energy-transition-related policies, regulations, and investments on job creation, wages, and other employment-related outcomes. This review covers studies of energy sector jobs as well as jobs created in upstream sectors resulting from energy-transition-related investments and policy changes. The review also includes studies of wider, often economywide, “induced” employment effects. In particular it focuses on the impact of electrification programs using distributed renewable generation, since such programs make it possible to establish causality in job creation more clearly than clean energy projects contributing additional power to existing grids
Climate Shocks and Their Effects on Food Security, Prices, and Agricultural Wages in Afghanistan
No full textThis study examines the effects of
climate and weather shocks on Afghanistan's
agricultural economy, with an emphasis on food security,
prices, and wages. By utilizing a dynamical model and a
unique data set that includes monthly global and local food
prices, agricultural wages, unofficial exchange rates, and
local climate data, the research provides econometric
estimates of the impacts of droughts and floods. The
findings reveal that both flooding and drought significantly
increase food insecurity, directly and indirectly. Directly,
these climatic shocks are linked to heightened risks of food
insecurity in the following months, even when controlling
for price and wage fluctuations. Indirectly, droughts and
floods drive up food prices and depress agricultural wages,
further exacerbating food insecurity. The study suggests
that enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector
could mitigate these risks, stabilize local food prices and
wages, and strengthen food security and the broader
agricultural economy. The results also show that price data
effectively capture food security shocks from various
non-economic sources, and can serve as a versatile
monitoring tool in situations where detailed data on food
security are unavailable
Energy Transition, Trade, and Labor Markets
No full textThis paper examines two key questions
about decarbonization and its economic implications. First,
it analyzes how environmental provisions in trade agreements
affect bilateral trade flows, with a specific focus on the
Middle East and North Africa region. By constructing a
detailed dataset of trade agreements that include
environmental provisions and applying an augmented gravity
model, the study reveals that while regional trade
agreements generally promote trade by reducing barriers and
fostering economic cooperation, the inclusion of
environmental provisions introduces complexity.
Environmental provisions can enhance or hinder trade flows
depending on the nature of the provisions and the economic
context. Provisions related to general environmental goals
and judicial enforcement tend to promote trade, whereas more
stringent regulations often impose compliance costs, thereby
reducing trade flows. Middle East and North Africa–specific
findings suggest that while regional trade agreements may be
less advantageous for countries in the region, compared to
other regions, environmental provisions can counterbalance
this by improving the region’s environmental standards and
reputation, ultimately supporting trade growth. The second
focus of the paper explores labor market consequences from
rising carbon prices and the transition to renewable energy
in Tunisia. The findings indicate that districts heavily
reliant on fossil fuels experience significant employment
declines, particularly among male workers, as carbon prices
rise. The results underscore the importance of targeting
policies to mitigate job losses in carbon-intensive sectors
while promoting “green” job creation in renewable energy industries
Banking on Women Who Trade Across Borders
No full textBanking on Women Who Trade Across
Borders highlights the need for gender equality in
international trade and trade finance, emphasizing its
importance for sustainable development in emerging markets.
The positive impact that women-led enterprises have on
economic growth and poverty reduction is well documented,
however there remains a limited understanding of how
international trade intersects with female participation,
particularly in accessing trade finance. Women entrepreneurs
and women-owned enterprises face several challenges in
accessing trade finance, including gender bias, limited
networks, and information disparities; these are further
exacerbated by the business practices of trade finance
markets. This report examines the status of women’s access
to trade finance, and provides potential solutions derived
from interviews with women entrepreneurs and financial
institutions in Brazil, Kenya, and Nigeria. Gender and
Access to Finance (Chapter 2) summarizes the documentary
evidence for the specific challenges women led firms
encounter in accessing trade finance, examining the systemic
barriers such as small business size, relatively young
business age, and the informal status of many women-owned
businesses. These barriers persist, despite previous efforts
to dismantle them, indicating deeply ingrained biases within
capital markets and societies. Stringent collateral
requirements, the scale of business activity needed to
justify relevant financial instruments, complex
documentation processes, the absence of market information,
and sectoral disparities in trade finance availability are
identified as specific hindrances to women’s ability to
access trade finance. The connectivity between these factors
demonstrates the need for targeted intervention to address
the gender gap in trade finance for women who trade across
borders. Country Studies, Results from Brazil, Kenya, and
Nigeria (Chapter 3) presents the outcome of interviews
conducted with over 200 women in three different emerging
economies and provides a real-time portrait of the financial
difficulties and common challenges encountered by
women-owned firms engaged in cross-border trade. Scaling up
Trade Finance for Women-Owned Firms (Chapter 4) provides
strategies designed to increase women’s access to trade
finance, such as focusing on reducing the information
deficit, simplifying financial instruments through
digitization, promoting fintech, and increasing capacity
building for both firms and financial institutions. The main
results of this study and a call to action for all
stakeholders, finance providers and development finance
institutions, government and regulatory bodies, and women
led businesses, are summarized in Recommendations and Action
Items (Chapter 5)
Back for Payback
No full textCorruption harms communities and
impacts the global economy. It discourages business
opportunities, hinders foreign aid and investment, and
exacerbates inequality. It victimizes society’s most
vulnerable and marginalized individuals by affecting their
ability to meet their basic needs, as well as reducing their
chances of overcoming poverty and exclusion. As such,
anti-corruption efforts would be incomplete if damages
arising from corrupt acts remain unaddressed. This
publication aims at stimulating further research and
exchange on the matter by providing an overview of the
current state of law and practice regarding the recovery of
corruption damages; outlining the different types of legal
frameworks and avenues available in different legal systems;
and the respective legal barriers and other challenges that
may arise