E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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South Sudan Transport Infrastructure and Logistics Diagnostics
No full textThe current state of the transport sector in South Sudan is dire. For example, it takes between two to four days to travel from Juba to Wau in South Sudan, a distance of approximately 650 km. In the rainy season, this journey can take over a week, if at all. A trip from Budapest to Munich, which is the same distance, takes seven hours. This is just one instance that captures the current transport conditions in South Sudan. There is urgent need for a robust transport system, with requisite institutional governance, financing, due attention to maintenance and climate resilience to bring opportunity and hope back to the people of South Sudan. The report analyzes South Sudan’s transport infrastructure, connectivity needs, and investment priorities against the background of the country’s unique geography and recent instability - and its funding and financing constraints. It argues that a “build and they will come” approach will not work. Instead, to materially reduce logistics costs, and meaningfully support economic growth ambitions, South Sudan needs to be selective and focused in making infrastructure investments. The analysis, therefore, focused principally on key agriculture value chains and incorporating the export of refined oil. The assessment of gaps in infrastructure, institutions, policy, and regulations is from the perspective of developing each of these value chains
Study on Women’s Employment, Safety, and Mobility in the Maldives
No full textThe Maldivian economy relies heavily on tourism and fisheries; the labor gap persists. This study seeks to understand these dynamics and propose concrete solutions to foster gender-equitable value chains in both sectors, increase women's economic participation, and promote equitable growth. The study uses a mixed-methods approach to comprehensively analyze the factors influencing women's employment, safety, and mobility. Quantitative surveys engaged a representative sample of workers and employers in tourism and fisheries, ensuring gender balance. Surveys were supplemented with information from qualitative information, such as focus groups and interviews, to better understand the situation
Crowding Out and Banking Crises
No full textThis paper studies the effect of government issuance on firm issuance during banking crises using transaction-level bond and loan data from 66 countries between 1991 and 2017. Governments rarely issue loans, preferring to issue in bond markets. In contrast, firms receive most of their financing from banks. During banking crises, as the supply of domestic loans decreases, firms switch to issuing bonds in domestic markets. The paper uses a novel instrument based on maturing debt to overcome the potential endogeneity of government issuance. The findings show that firms must compete with the government for funds in the domestic bond market and are crowded out from this market as a result. This happens not only in developing countries, but in advanced countries as well. The paper also shows that firms with the ability to tap international debt markets switch to these markets when crowding out occurs in domestic bond markets. Lastly, the paper shows that more developed domestic bond markets mitigate, but do not eliminate, the degree to which crowding out occurs
Hidrógeno Verde en Marcha: Viento, Agua y Puertos para Transformar a Colombia
No full textThis report assesses and highlights Colombia’s opportunity to become an important global supplier of green hydrogen-based fuels for shipping and other sectors. The analysis evaluated Colombia’s emerging green hydrogen economy from a maritime transport perspective. With shipping and ports at the center, the analysis explored the potential for producing, storing, supplying, and exporting green hydrogen-based fuels in the ports of Colombia, thereby highlighting its efforts at sustainability.
The report presents the following five key findings: 1.) The decarbonization of maritime transport will depend on green hydrogen-based fuels, and the global green hydrogen economy will depend on maritime transport. 2.) Based on a two-stage analysis, seven key investment opportunities for lighthouse green H2 projects were identified along the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. 3.) The largest business opportunities for commercializing green hydrogen-based fuels from these potential projects are primarily in exports, followed by bunkering demand. 4.) The financial viability of the priority projects remains highly dependent on the future market prices for green hydrogen-based fuels, which, in turn, are determined by international policy decisions. 5.) Following recommendations from the lighthouse roadmap, the public and private sectors alike can maximize the contribution of Colombian ports to form a national green hydrogen economy.Este informe analiza y destaca la oportunidad de Colombia para posicionarse como un actor clave a nivel global en el suministro de combustibles basados en hidrógeno verde para el transporte marítimo y otros sectores. El análisis evaluó la incipiente economía del hidrógeno verde en Colombia desde la perspectiva del transporte marítimo. Con el transporte marítimo y los puertos como eje central, el estudio exploró el potencial de producir, almacenar, suministrar y exportar combustibles basados en hidrógeno verde desde los puertos del país, resaltando así sus esfuerzos en materia de sostenibilidad.
El informe expone cinco principales hallazgos: 1.) La descarbonización del transporte marítimo dependerá de los combustibles basados en hidrógeno verde, y la economía global del hidrógeno verde dependerá del transporte marítimo. 2.) A partir de un análisis en dos etapas, se identificaron siete oportunidades clave de inversión para proyectos emblemáticos de hidrógeno verde a lo largo de la costa Caribe colombiana. 3.) Las mayores oportunidades comerciales para los combustibles basados en hidrógeno verde derivados de estos proyectos potenciales se encuentran principalmente en la exportación, seguidas por la demanda para bunkering. 4.) La viabilidad financiera de los proyectos prioritarios depende en gran medida de los precios futuros de los combustibles basados en hidrógeno verde, los cuales están determinados por decisiones de política internacional. 5.) A partir de las recomendaciones de la hoja de ruta para proyectos emblemáticos, tanto el sector público como el privado pueden maximizar la contribución de los puertos colombianos al desarrollo de una economía nacional del hidrógeno verde
Arcep Case Study
No full textThe Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector finds itself at a pivotal moment —while
propelling digital transformation across the globe, it is also contributing to climate change. The
sector's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—estimated at 1.5 to 4 percent of the global total—exceed
those of the international aviation industry. Digitalization also impacts other environmental areas such
as increased energy and water consumption, raw material depletion, and e-waste. Therefore, the pressing
challenge lies in closing the connectivity gap for 2.6 billion who remain offline while leveraging ICTs in an
environmentally sustainable manner
Transforming Fiscal Policy into an Engine of Inclusive Growth
No full textFollowing a decade of low and unstable growth, Lesotho has a unique opportunity to build a new foundation for robust and inclusive development. As real GDP growth pivoted from a 6.3 percent expansion in 2012 to an 8.2 percent contraction in 2020, per capita income levels declined sharply, and Lesotho’s hopes of improving living standards slipped away. However, the country now has a chance to return to a convergence path, as the second phase of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP-II), increased revenue transfers from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), and the renegotiation of water royalties from South Africa are expected to drive economic activity and provide resources for much-needed social spending and infrastructure investment. Seizing this opportunity will require effective prioritization of policies and investments, sound public financial management, and the restoration of sufficient fiscal buffers (savings) to counter negative shocks. This economic update highlights the critical role of fiscal policy in mitigating macroeconomic volatility and fostering sustainable and inclusive growth. It stresses the need for effective fiscal and public investment management reforms to address Lesotho’s economic challenges and unlock opportunities for development. Aligning fiscal policies with the goal of inclusive growth is essential to ensure that benefits reach all segments of society
Education and Skills within the Green Transition in Serbia
No full textThis study provides a detailed analysis of the education and skills systems in Serbia in the context of the green transition and gives some recommendations for their future development. The document comprises five chapters, starting with the introduction into the effects of climate change on human capital and the crucial role played by human capital in the green transition. The second part provides an overview of the perception of climate change among Serbians, as well as a review of the skills and education policies for climate action in Serbia, including both the position of Serbia within the international climate change policy framework and the national policies for green transition. The third chapter analyzes the performance of the education and training system in Serbia and tackles the challenges and opportunities related to the development of skills and jobs for the green transition. The fourth part reviews curriculum and government programs on climate change and green transition in Serbia, with specific sections devoted to primary and secondary schools, technical and vocational education and training, higher education and research and innovation system, and green education infrastructure. The final section provides conclusions, recommendations, and good practices that can be used for further development of relevant policies and projects. This note builds on the findings of the Western Balkans Climate Change and Development Report (CCDR), expanding the narrative on education and providing a focused, country-level analysis to guide Serbia’s education and training system in supporting a green and climate-resilient transition. This note focuses on education and skills for both the green transition and climate-resilient development
The Contribution of Human Capital to Current and Future Growth: An Extension of the World Bank’s Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM-HC)
No full textThis paper presents the Long-Term Growth Model–Human Capital Extension (LTGM-HC), a spreadsheet-based toolkit that projects the human capital of the workforce from 2025 to 2100 for 153 countries. The LTGM-HC simulates pre-tertiary years of schooling, education quality, and health across age cohorts and how they affect current and future workforce productivity. The paper also produces three sets of general results. First, it provides new estimates of the current rate of human capital growth, which differ substantially from those in the Penn World Tables. Global average human capital growth is almost 1 percent and is surprisingly similar across income groups, as greater historical gains in years of schooling in poorer countries are offset by lower initial school quality. Second, it provides new estimates of the pace of future human capital growth. Without future reforms, average human capital growth will slow by around 0.15-0.2 percentage points per decade, hitting zero by 2080 when today’s children begin to retire. In contrast, a scenario with a typical pace of reform almost halves the rate of decline. Finally, it provides new estimates of the contribution of human capital to current and future economic growth. In a typical reform scenario, human capital growth is projected to raise annual GDP per capita growth by around half a percentage point over the next 75 years, leaving GDP per capita 45 percent higher by 2100. However, about two-thirds of these gains reflect reforms that have already been enacted. An extension to include tertiary education raises human capital growth, and its contribution to GDP growth, by around 0.1-0.2 percentage points
FY 2024 Paraguay Country Opinion Survey Report
No full textThe Country Opinion Survey in
Paraguay assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better
understanding how stakeholders in Paraguay perceive the WBG.
It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national
and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies,
media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in
Paraguay on 1) their views regarding the general environment
in Paraguay; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in
Paraguay; 3) overall impressions of the WBG’s effectiveness
and results, knowledge work and activities, and
communication and information sharing in Paraguay; and 4)
their perceptions of the WBG’s future role in Paraguay
Consequences of the 2024 Fires in the Amazon: A Rapid Valuation of Damages
No full textThe year 2024 was one of the most active years for fires in recent history across the Americas, highlighting the growing influence of climate change on fire behavior, frequency, and intensity. In the second half of the year, several regions in South America including in the Amazon were significantly affected by persistent fires. These fires had devastating consequences, including a significant deterioration in air quality. This report presents a rapid valuation of damage caused by fires in the Amazon during 2024, which saw an unprecedented surge in fires throughout the region, underscoring how climate change is increasingly shaping the patterns, frequency, and severity of such events. The aim of this report is to highlight the significant economic impacts of fires to raise awareness of the need to improve fire management through more efficient policies and the allocation of greater financial resources. This work does not aim to determine the causes of the fires. It focuses solely on assessing the damage for 2024