E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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How Green are Jobs in Malaysia? A Task-Based Approach to Measuring Green Jobs in Malaysia
No full textIn line with the global movement toward environmental sustainability, Malaysia has significantly expanded initiatives concerning climate change mitigation and adaptation. Specifically, the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) and other strategic green initiatives outline significant investment opportunities that are expected to create thousands of green job opportunities. The NETR operationalizes green initiatives in the country and focuses on six areas: energy efficiency, renewable energy, hydrogen, bioenergy, green mobility, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. The transition from carbon-intensive modes of production toward more sustainable modes is expected to change both the nature of jobs and their requisite skill requirements in different ways. The policy brief aims to understand the current landscape of green jobs in Malaysia and its implications for skills needs in the future. Using a task-based approach toward the measurement of green jobs, the brief will provide an overview of the scale and trends of green employment in Malaysia using nationally representative survey data. Additionally, it will provide evidence of the prevalence of green employment by sector, industry, occupations, and the wage premium associated with green jobs. It will touch briefly on the demand for green jobs using the critical occupations list (COL) before concluding with policy recommendations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to measure the scale of green jobs in Malaysia using a task-based approach
Wealth-Sharing Mechanisms for Peace and Equitable Growth in the Middle East and North Africa
No full textThe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, rich in hydrocarbons, has experienced both prosperity and challenges due to its vast oil and gas reserves. The region holds more than half of the world’s oil reserves and 40 percent of its gas reserves. While these resources have propelled some countries to high-income status and supported regional economic growth through jobs, remittances, and investments, they have also been associated with economic instability and overreliance on a narrow range of commodity exports, as well as resource contests and conflict. "Prosperity Unearthed: Wealth-Sharing Mechanisms for Peace and Equitable Growth in the Middle East and North Africa" delves into the varying development outcomes and wealth-sharing practices in the MENA region and proposes strategies for fostering inclusive prosperity and peace.
The book examines wealth sharing through three lenses: time, space, and fragility and conflict. It assesses how policymakers have managed resource distribution over time (saving versus spending) and across geographical areas (concentrating versus distributing). The findings highlight that deviations from best practices in these dimensions have contributed to the region’s unmet development potential, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected area.
Key recommendations include decoupling fiscal spending from volatile hydrocarbon revenues to ensure macroeconomic stability and long-term sustainability, implementing transparent and accountable governance mechanisms, and adopting rules-based policies for equitable resource distribution. The book emphasizes the importance of inclusive economic policies, robust transparency arrangements, and strong institutions in achieving sustainable development.
By leveraging hydrocarbon resources effectively, MENA countries can build sustainable, inclusive prosperity. The book underscores the need for strong fiscal management, regional cooperation, transparent governance, and inclusive growth strategies to transform resource wealth into improved physical infrastructure, human capital, and economic institutions. These efforts are crucial for fostering peace, stability, and equitable growth in the region
G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group Input Paper: Identify and Address Insurance Protection Gaps
No full textIn the face of growing challenges caused by natural catastrophes, insurance should be a key element of comprehensive disaster risk financing strategies. Increasing damage and economic losses from natural catastrophes (NatCat) are widening protection gaps and causing strain on economies and government budgets, with potential systemic ramifications. By promoting risk-based approaches, insurance solutions can contribute to risk reduction and strengthen societal resilience. In the face of growing challenges caused by natural catastrophes, insurance should be a key element of comprehensive disaster risk financing strategies. Globally, there are significant challenges to the insurability of NatCat events, many of which are more pronounced in EMDEs. Insurance-based solutions cannot address all NatCat risks on their own, nor is it desirable or cost effective for insurance to remove incentives to proactively plan for and manage disaster risk. This paper outlines a range of approaches that stakeholders can take to address NatCat insurance protection gaps. To support the practical application of the paper, this is supported by illustrative case studies, with a focus on EMDEs. It is important to note, however, that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to NatCat protection gaps, and jurisdictions will need to consider local circumstances when implementing any solution
Summary Report
No full textThailand is advancing efforts to develop a structured approach for integrating blue finance within the existing Kingdom of Thailand (KOT) Sustainable Financing Framework (SFF). The initiative builds on and supports Thailand’s broader commitments to sustainable marine and coastal development, contributing to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement. Within this context, through the technical support of the World Bank PROBLUE Program, with the Public Debt Management Office (PDMO) under the Ministry of Finance, the World Bank launched a technical support activity on innovative blue financing for integrated seascape management in Thailand. Specific objectives of this technical support were fourfold: 1) to conduct a diagnostic study to assess readiness in blue financing; 2) to develop a blue financing section of the sustainable financing framework (SFF); 3) to provide guidance on the identification of eligible blue investments; and 4) to assess the scale of funding that can be mobilized from the blue bond and the types of investments that are expected to be funded by the blue bond
May the Forest Be With You: Mapping Nepal's Landscapes and Livelihoods
No full textIn contrast to global trends, Nepal has achieved impressive success by boosting its forest cover from 29 to more than 46 percent of the country’s area over the last three decades, serving as an example of what is possible when communities are positioned as equal partners in the management of natural resources. As outlined it its 15th and 16th Development Plans, Nepal aims to build on these successes in the forest sector by transitioning from a conservation-focused model to a sustainable forest management model that will deliver jobs, secure livelihoods, and increase value addition for Nepal. Forests have been among the highest development priorities for Nepal. The Government of Nepal has recently identified landscape management to optimize benefits from the water-agriculture-forest (WAF) nexus as one of the top ten priority transitions for Nepal’s GRID path. The World Bank supports this transition through, among others, a strategic forest landscape program which encompasses a set of investment projects, policy and carbon financing, and advisory services, that build on Nepal’s major development successes to scale up impact, in line with the World Bank Group’s Nepal Country Partnership Framework (FY19-23 and FY25-31). This analytical support to the Government is carried out as part of the World Bank’s programmatic engagement on forest landscapes in Nepal. In response to a request from the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MOFE), the analytics aim to support investment decision making, resource planning, forest management practice, and policy implementation, by filling critical forest data and analytical gaps on the biophysical conditions and economic contributions of forests at national and subnational levels
The Impact of Using Mixed Reality to Teach Auto-Mechanics
No full textThis study evaluates the impact of incorporating mixed reality—including both augmented and virtual reality—into auto-mechanics training for students enrolled in selected public technical technological institutes in Ecuador. The intervention aims to enhance students' understanding of automotive mechanics by teaching the fundamental principles of internal combustion engine operation through nine competency-based learning modules delivered over one academic semester. The study employed a stratified randomized controlled trial at the class level, assigning auto-mechanic classes within each institute to either the mixed reality–enhanced training laboratory (treatment) or the standard curriculum (control). To measure learning outcomes, students completed pre- and post-intervention cognitive tests, complemented by student surveys assessing technology usability, motivation, and engagement. This comprehensive approach enabled the study to quantify the effects of the training on student learning and identify mechanisms through which learning occurred. The results indicate that students exposed to mixed reality–based instruction scored, on average, 0.37 standard deviation higher on post-tests than those in the control group—a statistically significant effect at the 1 percent level. These findings are consistent with effect sizes observed in training programs aimed at college students in high-income countries. The evidence also points to increased engagement and motivation as key channels through which mixed reality enhanced learning, underscoring the potential of immersive technologies to improve vocational training outcomes in low- and middle-income settings
A Strategic Approach in Eastern and Southern Africa - Regional Brief
No full textLivestock plays a critical economic and social role both globally and in the Eastern and Southern Africa region. The livestock sector encompasses a variety of species, with cattle being the most prominent in the region. Livestock systems in the region comprise large and small farms. Often, and particularly in the southern countries, well-organized commercial businesses on privately owned farms coexist with smallholders producing on communal land. For example, commercial farmers and businesses own approximately 60 percent of the beef cattle in South Africa. In contrast, in Botswana, more than 80 percent of the cattle are in communal cattle production. In southern countries, it is estimated that there are 100 million smallholder livestock keepers, producing most of the pork, poultry, and eggs. The brief is organized into the following sections: section 1 provides information about growth in the livestock sector and its driving forces and the need for increasing consumption of animal-source products in Eastern and Southern Africa. Section 2 examines why it is urgent to address emissions in the livestock sector. Section 3 discusses the prevailing sector growth model and lays out the basic elements of a more responsible approach to livestock growth. Section 4 addresses how to reduce emissions in livestock, with emphasis on the most important pathways: cutting methane emissions in cattle and preserving and enhancing carbon stocks in landscapes. Section 5 touches on additional benefits of a responsible approach beyond emissions control. Section 6 provides high-level recommendations in terms of priority investments, institutions and systems, and partnerships. Section 7 elaborates on how to finance responsible livestock sector development, including growing opportunities for using carbon markets as an additional incentive. Appendix A includes case studies conducted in 2023 for Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Appendix B provides further information about Article 6 and voluntary carbon markets
Strengthening Utility Balance Sheets in West Africa
No full textThis paper is one of a series of three that aim to help West African utilities and governments and the development financiers that support them - better understand and respond to these issues. The focus in the papers is primarily on utilities with a distribution function (that is, distribution-only utilities, transmission & distribution utilities, or vertically integrated utilities), but examples from other types of utilities (transmission only, generation & transmission) are drawn on when instructive. Though each paper’s approach is tailored to its topic, they share common features. Each paper contains: i) a stocktaking of the scope of the challenge in West African utilities, sometimes informed by new data collected for that paper; ii) conceptual frameworks to help readers deepen their understanding of the topic; and iii) real-world country examples in the form of case studies and/or utility deep dives. The insights presented in these papers draw on lessons learned from past World Bank engagement with client utilities and, in turn, have helped shape ongoing Bank operations
Expanding Economic Opportunities for Youth, Women, and Refugees in Jordan
No full textEconomic growth and job creation remain key challenges for Jordan, where the economy has only grown by an annual average of 2.5 percent over the past decade. Unemployment is persistently high (22.3 percent in 2023), particularly for youth (46.1 percent). Women, too, face significant structural barriers to working, from legal restrictions to lack of childcare; at 13.5 percent, Jordan’s female labor force participation rate is one of the lowest in the world. Adding to these challenges is Jordan’s large Syrian refugee population, who numbered some 1.3 million in 2023. One of the government’s main objectives under the Economic Modernization Vision is to create economic opportunities by improving the livelihoods of vulnerable groups, increasing labor force participation, encouraging entrepreneurship, and expanding vocational and technical education and training
Amazonia Bond Issuance Guidelines
No full textAmazonia, the world’s largest tropical rainforest region, plays a critical role in global bio-diversity, climate regulation, and sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people, including Indigenous peoples (IP), Afro-descendants (AD), and traditional communities (TC). It faces several complex and inter-linked challenges, such as socio-economic inequality, defor-estation, ecosystem degradation, food insecurity, and vulnerability to climate events.
The World Bank and the IDB jointly developed the Amazonia Bond Issuance Guide¬lines (Guidelines) to provide guidance and suggestions for the issuance of capital market instruments to finance investments in projects that support the transition to net-zero deforestation in the Amazonia region and help the local population pursue better liveli-hoods while preserving the ecosystem. While the existing Green Bond Principles (GBP), Social Bond Principles (SBP), and Sustainability Bond Guidelines of the International Cap-ital Market Association (ICMA Principles) provide best practices for bond issuances, they do not specifically address the unique challenges and priorities of the Amazonia region that Amazonia Bonds should finance. This document assists in closing the financing gap by providing suggested definitions of Amazonia Bonds and guidance for the issu¬ance process