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Remarks by World Bank Group President Ajay Banga at the Compact with Africa: G20 Finance Ministers & Central Bank Governors Meeting, Durban, South Africa
No full textBy the middle of the 21st century, Africa is poised to play a defining role in global development, with its rapidly growing population, abundant natural resources, and expanding cities. Ajay Banga, in his remarks at the Compact with Africa side event during the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting in Durban, South Africa, emphasized the continent's potential to become a global growth engine. With the largest and youngest workforce, Africa has the capacity to feed the planet, power renewable energy solutions, and meet its own energy needs. However, this promising future is not guaranteed, as the continent faces significant challenges, including the need to create jobs for its burgeoning youth population. Banga highlighted the importance of private-sector job creation, which accounts for 90% of employment, and stressed the need for conditions that enable businesses to thrive. The World Bank Group plays a critical role in this effort, leveraging public financing, policy reform, and private sector support to drive sustainable growth across key sectors such as infrastructure, agribusiness, healthcare, tourism, and value-added manufacturing
Pathways to a Resilient and Sustainable Future
No full textIn responding to these critical questions, this report updates and expands on the 2022 Country Climate and Development Report, particularly in the analysis of climate impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This report provides updated estimates of adaptation costs, incurred through three key and quantifiable impact channels – loss of labor productivity due to heat stress, capital losses in infrastructure, and impacts on agriculture – integrating climate adaptation measures and analyzing their distributional impacts across households. It warns that the macroeconomic cost of these climate impacts could reduce real GDP growth by an average of 0.33 percentage point up to 2050, leaving between 100,000 and 1.1 million people trapped in poverty by 2050. The study also quantifies the escalating economic toll of frequent extreme weather events, underscoring the urgency of resilience-building. For mitigation, the report evaluates the risks of delayed climate action, projecting significant GDP and employment losses
in manufacturing exports if decarbonization stalls. It aligns with Viet Nam’s updated sectoral strategies (power, transport, agriculture, industry), measuring their potential to meet national emissions targets and their broader economic trade-offs. It highlights that with current policies, Viet Nam could achieve its NDC target by 2030 – but would still fall short of its 2050 net zero target. Therefore, more needs to be done, including by accelerating the decarbonization of industrial and manufacturing sectors and efforts to create carbon sinks. The analysis emphasizes carbon pricing as a critical policy tool, estimating its emissions reduction potential, fiscal benefits, and socioeconomic impacts to inform equitable climate policymaking. A groundbreaking focus on Viet Nam’s marine economy reveals its untapped potential
to drive sustainable growth, including blue carbon ecosystems and offshore renewables, positioning coastal regions as engines of green development
Bulgaria - Country Partnership Framework for the Period FY25-FY29
No full textBulgaria has undergone a remarkable
transformation over the past three decades. Despite this
transformation and although European Union (EU) membership
in 2007 raised expectations of living standards rapidly
converging to EU levels, progress on a range of development
challenges has been uneven. Bulgaria remains the most
unequal country in the EU, with spatial disparities visible
across a range of outcomes and inequality of opportunity
reducing human capital potential. Economic productivity and
social inclusion are hampered by skill shortage and
institutional and governance weaknesses. The Country
Partnership Framework (CPF) FY25-29 sets a new direction for
World Bank Group (WBG) engagement in Bulgaria through a
sharpened focus on climate and digital development, while
maintaining the emphasis of the previous CPF on institutions
and people for enhanced competitiveness and inclusion. It
responds to the country’s evolving development opportunities
and challenges while building on achievements and lessons
from the previous CPF. This CPF is selective and prioritizes
two high-level outcomes (HLOs): (i) enhanced competitiveness
and social inclusion; and (ii) a low-carbon and more
sustainable economy. This CPF employs a knowledge-based
approach yet provides Bulgaria with access to the full range
of WBG instruments, including financing. The CPF builds on
lessons from the previous CPF FY17-22 and the FY23 and FY24
implementation years
Building and Managing Local Databases from Google Earth Engine with the geeLite R Package
No full textGoogle Earth Engine has transformed geospatial analysis by providing access to petabytes of satellite imagery and geospatial data, coupled with the substantial computational power required for in-depth analysis. This accessibility empowers scientists, researchers, and non-experts alike to address critical global challenges on an unprecedented scale. In recent years, numerous R packages have emerged to leverage Google Earth Engine’s functionalities. However, constructing and managing complex spatio-temporal databases for monitoring changes in remotely sensed data remains a challenging task that often necessitates advanced coding skills. To bridge this gap, geeLite, a novel R package, is introduced to facilitate the construction, management, and updating of local databases for Google Earth Engine-computed geospatial features, which enables users to monitor their evolution over time. By storing geospatial features in SQLite format—a serverless and self-contained database solution requiring no additional setup or administration—geeLite simplifies the data collection process. Furthermore, it streamlines the conversion of stored data into native R formats and provides functions for aggregating and processing created databases to meet specific user needs
A Rapariga Pode Sonhar: Análise de Aspirações, Normas de Género e Influenciadores entre Raparigas e Mulheres em Moçambique
No full textIn Sub-Saharan Africa, multiple interrelated challenges hinder the potential of girls and young women. Girls and women are more likely to live in poverty than men, have less access to education and health services, and rarely benefit from productive economic opportunities. Restrictive social norms exacerbate material constraints by defining what is considered acceptable for girls and women to do or not do. Policies and programs aimed at empowering girls and women can help break the cycle of poverty and support this population in achieving their dreams. Recognizing that girls’ and women are often influenced by their social environment, the research also interviews the people around them, to compare girls’ aspirations and attitudes to their community’s expectations and social norms, and to identify who in girls’ circles of influence can be leveraged as an agent of change to support them in achieving their dreams. In recent years, the Government of Mozambique, development partners, local associations and other stakeholders have come together to accelerate progress on the girls’ and women’s empowerment agenda.Na África Subsariana, múltiplos desafios inter-relacionados dificultam o potencial das raparigas e das mulheres jovens. As raparigas e as mulheres têm mais probabilidades de viver na pobreza do que os homens, têm menos acesso à educação e aos serviços de saúde e raramente beneficiam de oportunidades económicas produtivas. As normas sociais restritivas exacerbam os constrangimentos materiais ao definirem o que é considerado aceitável para raparigas e mulheres fazerem ou não fazerem. Políticas e programas destinados a empoderar meninas e mulheres podem ajudar a quebrar o ciclo da pobreza e apoiar essa população a alcançar seus sonhos. Reconhecendo que as raparigas e as mulheres são muitas vezes influenciadas pelo seu ambiente social, a investigação também entrevista as pessoas à sua volta, para comparar as aspirações e atitudes das raparigas com as expectativas e normas sociais da sua comunidade e para identificar quem nos círculos de influência das raparigas pode ser alavancado como um agente de mudança para as apoiar na realização dos seus sonhos. Nos últimos anos, o Governo de Moçambique, parceiros de desenvolvimento, associações locais e outras partes interessadas uniram-se para acelerar o progresso na agenda de empoderamento das raparigas e mulheres
Promoting Women’s Leadership: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What’s Missing
No full textWomen remain underrepresented in leadership positions worldwide. Across politics, business, and community organizations, they face persistent barriers that limit both access to leadership roles and influence in decision-making. This paper classifies these barriers into three categories—opportunity, motivation, and capabilities—and reviews global evidence on policy interventions designed to overcome them. The paper assesses the effectiveness of these interventions, the conditions under which descriptive representation (occupying a leadership position) translates into substantive representation (influencing decisions), and the potential unintended consequences. Quotas, which expand opportunities, can effectively increase women’s descriptive representation when properly designed and enforced and when applied to leadership positions instead of recruitment bodies. Role model interventions can motivate women’s participation, particularly in politics, but evidence is not conclusive and that from other domains is mixed. Other approaches—such as training, mentorship, and organizational reforms—show fragmented and context-specific results, often emphasizing career progression rather than leadership attainment. Importantly, greater numerical representation does not always lead to substantive influence, the ultimate benchmark for evaluating the effectiveness of policies promoting women’s leadership. Outcomes depend on institutional context, gender norms, resistance from incumbents, and complementary supports for female leaders. Backlash and reinforcement of stereotypes also emerge in some settings. Overall, advancing women’s leadership requires comprehensive strategies that simultaneously tackle multiple barriers and further research to clarify how representation translates into real influence
Planting Roots in Shifting Soil: Building Social Protection and Labor Systems in Fragile, Conflict, and Violence-Affected Settings
No full textTo guide policy and operational engagement in these complex contexts, this Approach Paper provides a structured framework for supporting social protection and labor systems and policies in FCV settings. The framework aims to support Task Teams and social protection practitioners in navigating diverse FCV situations through a practical, context-sensitive approach grounded in a deep understanding
of each setting’s specific risks, constraints, and opportunities. The framework articulates three high-level objectives of social protection and labor support in FCV contexts: (i) protect and support the accumulation of human capital; (ii) enable people and institutions to build resilience and cope with FCV-related impacts;
and (iii) lay the foundations for recovery and transition out of fragility and conflict. To translate these objectives into practice, the Paper introduces a pathway-based framework that organizes FCV contexts by four parameters: (i) the presence of active conflict, (ii) the feasibility of direct government engagement, (iii) the government’s territorial access, and (iv) the maturity of national Social Protection and Labor systems. These factors shape the engagement model, the actors involved, and how support is sequenced and scaled. Based on this framework, eight resulting pathways are identified, each representing a tailored approach to engagement, and illustrated through real-world case studies to support practical implementation
Guidance for the Thoughtful Integration of Artificial Intelligence for Evaluation (Guidance Note)
No full textWithin the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI), large language models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance the efficiency, breadth, and validity of the collection, processing, and analysis of text as data in evaluation practice. However, LLMs do not always generate aligned, authoritative, or accurate responses, indicating that their responses must be validated before use in our work. Furthermore, the importance of analytical rigor in our practice, combined with our institutions' ability to affect the lives of people around the world, makes it clear that we must take a thoughtful approach to integrating such tools. How can we realize the potential of LLMs while maintaining rigor? This guidance note aims to answer that question by demonstrating good practices for experimenting with LLMs based on a frequently occurring use case in our evaluations: structured literature review (SLR). This use case serves as a concrete example of how LLMs can be thoughtfully integrated into evaluation workflows. This publication is jointly produced by the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) of the World Bank (WB) and the Independent Office of Evaluation (IOE) of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
North Macedonia Policy Notes
No full textFollowing the election of the new
government in North Macedonia in June 2024, the World Bank
Group prepared 16 sector-specific Policy Notes suggesting
three focus areas to support faster, more resilient, and
sustainable economic growth in North Macedonia
Technical Guidance Note on Ecosystem Governance for Carbon Markets Infrastructure: Assessment and Recommendations
No full textThe "Technical Guidance Note on Ecosystem Governance for Carbon Markets Infrastructure: Assessment and Recommendations" is one of five guidance notes prepared by the Carbon Markets Infrastructure Working Group (CMI WG). This note aims to inform robust governance across carbon market systems. It highlights governance priority areas identified by the CMI WG, including clarification of roles among key actors, the independence of VVBs, and harmonized terminology to support transparency, trust, and interoperability. Through a stocktake of global initiatives, a mapping of ecosystem functions accompanied by a glossary of terms, and strategic recommendations, the note aims to support stakeholders in strengthening institutional safeguards and align with evolving market requirements