Review of Economics and Development Studies (READS) (E-Journal)
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An Analysis of the Tariff and Non-Tariff Barrier on Global Cottonseed Oil Trade
Get PDFThis study is conducted to estimate the effect of both tariff and non-tariff barriers on global crude cottonseed oil, refined cottonseed, and cottonseed oil. This effect is estimated for a sample of developed and developing countries using data over the period 2005 to 2015. The study employed three maximum residue limits (MRL) indices, namely Li and Beghin, Actual Heterogeneous Index (AHI) and Heterogeneous Index (HI) as well as two estimation techniques, Poisson and Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). Marginal effects are obtained by using the Poisson technique. Estimated parameters such as distance, common border, PTAs, are found significant and according to prior expectations. The role of tariffs is more substantial in the oilseed trade compared to the trade in cottonseed crude oil. It is also found that the estimated elasticity by using Poisson technique is highly elastic as compared to OLS method. However, the aggregation of commodities at a higher level, as in the case of cottonseed oil, shows that the effect of the tariff on trade becomes statistically insignificant. Further, cottonseed crude oil is a major commodity affected by tariffs, particularly in the case of trade between North-North and North-South countries. Finally, the effect of tariffs on cottonseed refined oil trade was found insignificant
Relationship Between University Students Time Management Skills and Their Academic Performance
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of time management skills on the academic achievement of university students. The study used quantitative research design. The population of the study consisted of all Bachelor level students of public sector universities in Malkand Division. A random sample of 900 Bachelor level students from three universities of Malakand division participated in the study. Data were collected through Time Management Behavior Scale (TMBS) developed by Macan, Shahani, Dipboye and Phillips (1990) consisting of 34 items based on five-point rating scale. The students were also requested to provide their results in the last semester. Data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, and Pearson’s coefficient correlation. The university students exhibited moderate level of time management skills. No significant difference was found between the perceptions of male and female students. A positive significant moderate relationship was found between the four constructs of TMBS and students academic performance. It was concluded that the students who have good time management skills tends to have higher academic achievement and decreased time management skills could result in decreased outcomes. The study recommended that university students should concentrate on developing their capacities in time management areas through trainings, workshops and seminars to increase their academic achievement
Do Migrant Remittances Spur Financial Development in Pakistan? Evidence From Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Approach
Get PDFThe study asseses the influence of migrant remittances on financial development over the period of 1976-2018 in Pakistan. This study has applied the linear autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model and nonlinear autoregressie distributed lag (NARDL) model to check the symmetric and asymmetric effect of remittances. Results of the ARDL and NARDL bound test confirm remittances, FDI, real GDP and inflation significantly contributing to financial development. The outcomes of ARDL and NARDL have also confirmed the significant positive effect of migrant remittances on financial development in long-run. The asymmetric ARDL results show the existence of remittances nonlinear effect on financial development. Specifically, the study found remittances decrease have a significant impact while remittances increase have no any significant effect on financial development. Based on findings, this study recommends the plan for the policymakers of recipient countries, especially Pakistan, could harvest the potential gain of migrant remittances though positive asymmetric association with financial sector development
Involvement of Social and Cognitive Factors in Reading Skills of Boys and Girls: A Comparative Study
Get PDFIt has been a controversial issue to ascertain whether girls have an advantage in literacy skills over boys or not. There are studies showing a minor or no lead of girls in literacy skills (White, 2007). On the other hand, several studies described better literacy skills in girls than boys (Ready, LoGerfo, Burkam& Lee, 2005; Coley, 2001). Reasons like differences in biology,cognitive and physical maturation (Leinhardt, Seewald & Engel, 1979) are given to explain these differences. In this study, 8-9 years 66 grade 3 children were tested on loud reading tasks in both Urdu and English.The children were extracted from a bigger sample which participated in a previous study. In the present study, we used 3-word lists (words of mixed difficulty, pseudo-words, and easy frequent words) in both Urdu and English (3+3). A t-test was run to see the difference of performance on all word reading tasks by girls, and boys. The girls scored higher than boys on all Urdu and English tasks, except pseudo-words in Urdu where the difference was not significant whereas a tendency towards significance could be seen. The results presented evidence in favour of the advantage (cognitive or social) of girls over boys of the same age and grade
Abnormal Returns, Corporate Financial Policies and the Dynamics of Leverage: Empirical Evidence from Non-Financial Sector of Pakistan
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to evaluate impact of corporate financial policies and the dynamics of leverage on financial performance of non-financial sector in Pakistan. In this study we used the data from Fertilizer, Chemical and Cement sector for the period 2008-2017. Abnormal return has been taken as dependent variable and Change in cash to lagged market values, Change in EBIT to lagged market values, Change in dividend to lagged market value, Net Financing to lagged market value, Lagged cash values to lagged market values, Lagged cash values to lagged market values crossed by change in cash to lagged market value, Change in total assets net of cash to lagged market values, Change in interest to lagged market values, Operating leverage, Financial leverage, Total leverage, Leverage ratio, Leverage ratio to change in cash crossed by lagged market values and WACC are taken as explanatory variables. OLS, Fixed effect and Random effect models has been used to express the impact of these variables on return. Hence it is concluded that leverage dynamics are significant contributors in designing the corporate financial policies. Corporate financial policies have significant impact on the financial performance of the non-financial sector of Pakistan
Feedback Impact in High, Average and Low Achievers’ Mathematics Engagement in High Schools’ Classrooms
Get PDFThe present study has interrogated the effect of feedback on different ability groups’ engagement in mathematics. The sample of this quasi-experimental research study was consisted of 87 grade nine students. The control group was consisted of 43 students whereas experimental group has total 44 students. Some feedback techniques and strategies were used in teaching during intervention. Students’ engagement (cognitive, affective and behavioral) was measured by administering a questionnaire at the start and end of the intervention. Results has shown that intervention has a noteworthy effect on average and low achievers cognitive engagement but it has no significant effect in case of high achievers cognitive engagement. Results also have shown that intervention has significant effect on high, average and low achievers’ affective engagement. Similarly, intervention has a noteworthy effect on of high achievers, average achievers and low achievers’ behavioral engagement. Students in experimental group who were more engaged and spent more time on homework and extra work. These results highlighted the importance of feedback in mathematics classroom therefore further research on components of engagement is required
Agriculture, Manufacturing and Economic Growth in India: A Co-integration Analysis
Get PDFThis study examine the most debatable question of the last three decade, i.e., “Does the agriculture growth affect the economic growth?” with the use of annually data from 1966-to 2016. The study employed unit root and causality test suggested by the Dicky fuller, Phillips-Perron and Granger respectively. Besides, ARDL techniques used to analysis the relationship among the variables, i.e., agriculture, manufacturing and economic growth for the short as well as long period of time. As per outcome, result shows that, uni-directional causality running from manufacturing and economic growth to agricultural growth. Moreover, unidirectional causality running from economic growth to manufacturing growth. Results also showed that bidirectional causal relationship between economic and agriculture growth. It can be concluded that, this study support of a very famous statement “agriculture is the engine of economic growth" this statement is valid for the short period of time but manufacturing contributed more than agriculture sector to the economic growth in the long run in India
Nexuses between Malnutrition, Social Exclusion of Children and Human Capital: A Qualitative Study
Get PDFThe present study describes the parents’ attitude towards malnutrition, social exclusion of children, and human capital in three districts of South Punjab, Pakistan. The qualitative research approach is applied with three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with parents of children. The interview guide was used to collect data and thematic analysis approach was done. It was concluded that malnutrition made the children socially excluded by damaging their health, academic achievements, and losing their interests in games. It was also concluded that no education and skills of malnourished children become socially excluded from their workplaces. Finally, it was concluded that this situation of malnutrition leads them toward social exclusion. Therefore, this social capital of the future in the shape of social exclusion of children increases the economic burden of family and ultimately nation. To overcome this issue, steps should be taken by the government and community level
Human Development, Political Stability and Economic Growth: The way forward
Get PDFEconomic growth has been known to foster human development for long term economic stability. The evidence of bi-causality in the human development and economic growth nexus is however limited. This paper builds on the reverse causality between human development and economic growth in context of Pakistan, with the moderating impact of political stability. The study applies OLS and VECM on the data collected from World Bank Database from year 2006 to 2018. Our findings exhibit empirical evidence related to endogenous growth models and a significant causal relationship between human development and economic growth, moderated by political stability. The relationship is further explained by trajectories of happiness, health and income redistribution. Our findings suggest efficient reallocation of resources towards human development to address post pandemic growth concerns
Infrastructure and Households’ Incomes in Pakistan: A Cross Province Comparative Analysis of Rural Areas
Get PDFLack of earning opportunities in rural areas of developing countries isthe key constraint to rural development and infrastructure has the forceto increase such activities. Hence, this study attempts to summarizestatus of rural infrastructural development along with exploring its rolefor enhancement of rural household's income in Pakistan. On the basisof ‘Pakistan 2008 MOUZA Statistics”, a cross-province comparativeanalysis points out devastated state of rural infrastructural developmentin Pakistan which is observed to be miserable on account of skeweddistribution while favouring Punjab and depriving Balochistan. Thisstudy also exploits income generation model based on productionfunction while including infrastructure as external factor with thehypothesis that it has multiplier effect on incomes. For this purposeHousehold Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) for the year 2005-06 isused for rural areas only, which is latest in the sense that information onrural communities is uniquely available in this dataset. On the basis ofanalysis using log-lin functional form it has been concluded in this studythat even infrastructural development has a positive role for ruralhouseholds' incomes but its role is secondary in comparison to otherattributes i.e. household size, livestock holdings, head's gender, age andeducation. It is further established that for rural households’ incomeeven infrastructure for energy provision is most important butinfrastructural need for different regions is different