Review of Economics and Development Studies (READS) (E-Journal)
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Determinants of Earnings of Rural Households of Multan District (Pakistan)
Full text linkThis study focuses on exploring the factors affecting on urban Earnings of household of Multan district. Cross-sectional data was collected through questionnaire from household of District Multan's belonging to rural areas. About 300 respondents belonging to rural areas were randomly engaged for an interview in 2021. Mincerian earning function was used for analysis and its extension form was also analyzed. In this study it was found that Experience and Education positively impact on earning whereas experience square had a negative impact while evaluating Mincerian Earing function. In the Extended Mincerian Earing function, Education, experience, age, spouse involvement, marital status, and migration positively impact on earnings while age squared, experience squared, and employment have a negative impact on earnings of rural household of Multan district
On the Nonlinear Impact of Tourism on Environment Quality in South Asia: Evidence from the NARDL Approach
Full text linkThe current study inspects the nonlinear effects of tourism (TOR), energy use, and output growth on carbon emissions in the selected South Asian (SA) countries, namely Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India. The empirical results are obtained by implementing the recently developed nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) technique covering the data spanning from 1990 to 2019. The empirical findings suggest the nonlinear effect of TOR on carbon emissions in the long run. Further, the results revealed that positive shocks in TOR have a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions in the SA region. In contrast, negative shocks in TOR mitigate carbon emissions in all SA economies except Nepal. Moreover, the results demonstrate that energy use and output growth also have a meaningful impact on carbon emissions. Based on the findings, the directions for future research and policy implications are proposed
Causal Relationship Among SME’s Import, Export, Deposits, and Small Manufacturing Contribution to GDP – Toda Yamamoto Analysis
Full text linkPurpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the causal relationship between Pakistani SMEs' imports, exports, domestic deposits, and GDP in the small manufacturing sector over 2007-Q1 to 2020-Q4.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Granger causality is a revolutionary and cutting-edge econometric technique that was presented by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). This technique enabled us to identify various kinds of observations, all of which are discussed in detail in the concluding part of the article.
Findings: Four-causal relationship among the variables which revealed the empirical results. (i) fluctuations in exports values, total imports values and deposit in domestic currency may cause the changes in GDP of small manufacturing sector in Pakistan (ii) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing and deposits in domestic currency may cause the changes in total exports value in SME sector in Pakistan while changes in total imports value do not make the cause of changes in total exports value in Pakistan SME sector (iii) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing and total exports value may cause the changes in total imports value in SME sector in Pakistan while changes in deposit in domestic currency do not make the cause of changes in total imports value in SME sector in Pakistan and (iv) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing, total exports value, and total import values does not make the cause of changes in deposit in domestic currency in SME sector in Pakistan.
Implications/Originality/Value: Using secondary data and an estimation method to take into account new factors, the study also makes a big contribution to the ongoing research on SMEs in Pakistan
Determinants of Tourism Arrivals in China
Full text linkThe aim of study has to investigate behavior of tourism under the threat of CO2 release in case of China. The research work employed Secondary time-series-data over the time duration 1996-2019. The research work used tourism arrivals as dependent and CO2 emission, GDP growth Rate, tourism expenditure and trade are used as independent variables. The study also applied OLS is applies for the findings. The results of OLS indicate that, positive impact of CO2 emission on tourism arrivals in China. It means that, tourism increase with the increase in CO2 emission. While other variables, like GDPGR, tourism expenditure, and trade are positively increasing the Tourism.
 
The Effect of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Use on Sustainable Development in South East Asia
Full text linkThis research focuses on observing the effects of renewable and fossil fuel energy usage on the environment and economic growth in Southeast Asian countries. The study utilized the annual data of southeast Asian countries from 1990 to 2020 This study used gross fixed capital formation, foreign direct investment, renewable energy, population, non-renewable energy, and Labor force on fundaments of economic growth concerning sustainability. Fixed Effect, Radom Effect, and a two-step GMM methodology were used to estimate the link among the variables. The consequences of the study demonstrate that renewable energy intake has a destructive and statistically significant influence the dependent variable: CO2 emission whereas fossil energy has a noteworthy and positive influence on CO2 emissions. Foreign direct investment and population have a significantly positive influence on CO2 emission. While non-renewable and Renewable-energy intake has a momentous optimistic bearing on the economic progress of nominated ASEAN states along through labor force and capital formation. The universal energy needs depend on finite nonrenewable energy sources in the form of natural gas, oil, and coal which are exhaustible and hazardous to the environment. So, the need for hours is that the governments should escalate the use of renewable energy in their energy mix to increase the economy’s growth and environmental sustainability
Consumers Purchase Intention for Energy Efficient Household Appliances in Pakistan
Full text linkConsumption of electricity all over the world has been increasing in past years. However, the present investment trend is presenting marks of power supply shortage. Hereafter, several countries have incorporated energy efficiency as a limited solution to forthcoming energy problems. A lot of households are not substituting their household energy products with energy-efficient ones. Usage of energy-efficient appliances in Pakistan is still at a poor level. The main focus of the study is to see the consumers purchase intention for the energy-efficient household appliances in the southern region of Punjab. This study used a questionnaire that was administered to four hundred consumers in three districts of south Punjab, Pakistan. Partial Least Square (PLS) regression is used. The findings show that more favorable attitudes, social influence and perceived behavioral control towards energy-efficient household appliances significantly impact on purchase intention of the consumers. This study also proved that environmental concern and moderation are also a positive impact on household decisions to purchase efficient home energy appliances. Creating awareness through advertisements about energy star labeling will be beneficial for consumers
Path Dependence in Energy System and Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Evidence from Time Series Data
Full text linkPath dependence refers to the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production system. This study empirically examines the effect of path dependence in energy systems on ecological footprint of Pakistan from 1981-2014. Unit root test determines the integrated order of variables, while Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model investigates the existence of a long-run association between variables. The negative and significant speed of adjustment coefficient ensures the adjustment of the model used in long run after unexpected shocks. Fossil fuel consumption significantly increases ecological footprint in Pakistan. If fossil fuel consumption increases by 1 percent, ecological footprint rises by 2.07 percent. Increase in biocapacity increases ecological footprint by 1.1 percent. Urbanization and population density significantly decrease ecological footprint as 1 percent increase in population density decreases ecological footprint by 0.96 percent and one percent rise in urbanization reduces ecological footprint by 3.28 percent. Foreign direct investment does not show any significant association with the ecological footprint. Standard diagnostic tests support the empirical results of the study and confirm that no heteroscedasticity and serial correlation exists. The policy implication is to implement measures to diminish the usage of fossil fuels in energy systems and increased usage of alternative and renewable energy sources. This can abate the burden on environment and biocapacity of Pakistan making it feasible to reduce ecological footprint levels in Pakistan
Green Nudges: A Review of Behavioral Economics Based Interventions for Reducing Carbon Emissions
Full text linkClimate change poses a great threat to human civilization as the signs of an upcoming climate disaster have started showing around the world in the form of heatwaves, forest fires, cyclones, and floods. One of the biggest contributors to climate change is carbon emissions which are the direct result of anthropogenic activities. With the fast-approaching climate crisis, countries require innovative and fast solutions to reduce their carbon emissions. With the slow rate of transition from the supply side, there is a need for more demand-side interventions to mitigate climate change. One such form of intervention is offered by behavioral economics in the form of Green Nudges which refer to changes in the decision-making environments in order to promote a more climate-responsible consumer behavior. This paper conducts a review of the green nudge interventions across the world and discusses their efficacy as a policy intervention in developing countries to mitigate climate change
Appraising Environmental Beauty of Northern Areas of Pakistan through Rhetoric Expressions in Uzma Aslam Khan’s Thinner Than Skin: An Ecolinguistic Perspective
Full text linkEnvironmental study is rising as a hot topic nowadays and there is a striking awareness of sustaining asymmetry between man and nature. How individuals ponder human relationships with the earth and other living creatures have changed deliberately. Ecolinguistics is a sub-field of sociolinguistics that studies the role of language in connecting human beings and their natural environment. Therefore, this research investigates the use of rhetorical expressions by Anglophone author Uzma Aslam Khan and her characters Nadir, Farhana, and Maryam and their attitudes, graduation, and engagement with the natural environment. For this purpose, the "Appraisal Model" (Martin and White, 2000) has been used as a theoretical framework that sheds light on Arran Stibbe's (2015) ecolinguistic model of Evaluation. It highlights several rhetorical devices through which the narrators expressed their positive attitude towards "the stories they lived by." They rhetorically bespeak the readers to appreciate the environmental beauty of the Northern areas of Pakistan as it is surrounded by beauty and provides a therapeutic potency to build a strong relationship between man and his motherland. The study is limited as it only attempts to praise the beauty of Northern areas by appraisal patterns and does not include the other counterparts of Pakistan. However, the study is significant as it endeavors to appreciate the environmental beauty of Pakistan and provides new avenues for scholars to bridge a gap between ecolinguistics and other areas of linguistics, such as critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, and semantics
Aggressive Students’ Academic Performance: Teachers’ Insight
Full text linkPresented study was aimed to highlight the different causes of aggressive behavior of students and its effects on their academic performance, according to the observations of secondary school students. To accomplish this goal, the conducted research was descriptive in nature. Data were collected from elementary school students’ teachers through a questionnaire. The population of the study was considered as all public elementary school male and female teachers in four Tehsils of District Multan region. Total eighty schools and from each school 3 teachers were randomly selected as a result total 240 teachers were selected. A questionnaire consisting of 49 items was designed for teachers. Furthermore, data were analyzed by adopting as per need descriptive and inferential statistics. It is concluded that aggressive behaviors in students do not significantly reduce a students’ academic performance, however, there is a sign that academic scores are declining as aggression increases. Aggressive behaviors in students do not directly lead to low academic performance. Although there is an insignificant link between aggressive behavior and academic performance, aggressive students face difficulties in their education. It is recommended that teachers need additional training on how to deal with children with aggressive behavior. In this regard, parents-teachers meeting on regular basis and on required desires of teachers is necessary