GUMAN (Urdu Research Journal)
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A Critical and Research Review of “British Orientalists and the History of Urdu Literature: "برطانوی مستشرقین اور تاریخ ادب اردو" کا تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ"
No full textThis paper presents a comprehensive research-based and critical review of the contributions and perspectives of British orientalists towards the history of Urdu literature. It highlights their interest in Urdu language and literature, their research efforts, historiographical methods, and the colonial mindset behind their writings. The study also reflects on how their works influenced the course of Urdu literary history and critically examines their ideological inclinations. In the history of Urdu literature, the role of Western orientalists, especially British scholars and researchers, is both important and noteworthy. Orientalism was not merely an academic interest but often a tool for fulfilling colonial objectives.
Keywords: Orientalism, British Orientalists, Urdu Literature, Historiography, Critical Revie
Relationship Between Parents and Teachers’ Communication on Students Successat Secondary Level in Haveli Kahutta
Full text linkThis research was conducted to examine the relationship of parent-teacher communication with student success. The study aimed to identify the primary sources of interaction between parents and teachers, explore the relationship between their communication and student performance. The population consisted of teachers and parents from secondary schools in the public and government sectors. A sample of 150 teachers and parents was selected through convenience sampling from the Tehsil and District Haveli in Azad Kashmir. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale for both teachers and parents. The responses were analyzed using SPSS software, revealing significant insights into the dynamics of parent-teacher communication and its correlation with student performance. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that schools implement regular training for teachers on effective communication strategies with parents to foster open dialogue. Additionally, schools should organize workshops to equip parents with the necessary skills to engage meaningfully with teachers about their children's education. Finally, establishing flexible communication channels, such as emails and phone calls, can help accommodate the diverse preferences and schedules of parents, thereby enhancing their involvement in their children's academic success
A Research And Critical Study Of Selected Prose Works Of The 21st Century In India : بھارت میں اکیسویں صدی کی منتخب عروضی کتب:تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
No full textThe science of ‘Arud or ‘Aruz (علم عروض) is a branch of knowledge that deals with the prosody and meter of poetry. It involves analyzing the rhythm and structure of verses according to specific rules and patterns. This science was developed by Khalil ibn Ahmad in the 2nd century Hijri (8th century CE) and originated in Arabic. Over time, it was adopted into Persian and later into Urdu, with scholars adapting it to fit the nuances of each language. In the Indian subcontinent, numerous books on the science of ‘Arud were published before the partition of India. These works primarily focused on traditional discussions within the field. After partition, this tradition continued in India, and many books on ‘Arud have been published, reflecting both the preservation of classical approaches and modern innovations, such as comparative studies with other poetic forms and the creation of new poetic meters. Today, India has a rich repository of classical and contemporary works on ‘Arud, contributing to the ongoing development of this field. Similarly, afer the parttion of India, several books on the science of Aruz have been written in Pakistan and are stil being written. In these Aruz books, attempts have been made to simplify modern Aruz discussions and Aruz along with traditional topics. So far, a good amount of Aruz capital has come ot the fore.
Keywords: Arooz, Arooz History, Bharat, Arooz Books, 21st centur
Common Features in the Poetry of Hafez Shirazi and Urfi Shirazi: A Comparative Study of Thought and Aesthetics
Full text linkThis article presents a comparative study of the poetic visions of Hafez Shirazi and Urfi Shirazi, two of the most significant figures in Persian ghazal poetry. Despite living in different historical periods, both poets share profound similarities in their treatment of mystical love, symbolic language, poetic imagination, and critique of religious hypocrisy. Hafez represents the classical style of Persian ghazal enriched with spiritual depth and symbolic density, while Urfi emerges as a pioneer of the Indian Style, introducing bold metaphors, innovative imagery, and philosophical wit. The paper explores how both poets utilize traditional symbols such as wine, the tavern, the beloved, and nature to express transcendental experiences. It further highlights their shared aesthetic concerns, including linguistic innovation, metaphorical complexity, and mystical symbolism. Through close reading and textual analysis, the study reveals that Persian ghazal, as seen in Hafez and Urfi, is not only lyrical and romantic but also intellectually and spiritually sophisticated.
Keywords: Hafez Shirazi, Urfi Shirazi, Persian Ghazal, Mystical Love, Symbolism, Indian Style, Poetic Imagination, Sufi Aesthetics, Persian Literary Tradition, Comparative Literatur
Climate Change and Its Intellectual and Ethical Solutions in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah
Full text linkClimate change is one of the biggest challenges we face this century. It affects ecosystems, societies, and economies in unprecedented ways. While much of the discussion focuses on scientific and policy solutions, we should also consider its ethical and moral effects on individuals. This article looks at global warming through the lens of the Qur'an and Sunnah, arguing that Islamic principles can provide lasting solutions to environmental pollution. The study includes themes such as mīzān, fasād fī al-arḍ, and amānah from the Qur'an and Prophetic traditions. These themes emphasize moderation, conservation, and mercy toward all creation. Using a qualitative and analytical approach, the paper explores the roots of Islamic environmental ethics and its relevance to current issues like deforestation, pollution, and resource depletion. The research suggests that Islam offers a solid framework for stewardship, justice, and accountability that aligns with modern ecological practices and policies. The paper concludes by proposing the implementation of fiqh al-bi’ah (Islamic law regarding the environment) and the integration of Islamic teachings into global climate efforts. It also emphasizes the mobilization of Muslim communities towards eco-friendly living. By grounding the climate discussion in Qur'anic and Prophetic teachings, this study shows how faith can contribute to tackling one of our major global challenges.
Keywords: Climate Change, Qur’an, Sunnah, Islamic Environmental Ethics, Intellectual Solutions, Ethical Responsibility, Fiqh al-Bi’a
The Rubaiyat and Their Historical Evolution till 1947: رباعی اور اُس کا تاریخی ارتقا 1947ءتک
No full textThis article examines the Rubai as a distinct and highly regarded genre within Urdu poetry۔lines yet possessing remarkable depth and expressive power. What sets this form apart is its ability to encapsulate profound ideas—ranging from philosophy, love, mysticism, and ethics to social observations—in a concise, yet impactful manner. Originating in Persian literature, this poetic form was refined and perfected there before making its way into Urdu. Over time, poets embraced and enriched the Rubai, elevating it into a serious and intellectually esteemed form in Urdu literary tradition. Today, it remains beloved for its emotional resonance, brevity, and literary elegance
The Role of Estoppel in Evidence Law: A Critical Analysis of Legal Doctrine and Its Application in Judicial Processes
Full text linkA legal doctrine that denies a party from denying or taking a contrary position in that which is shown to be true by representation, conduct or by a court´s judgment. Especially with regard to estoppel by record, estoppel by deed, estoppel in pais, estoppel by conduct, this paper discusses estoppel in the context of evidence law. The research examines Estoppel’s contribution to ensuring consistency, fairness and integrity of the judicial process. Using doctrinal research methodology of statutes, case law and legal commentary, it analyses the efficacy of estoppel in contemporary jurisprudence. We find important insights: In particular, estoppel is a first order tool in preventing abuse so long as it is applied in a consistent manner across jurisdictions, but only if. Moreover it is a matter of ongoing debate among courts as to whether the doctrine is inconsistent with other legal principles, including the principle of procedural fairness. Finally, this paper suggests that the law of estoppel should be clarified and de standardized regarding the manner in which estoppel should be applied in order to achieve an equitable as well as just result.
Keywords: Estoppel, Evidence Law, Estoppel by Conduct, Estoppel by Deed, Evidence-based Doctrine, Judicial Consistency, Legal Doctrin
Technical Analysis of T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” in Light of Vinay and Darbelnet’s Equivalence Translation Model: ’جے ایلفرڈ پروفرک کا محبت کا گیت‘از ٹی ایس ایلیٹ کا وینے اور ڈاربلنے کے مطابقتی ماڈل کی روشنی میں فنی جائزہ
No full textT.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), a seminal modernist poem, encapsulates themes of urban alienation, spiritual crisis, and existential hesitation. This study examines Ahsan Akbar’s Urdu verse translation of the poem through the lens of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation model, focusing on its technical and artistic merits. Eliot’s poem, a dramatic monologue, portrays Prufrock as a diffident, introspective figure navigating the disorientation of modern society, marked by fragmented imagery and innovative style. Akbar’s translation employs strategies like borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation to preserve the poem’s symbolic depth and cultural nuances while making it accessible to Urdu readers. Borrowing retains Western references (e.g., “Michelangelo,” “Lazarus”) to maintain Eliot’s intertextuality, while calque and literal translation mirror the original’s structure, ensuring fidelity to its imagery, such as “yellow fog” and “coffee spoons.” Transposition and modulation adapt syntactic and metaphorical elements to align with Urdu’s poetic idiom, enhancing fluency and cultural resonance. Equivalence and adaptation transform Western motifs, like “mermaids” into “water fairies,” embedding them in South Asian literary traditions. Akbar’s balanced approach ensures the translation is both faithful to Eliot’s modernist themes—hesitation, alienation, and existential dread—and resonant with Urdu poetic sensibilities. This study highlights how Akbar’s strategic choices bridge cultural and linguistic divides, preserving the poem’s essence while enriching Urdu literature with modernist possibilities.
Keywords: T.S. Eliot, J. Alfred Prufrock, Modernism, Translation, Vinay and Darbelnet, Urdu Poetry, Alienation, Existential Crisis, Symbolic Imagery, Cultural Adaptatio
Role of Dr.Muhmmad Azam Azam in Pashto Drama
Full text linkDr. Muhammad Azam Azam was a famous and distinguished writer of Pashto literature. He spent his whole life service the Pashto language. He was a poet, dramatist, researcher and critic. His dramas show the real picture of the society and carry reformative and moral messages. He used simple language, humor and real life situations to attract the audience. His dramas not only entertain but also teach lessons about social values and human behavior. From an artistic point of view his dramas are rich in style, dialogue and characterization, which make him one of the leading dramatists of Pashto literature.
Keywords: Dr.Muhammad Azam Azam, Pashto drama, society, humor, reform, art, literature
Elements of Satire and Humor in the Short Stories of Dr. Anwar Ahmad: ڈاکٹر انوار احمد کے افسانوں میں طنزو مزاح کے عناصر
No full textThis article examines the presence of satire and humor in the short stories of Dr. Anwar Ahmad, a prominent figure in contemporary Urdu fiction. His writings reflect a deep engagement with the social, political, economic, and religious realities of Pakistan. Satire in his stories is not used for mere amusement but as a powerful literary device to criticize injustice, authoritarianism, class inequality, and the misuse of religion and education. Through stories like "Nau Ji," "Bichuon ke Saath Raat," and "Kahani Kaun Likhe?" Anwar Ahmad addresses sensitive issues with boldness, yet he never compromises the artistic integrity of the narrative. His unique ability to blend storytelling with sharp social critique allows readers to experience both intellectual depth and emotional resonance. He targets real social elements and institutions, exposing the contradictions and hypocrisies embedded in them. His fiction captures the spirit of the times, presenting not only surface realities but also the deeper moral and psychological crises of society. With a progressive mindset and a keen literary sense, Anwar Ahmad has contributed a distinctive voice to Urdu literature, establishing satire and humor as meaningful, impactful tools for social reflection and critique.
Keywords: Dr. Anwar Ahmad, Urdu fiction, satire and humor, social critique, class inequality, religious exploitation, misuse of education, progressive mindset, literary aesthetics, psychological crisi