GUMAN (Urdu Research Journal)
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The Influence of Pashtun Culture and Civilization in Urdu Poetry of the Kohat Division: کوہاٹ ڈویژن کی اُردو شاعری میں پختون تہذیب وثقافت کے اثرات
No full textThe Urdu poetry of the Kohat Division reflects a unique literary and cultural synthesis that has been deeply shaped by the ethos of Pashtun culture and civilization. This study investigates how Pashtun traditions, such as hospitality (melmastia), bravery (ghairat), loyalty, spirituality, and communal identity, find powerful expression in the works of local poets. The research argues that the poetic imagination of the region cannot be understood in isolation from the cultural environment in which it was nurtured. The incorporation of tribal values, folk traditions, and oral storytelling practices into Urdu poetry demonstrates how literature serves as a mirror of social and cultural life. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of poetry in preserving the collective memory of Pashtun society within the linguistic medium of Urdu, thereby bridging the gap between regional identity and national literary discourse. By analyzing themes, imagery, and symbolism, the research reveals how poets from Kohat Division have enriched Urdu literature with distinct cultural hues while simultaneously safeguarding indigenous traditions. The socio-political conditions of the region, combined with the historical legacy of the Pashtuns, contribute to the creation of a literary voice that embodies both resistance and resilience. Ultimately, this exploration emphasizes that Urdu poetry from the Kohat Division is not only an artistic expression but also a valuable cultural document. It preserves the spirit of Pashtun civilization while adapting it to the broader framework of Urdu literature, ensuring that the values of courage, honor, and collective identity continue to resonate across generations.
Keywords: Kohat Division, Urdu Poetry, Pashtun Culture, Pashtun Civilization, Tribal Traditions, Cultural Identity, Literary Heritage, Symbolism, Socio-Political Influenc
Building Stronger Teams: How Mindfulness Moderates the Link between Prosocial Behaviors and Team Cohesion in Women's University Football Players in Punjab, Pakistan
Full text linkBackground. Team cohesion is crucial in competitive sports, particularly in women's football where social dynamics influence success. Prosocial behaviors such as self-transcendence and friendship quality may foster cohesion, while aggression may hinder it. Mindfulness has emerged as a factor that can moderate these relationships. Objectives. This study investigates the relationship between prosocial behaviors (self-transcendence, friendship quality, aggression) and team cohesion and how mindfulness moderates the relationship between prosocial behaviours (self-transcendence, friendship quality, aggression) and team cohesion among women football players in Pakistan. Methods. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 373 university-level women football players in Punjab, Pakistan via purposive sampling. Constructs were measured using validated scales and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results. Self-transcendence (β = 0.256, p = 0.001) and friendship quality (β = 0.213, p = 0.004) were positively associated with team cohesion. Aggression showed a non-significant relationship (β = 0.096, p = 0.150). Mindfulness moderated the effect of self-transcendence (β = -0.112, p = 0.011) but did not moderate friendship quality (β= -0.454, t< 5.015, P= 0.000) however, aggression (β= 0.428, t< 5.054, P= 0.000) positively moderates the relationship between aggression and team cohesion. Conclusions. The findings suggest that promoting prosocial behaviors, moderated by mindfulness, in strengthening team cohesion among women football players in Pakistan. By fostering self-transcendence, enhancing friendship quality, controlling and managing aggression, while addressing socio-cultural barriers coaches and policymakers can create more inclusive and supportive team environments. The findings offer practical insights for designing player development programs and highlight the need for broader, more diverse research to further explore team dynamics in women's sports.
Keywords: Prosocial Behavior, Cohesion, Aggression, Playe
A Research Review of the Causes of Differences and Conflicts
Full text linkDifferences and conflicts are an inevitable and complex aspect of human life and society, arising from a combination of social, political, economic, and cultural factors. A primary cause is the lack of knowledge and awareness, because when individuals form opinions without fully understanding issues, disagreements naturally emerge. Alongside this, misunderstanding and inadequate communication play a significant role, as people may misinterpret others’ viewpoints or rely on incomplete information and rumors, intensifying disputes. Another factor is personal interests and self-centeredness, since prioritizing individual or group gains over collective welfare often leads to discord. Moral weakness and lack of patience and tolerance further exacerbate conflicts, as resorting to aggression, sarcasm, or criticism over differing opinions increases tension. Additionally, cultural, linguistic, and historical differences amplify disagreements, as individuals and groups from varied backgrounds perceive issues differently, creating contradictions. Social and political pressures are also major contributors to conflict, as the misuse of power or pursuit of political advantage can fuel divisions. Moreover, economic and environmental challenges, such as poverty, scarcity of resources, and economic inequality, intensify tension and rivalry among people. While the causes of differences and conflicts are diverse, their effects are equally widespread, affecting not only interpersonal relationships but also social cohesion and development. However, differences in themselves are not inherently negative; they are natural and necessary, as diverse opinions, perspectives, and ideas are important for social and intellectual growth, provided the balance of disagreement is maintained, principles of tolerance and respect are followed, and personal or group interests do not override collective welfare. Therefore, examining the causes of differences and conflicts and mitigating their impact through intellectual, moral, and social education is essential, so that disagreements take a constructive and positive form, fostering social and intellectual harmony from which both individuals and society can benefit.
Keywords: Differences and Conflicts, Causes and Factors, Communication and Misunderstanding, Tolerance and Morality, Social and Cultural Impact
Intellectual comparison of "Musaddas-e-Hali" and "Bharat Darpan" : "مسدسِ حالیؔ" اور" بھارت درپن" کا فکری تقابل
No full textAltaf Hussain Hali, on the suggestion of Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan, wrote the poem“Mad-o-JazreIslam” in 1879 in the form of Musaddas (sextain),which (the poem) later came to be knownas“Musaddas-e-Hali”. In this poem Hali has examined the reasons behind the rise andfall of Muslims ,urging them to learn from their glorious past to overcome their current situationofdecline. Its immense positive impact upon the Muslims led to its inclusion in the curricula of many schools. In 1905 similar to “Musaddas-e-Hali” in form and meter, Pandit Braj Mohan DattateriaKaifi wrote the poem “Bhatrat Darpan” in which he examined the reasons behind the rise andfall of Hindus.This study presents a comparative anlaysis of the theoretical frameworks of boththepoems.
Key Words: "Musaddas-e-Hali", "Bharat Darpan", Altaf Hussain Hali, Sir Sayyed AhmadKhan, Pandit Braj Mohan Dattateria
The Pursuit of Ijtihad in Iqbal Theology
No full textIjtihad refers to the rigorous intellectual effort made by a jurist to find solutions to new legal issues or apply existing rulings appropriately, ensuring that their foundation remains rooted in Islamic legal sources. The process integrates different legal matters in a structured and coherent manner. The validity of a jurist's ijtihad depends on their deep understanding of the objectives of Shariah and their ability to reason and derive rulings contextually. In Arabic linguistics, the term "ijtihad" signifies intense effort and struggle. The Imams of Islamic jurisprudence define ijtihad as the utmost exertion of intellectual capacity in understanding legal rulings or applying them to specific cases with a clear and focused mind. Consequently, only those possessing the requisite competence and aptitude for ijtihad can undertake this effort in a credible manner.
Keywords: Ijtihad, Islamic Jurisprudence, Shariah Objectives, Legal Reasoning, Jurist, Intellectual Effort, Legal Derivation, Arabic Linguistics, Mujtahid, Islamic Law
Feminism and Urdu Literature: The Role of Women Writers: فیمینزم اور اردو ادب: خواتین ادیبوں کا کردار
No full textFeminism in Urdu literature has played a crucial role in highlighting women's issues, gender inequalities, and societal constraints. This study explores the evolution of feminist thought in Urdu literature and the contributions of women writers in shaping feminist discourse. The paper examines the literary works of notable female authors such as Ismat Chughtai, Qurratulain Hyder, Khadija Mastoor, and Bano Qudsia, analyzing how their writings address themes of female identity, social oppression, and resistance. It also discusses the impact of feminist literature on Urdu literary traditions and its influence on contemporary literature. Furthermore, the study delves into the changing narratives of gender roles and empowerment in modern Urdu fiction. By critically analyzing feminist themes in Urdu literature, this research highlights the significance of women writers in challenging patriarchal norms and advocating for gender justice through their creative expressions.
Keywords: Feminism, Urdu Literature, Women Writers, Gender Equality, Literary Criticism, Female Identity, Ismat Chughtai, Qurratulain Hyder, Gender Roles, Women’s Rights
Dowry in Ancient Semitic Societies – Historical perspectives on dowry customs in Mesopotamia, Canaan, and Arabia
Full text linkDowry has played a crucial role in shaping marriage customs in ancient Semitic societies, including Mesopotamia, Canaan, and pre-Islamic Arabia. This paper explores the historical perspectives on dowry practices in these regions, analyzing their economic, social, and legal significance. Using historical records, legal codes such as the Code of Hammurabi, and religious texts, the study examines how dowry functioned as a form of financial security, a tool for alliance-building, and a reflection of patriarchal structures. The research also investigates the ways in which dowry customs varied across different Semitic cultures and how they influenced later religious and legal traditions. By contextualizing dowry within its historical framework, this paper provides insights into its evolution and enduring impact on marriage practices in Semitic societies.
Key Words:&nbspDowry, Ancient Semitic Societies, Mesopotamia, Canaan, Arabia, Marriage Customs, Legal Codes, Patriarchy, Economic Security, Gender Roles, Social Histor
The Role of Digital and Distance Learning In Higher Education: Insight from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Full text linkThis study main aim to assess and evaluate distance learning programs in the higher education sector of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The objectives were to assess the effectiveness of these programs, explore their role in expanding access to higher education, identify their prospects, and highlight key challenges. The research targeted all universities in Pakistan offering distance learning, with data collected from 79 departments across five universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, selected from a total of 97 departments in 15 universities. A structured, closed-ended questionnaire was used for data collection, and responses were analyzed using SPSS, applying statistical tools such as Chi-Square, simple mean, and percentage. Findings revealed that a significant majority of respondents expressed positive views, with 55% favoring distance learning programs. Notably, 70% of participants believed that these programs provide quality education at the higher level. Based on this insight, several key recommendations have been put forward to improve the effectiveness and accessibility of distance learning in the region.
Key words: Distance Learning, Higher Education, E-Learning, Online Education, Quality Education, Educational Technology
Generative AI in Academic Writing: Opportunities and Challenges for Students
Full text linkArtificial Intelligence (AI) generative writing, while providing coherent, structured, and error-free content, is diminishing critical and creative thinking among students. This study investigates the impact of AI on academic writing - advantages and disadvantages. The study draws upon the thematic analysis of Clarke and Braun thematic analysis to find the effects of AI on critical thinking and creativity and equity to ensure its access to the disadvantaged and underprivileged students. The data are collected from a private university in Islamabad and a governmental college in Rawalpindi. The findings reveal that the generative AI while providing error free and structured writing diminishes the creativity and critical thinking hence a double edge sword to be used cautiously. It also reveals that AI is not equitably available to all the students even in cities like Rawalpindi. The research theorizes the need for equitable resources, such as free internet access, to ensure that underprivileged students can fully benefit from generative AI in academic writing.
Keyword: Generative AI, Academic Writing, Equity, Creativity, Critical Thinking, Educational Acces
The Impact of Morphological Complexity on Lexical Processing Efficiency and Comprehension Accuracy in the Bilingual Students
Full text linkThis study examines the impact of morphological complexity on lexical processing competence and as well as efficiency and also comprehension accuracy among the bilingual university learners. Stranded in psycholinguistic and morphological processing, different types of theories discover how different types of morphemes inflectional and multiple affect intellectual load during lexical acknowledgement and as well as semantic understanding. In this study, a quantitative research design was used which involved (120) bilingual learners selected through stratified random sampling techniques. Data were collected by on-line lexical decision task and a morphology-rich understanding test. Some Statistical analyses, like Pearson correlation, t-tests and ANOVA revealed important differences in reaction times and understanding scores across morpheme types. Morphologically complex structures were found to slow down lexical access and reduce comprehension accuracy, mainly in derivational and compound forms. The findings highlight the cognitive compassion of the bilingual learners to morphological variations and underscore the importance of joining morphological consciousness into language instruction. These types of visions donate to the broader concerned of bilingual language processing and have insinuations for curriculum design in multilingual learning context.
Keywords: Bilingual learning; Morphological complication; Verbal dispensation; Students’ understanding accuracy; Morphemes; Morphological consciousnes