GUMAN (Urdu Research Journal)
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ہاجرہ مسرور کے افسانوں میں جمالیات کا نمونے
No full textHajra Masroor are prominent short story writers of Urdu literature who beautifully portrayed the social, cultural, and psychological aspects of their time in their works. The aesthetic dimension in the short stories of the authors holds great significance, reflecting the depth of their creative artistry and literary craftsmanship. Hajra Masroor short stories highlight social realism and the intricacies of human psychology, with a language that combines simplicity and impact. Hajra Masroor's stories address social injustices, women's issues, and class struggles with an emotional and dynamic approach. Her use of powerful metaphors and satire is notable, making her stories aesthetically distinctive. This article presents the aesthetic elements in the short stories of Hajra Masroor, focusing on language, themes, character development, and style. This research will help in understanding the depth of writer’s art and emphasize the importance of aesthetics in Urdu short stories
غیر منصوص مسائل کے حل میں اجتہادی مناہج: فتاویٰ عثمانیہ کا تحلیلی جائزہ
No full textThis paper presents an analytical study of Fatāwā ʿUthmāniyyah with a specific focus on its methodological approaches to resolving ghayr manṣūṣ (non-textually stipulated) issues through ijtihād (independent legal reasoning). The study explores how Mufti Ghulam ur Rahman, within the framework of Fatāwā ʿUthmāniyyah, applies various ijtīhādī tools—such as qiyās (analogy), istiḥsān (juridical preference), and ta‘līl (legal reasoning)—to derive rulings on contemporary, non-explicit issues. These include complex matters in modern Islamic finance such as, takfīr of a Muslim, mushārkah (partnership) muḍārabah (silent partnership), the legal nature of capital, and the responsibilities of the working partner. Through detailed analysis, the paper highlights his juristic engagement with modern transactions involving buffet systems, smuggling profits, TV trade, sale of insects, trademarks, and licensing. Beyond these issues, the paper also investigates his discussions on moon sighting (ruʾyat-i hilāl), takfīr (excommunication), and the boundaries of ḍarūriyyāt al-dīn (essentials of religion), as examples of applying ijtihād where direct scriptural references are absent or insufficient. The treatment of mechanical slaughter further illustrates the nuanced and reconciliatory nature of his reasoning. This study concludes that Fatāwā ʿUthmāniyyah, especially as interpreted and expanded upon by Mufti Ghulam ur Rahman, serves as a methodological model for addressing non-textual issues in the modern age. It underscores the dynamic potential of ijtihād to provide contextually appropriate and theologically sound rulings, making it an essential guide for scholars, institutions, and students of Islamic jurisprudence in contemporary settings.
Key words: Ijtihād, Non-Textual Issues (Ghayr Manṣūṣ Masāʾil), Fatāwā ʿUthmāniyyah, Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Contemporary Legal Reasonin
An Analysis of Female Characters in War Literature: A Critical Analysis of A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bells Toll
Full text linkThis study critically analyses the representation of female characters in war literature, focusing on Ernest Hemingway's novels A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Both works are set against the backdrop of war and offer insightful portrayals of women navigating complex emotional and social landscapes. The study aims to explore how Hemingway constructs his female characters—Catherine Barkley and Maria—and to examine their roles, agency, and identity within the masculine-dominated settings of war. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research involves close textual analysis and literary criticism to interpret themes, character development, and narrative techniques. The study reveals that although both characters are central to the emotional depth of the narratives, they are often portrayed within traditional gender roles—primarily as love interests and sources of emotional support for male protagonists. However, deeper readings also uncover moments of strength, resilience, and psychological complexity. The study concludes that while Hemingway's portrayal of women reflects certain limitations of his time, these characters contribute significantly to the emotional and thematic richness of the novels. This research highlights the need to re-evaluate female roles in war literature, moving beyond stereotypical interpretations to acknowledge their nuanced presence.
Keywords: A Farewell to Arms, Critical Analysis, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Gender Representation, Hemingway’s Female Characters, War Literature, World Literatur
A RESEARCH AND CRITICAL STUDY OF SELECTED PROSE WORKS OF THE 21ST CENTURY IN INDIA: بھارت میں اکیسویں صدی کی منتخب عروضی کتب:تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
No full textThe science of ‘Arud or ‘Aruz (علم عروض) is a branch of knowledge that deals with the prosody and meter of poetry. It involves analyzing the rhythm and structure of verses according to specific rules and patterns. This science was developed by Khalil ibn Ahmad in the 2nd century Hijri (8th century CE) and originated in Arabic. Over time, it was adopted into Persian and later into Urdu, with scholars adapting it to fit the nuances of each language. In the Indian subcontinent, numerous books on the science of ‘Arud were published before the partition of India. These works primarily focused on traditional discussions within the field. After partition, this tradition continued in India, and many books on ‘Arud have been published, reflecting both the preservation of classical approaches and modern innovations, such as comparative studies with other poetic forms and the creation of new poetic meters.Today, India has a rich repository of classical and contemporary works on ‘Arud, contributing to the ongoing development of this field. Similarly, afer the parttion of India, several books on the science of Aruz have been written in Pakistan and are stil being written. In these Aruz books, attempts have been made to simplify modern Aruz discussions and Aruz along with traditional topics. So far, a good amount of Aruz capital has come ot the fore.
Keywords: Arooz, Arooz History, Bharat, Arooz Books, 21st centur
A Research Analysis of the Role of Educational Libraries through the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in the Context of Emerging Trends and Issues in Education
Full text linkThis study explores the evolving role of academic libraries through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the context of contemporary trends and challenges in education. As education systems globally shift toward digitization and personalized learning, academic libraries must adopt modern tools to stay relevant. This paper discusses how AI-based systems such as chatbots, recommendation engines, and automated cataloging are transforming libraries from static book repositories into dynamic learning hubs. It highlights global practices and Pakistan's status with respect to digital and AI-based libraries. Based on the review, the study concludes that while global progress is notable, countries like Pakistan require robust policy-making, budgeting, and training to implement AI-driven library reforms effectively
Stream of Consciousness: Basic Discussion, Characteristics and Representative Writers
Full text linkThis paper provides various discussions and opinions on stream of consciousness in general and how it has flourished from its origins to its appearance in modern novels. The main aim in this study is to make readers understand the modern concept of stream of consciousness in the context of modern novels. The main characteristics and main representatives of this narrative technique have also been discussed in this particular study.
Key words: Stream of Consciousness, Free Association of Thought, Internal Monologu
Visual Heritage Recast: The Crescent Motif in 21st-Century Logo Design
Full text linkThis research explores the visual and symbolic significance of the crescent icon in modern logo design. Traditionally associated with cultural, spiritual, and celestial meanings, the crescent has evolved into a widely recognized design element across corporate and institutional branding. The study investigates why contemporary organizations adopt the crescent form, how audiences interpret it, and why some institutions modify or flip its traditional orientation. Through semiotic and visual analysis of selected global and regional logos, the paper reveals that the crescent shape conveys ideas of growth, renewal, inclusivity, and forward movement. The flipped or stylized crescent, meanwhile, reflects design modernity, cultural neutrality, and an effort to appeal to global audiences. The findings contribute to design scholarship by connecting symbolic heritage with contemporary branding practices.
Keywords: Contemporary Logo, Crescent, Culture, Pakistani Logo, Logo Desig
Thematic Diversity In Majeed Amjad's Poetry
Full text linkMajeed Amjad (1914-1974) from Jhang was a leading Urdu poet. He gave Urdu poetry a style of modern themes and played an important role in bringing it closer to world literature with his simple but profound imagination. Among the first generation of poets who made their impact on Urdu poetry after the establishment of Pakistan, Majeed Amjad's name comes first. Especially in the tradition of Urdu poetry, he added some colors that belong only to him. Majeed Amjad's ghazals also have their own special mood, but he was basically a poet of poetry. He started his literary life as the editor of Jhang's newspaper "Urooj" and had to wash his hands of the editorship for raising his voice against British imperialism. Later, he was appointed as an officer of the Food Department and worked there until his death. His first collection of poems "Shab-e-Rafta" was published in 1958. His second collection of poetry, "Shab Rafta Ke Baad", was published after his death in 1976, and his complete poetry was published in "Kaliyat-e-Majeed Amjad" in 1989.He made the common themes of daily life the focus of his poetry, but with a modern style of expression. By writing on titles like "Hari Bhari Faslo", "Bus Stand Par", "Harappe Ka Ek Katba", "Accident" and "Kahani Ek Malik Ki", he brought Urdu poetry in line with modern trends.
Key Words:
Majeed Amjad, Jhang, leading Urdu poet, "Urooj", "Shab-e-Rafta", Shab Rafta Ke Baad", "Kaliyat-e-Majeed Amjad", Hari Bhari Faslo", "Bus Stand Par", "Harappe Ka Ek Katba", "Accident" and "Kahani Ek Malik Ki"
A Discussion of Modern Critical Terminologies Modern Critical Terminologies
Full text linkModern critical terminologies have paved the way for understanding literature in the context of intellectual, cultural and linguistic perspectives, rather than previous practice of viewing the same through exquisite lenses. Resultantly, several significant terminologies emerge such as symbolism, enigma, traces and discourse. Symbolism is the knowledge of symbols and their meanings. Enigma is a unique kind of symbol which transcends its literal meaning. Enigma is frequently used in literature. For instance, darkness often conveys the meaning of either death or ignorance. A bird, being referred to, in poetry or fiction may symbolise liberty. Enigma is an important artistic tool within the domain of literature. “Trace “in literature visualises veiled but effective meanings of a particular word or sentence. Modern critical terminologies such as symbolism, enigma and traces invite us to view the contents through new perspectives. The application of “discourse" in literature is not restricted to use of language only rather it makes it evident that how literature interprets social realities, power relations and ideologies. Similarly, we can comprehend the principles of thoughts, values and identity prevalent in a particular society. Discourse in feminist literature highlights the role of society in shaping the identity of women and their status. Discourse is a significant critical terminology in literature which reflects specific ideas, ideologies, formulation of cultural realities and their impact. Its application in the field of literature helps us to understand the bond among language, power and social relations. Critics like Micheal Foucault and Edward Saeed have highlighted the latent powers and ideologies in the field of literature through the lens of discourse. An analysis of discourse can guide us to properly realise any social or cultural reality, apart from discovering hidden realities.
Key words: Modern critical terminologies, Symbolism, language, ideologies, social or cultural reality
Impact of Online Classes on Students’ Academic Performance during Covid-19 at Secondary Level in District Haveli Kahuta AJ&K
Full text linkThe pandemic of COVID-19 affected almost every area, including secondary education institutions across the world mostly District Haveli Kahuta educational system. For this purpose, the researcher planned to inspect the “Impact of online classes on students’ academic performance during covid-19 at Secondary Level in District Haveli Kahuta AJ&K. The main aim of the study was to check the relationship between impact of online classes and the academic performance of secondary level students during COVID-19. Structured questionnaires was constructed and used as the research instruments for collecting the data. The questionnaire was made up of 27 close-ended items and 02 open-ended items for the students to respond to. 200 sample was selected from 07 schools (02 private and 05 public). The data collected were analysed by using inferential statistical analysis: Pearson correlation and linear regression computed by using SPSS. The result of the study revealed that COVID-19 has negatively affected the academic performance of District Haveli students, and the students were highly frustrated with online classes during this serious moment. Besides, the study also showed significant differences in the academic performance of students. Based on the findings, the study revealed hat, there is a significant positive relationship and impact of online classes on students’ academic performance during COVID-19 outbreak in secondary schools. According to the conclusion of the study, several implications and recommendations have been provided. The study therefore recommends that students and teachers alike be introduced to e-learning platforms and how to effectively use it for instructional practice in the wake of such Challenges in our educational system. So that students will learn in better way and does not face problem during learning. The outcome of this study will go a long way in helping policy makers to come out with a lasting policy to address challenges faced by students when they are home for their normal semester break or during a disease of this Nature.