GUMAN (Urdu Research Journal)
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The Depiction of Class Conflict in Qurratulain Haider's Novel” Mere Bhi Sanam khane”: قرۃالعین حیدر کے ناول’’ میرے بھی صنم خانے‘‘ میں طبقاتی کشمکش کی عکاسی
No full textThe writer is often referred to as the "eyes of society." Whatever the writer observes in society, they blend with imagination and bring it to the page, presenting various subjects through their creations. In fictional literature, diverse societal themes are found, reflecting different aspects of life. Novels, in addition to other topics, often explore the conflict between different social classes. The shining star of Urdu literature, Qurratulain Haider, has reflected this class conflict in her various works. Her first novel, Mere Bhi Sanam khane, deals with the decline of the upper class due to the Partition of India. In this novel, she has portrayed various social classes. The subject of this research paper is an analysis of the depiction of class conflict in Qurratulain Haider's novel Mere Bhi Sanam khane. The purpose of this research study is to explore how class conflict is expressed in the novel, which classes are represented, and what perspective the author has on these different classes. By using Qualitative research methods, it has been concluded that the author has skillfully portrayed the various social classes of her time in this novel. She highlights the nature of the relationships between these classes, presenting the behaviors and characteristics of characters from different classes, thus bringing forth both the virtues and flaws of that era. The study also examines to what extent the author successfully highlights the existing conflict between these social classes.
Keywords: Qurratulain Haider, Class conflict, Mere Bhi Sanamkhane, Partition of India, Depiction of social classes
The Impacts of Cultural and Religious Conflicts and its Effects on Foreign Affairs: A Comparative Study of The Kite Runner and The Shadow of the Crescent Moon
No full textThis comparative study aims to explore the aftermaths of religious and cultural strife and its impact on international relations through analyzing contemporary novels: The Kite Runner and The Shadow of the Crescent Moon. Based on the socio-political backdrops of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the novels aptly highlight the aftermaths of disturbed cultural norms, religious dogmas, and sectarian rifts that not only harm personal identities but also deeply impact the way the international community perceive the effected country. By implying Homi K Bhabha’s postcolonial theory—specifically the concept of mimicry, ambivalence, and cultural hybridity—the research explores the living experiences of the characters and their struggles against societal and cultural norms and the religious doctrines. The study comes to the conclusion that these conflicts are responsible for stirring political instability, hinders international attention, and contribute to the misrepresentation of these regions.
Keywords: The Kite Runner, The Shadow of the Crescent Moon, Cultural and Religious Conflicts, Postcolonialism, Hybridity, Third Space, Mimicry, ambivalence
The Causes of Illiteracy in Society and its Determination in Islamic Teachings: معاشرہ میں ناخواندگی کی وجوہات اور اسلامی تعلیمات میں اس کا تعین
No full textThe word “Taleem” (education) derives from the Arabic root “ʿA-L-M,” meaning to know, recognize, or comprehend something. In Islamic tradition, education holds a central and sacred role, as evident in the Quran and Hadith. The very first Quranic revelation began with the word “Iqra” (Read), highlighting the divine emphasis on knowledge. Eminent scholars like Ibn Khaldun and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan viewed education not merely as academic learning but as a means to attain truth, moral refinement, and societal usefulness. The Quran frequently links knowledge with guidance, light, and spiritual elevation. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized that seeking knowledge is obligatory and praiseworthy, and scholars were given high status in both scripture and society. Despite this emphasis, several factors hinder the progress of education in Muslim societies. These include parental illiteracy, economic hardship, lack of institutional infrastructure, harsh teaching methods, the dominance of non-native languages in curricula, and widespread academic dishonesty. Furthermore, a societal disregard for education, teacher incompetency, and an absence of responsibility among stakeholders worsen the crisis. The article also criticizes the influence of harmful peer groups and a system that discourages merit and rewards corruption. The paper concludes that reclaiming educational excellence in the Islamic world requires reviving the moral, social, and spiritual foundations of education as emphasized in Islamic teachings—where knowledge is both a right and a responsibility.
Keywords: Islamic Education, Quran and Knowledge, Educational Challenges, Role of Teachers and Parents, Societal Responsibilit
Challenges Faced by Pakistani Schools in Saudi Arabia: A Case Study of Internal Administration Systems
No full textPakistani schools in Saudi Arabia face significant challenges in internal regulations, impacting their efficiency. To examine the issues a quantitative approach was used. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 310 participants, including school administrators, teachers, and parents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (e.g., chi-square and regression analysis) in SPSS to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings confirm that ineffective communication between the School Management Council, teachers, and parents significantly hampers administrative efficiency. Cultural and legal differences between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia contribute to operational inefficiencies, necessitating adaptation strategies. The study highlights the urgent need for improved communication, infrastructure, professional training, and standardized financial management policies to enhance administrative effectiveness in Pakistani schools in Saudi Arabia. Practical recommendations include implementing digital communication platforms, professional development programs, financial oversight mechanisms, and measures to prevent the abuse of power by the School Management Council. These initiatives will contribute to a more structured and efficient school administration system, ultimately improving the educational experience and quality of education for both Pakistani and non-Pakistani expatriate students.
Keywords: Saudi Arabia, school administration, communication barriers, cultural adaptation, financial managemen
A Critical and Research Review of "What is Literature": "ادب کیا ہے؟" کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
No full textThis research paper critically examines Dr. Muhammad Khan Ashraf’s philosophical and literary approach to the concept of "What is Literature?" As a prominent critic in Urdu literature, Dr. Ashraf presents literature not merely as aesthetic expression but as a multidimensional reflection of intellectual, spiritual, and cultural human evolution. Through the lens of Islamic thought, historical consciousness, and a rejection of class-based literary reductions, he proposes a model of literature that connects language, thought, and civilization. This paper evaluates his theoretical foundations, narrative style, social vision, and his unique contribution to Urdu literary criticism.
Key Words: Muhammad Khan Ashraf, What is Literature, Urdu Literary Criticism, Islamic Literary Thought, Aesthetic Expression, Literature and Society, Historical Consciousness, Literary Theory, Civilization and Ethics, Literary Philosoph
Najamuddin Ahmed: Personality and Literary Achievements : نجم الدین احمد : شخصیت اور ادبی کارنامے
No full textNajamuddin Ahmed is a well-known fiction writer, novelist and translated poet of Pakistan. He belongs to Bahawalnagar. He was born on 2 June 1971 in Bahawalnagar and studied there and did his MA in English Literature. Since September 1993, he has been employed in the Department of Finance, Punjab. So far, a total of thirteen of his books have appeared, eight of which are translations. Apart from this, books include three novels Madfan, Khoj and Saheem and two fiction collections, Ao Bhai Khalain and Farar and other fictions. Najamuddin is one of those writers who, instead of desiring baseless false fame, believe in raising the quality of their works to such an extent that the reader will automatically be captivated by their charm, which is seen by the bitter realities of the times. They believe in facing it instead of stealing it. He has always tried to raise the standard of literature; his efforts are a capital for Urdu literature. Najamuddin is a dynamic writer who should be emulated. Along with his fiction writing, his translations are also appreciated and these translations are also in Urdu. They continue to adorn the pages of newspapers. Along with fiction writing, he also mastered certain critical styles.
Key words: Najamuddin Ahmed, fiction writer, novelist, translated poet, novels Madfan, Khoj and Saheem, Ao Bhai Khalain and Farar
شاہین کہروڑی کی غزلیات کا فنی جائزہ
No full textShaheen Kehruri's creative journey is research, history and poetry. "Aftab Mohshar" is Shaheen Kehruri's first collection of poetry which was published in 2005 by Adab Rang Publications Multan. Humans have been using the medium of poetry to express their thoughts since ancient times. Poetry has interpreted every aspect of life. The method used by the poet to express his ideas is called style. The poet's own personality also has a profound influence on the style۔ One of the most important knowledge in the sciences that give progress and perfection to man is the knowledge of expression. Thanks to this knowledge, man has gained access to other sciences. Expression is related to language and language is the only means of expressing human thoughts and feelings. Thus, the word is seen to show its perfection from every field of knowledge. But especially in poetry, it has shown unique magic with colors. They look beautiful in poetry. The quality of Shaheen Kehruri's poetry is that there are all the essentials of poetry in his words.
Key words: Cognitive ability، Observations and philosophy of life، Absorptio
رضیہ سجاد ظہیر اور عصمت چغتائی کی خاکہ نگاری کا موازنہ: Comparison of sketch writing study between Razia Sajjad Zaheer and Ismat chughtai
No full text Razia Sajjad Zaheer and Ismat Chughtai are both big names in Urdu literature. And has an important place. As much as they have gained popularity among people, most women have not been able to make their name and place alive and immortal in this way in literature. Razia Sajjad Zaheer was born in Ajmer on 15th October 1918. She was a member of Progressive movement and was a writer of a very high standard, etc. and succeeded in bringing her name to the front page in every genre. She was honored with the Sovietland Nehru Award and the Uttar Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award. Razia Sajjad Zaheer died in Delhi on 18 December 1979 ۔While Ismat Chughtai was born on 21 August 1915 in Uttar Pradesh. Ismat Chughtai is also a fiction writer and a novelist, biographer and an excellent cartoonist. His brother Mirza Azim Baig Chughtai was also a good writer and was famous for comic writing. He died in ۔1991 at the age of 77. Ismat Chughtai was a member of the progressive movement and received the Ghalib Award in 1948 and the Film fare Award in 1975.Both of them has served in all genres of literature. But we will review the sketching and writing of both.
Keywords: Raziz Sajjad, Ismat Chaghatai, Sketch writing, Progressive movement, fictio
Shaping and Reshaping Identity in Diaspora: An Analytical View of Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner
Full text linkThe present study analysed the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini using Bakhtin’s concept of diasporic chronotopes to highlight the role of the diasporic present and past in shaping and reshaping the present. Bakhtin (1981) talks about memory that initiate the mental chronotope that comes in conflict with the physical chronotope. It results in identity conflict. The subject diaspora is tangled in homeland, hybrid and new-land identity. Moreover, an exploration of the narrative events enables the diaspora critics to understand the nature of problems diaspora experience in the new culture. The study was carried out through an analysis of cultural values of indigenous and the host culture of Amir who represents the problems of identity crisis of the migrant Diaspora communities. The study found that the memory is an unavoidable factor that leads the diasporic people like Amir to live in the present by travelling into the past. Moreover, the study highlighted that the diasporic experiences promote cultural and identity conflict making the Diasporas into hybrid products. The study concludes that the problem resulting from the diasporic experiences are the buy product, but being Diaspora is not always a problem. Amir’s journey subtly stresses that the newly acquired cultural values are compatible with the indigenous culture and values system.
Key Words: Shaping, Reshaping, identity, Diaspora, Chronotope, Identity Crisi
Bridging Nature and Transcendentalism Through Poetry: Athar Tahir's Poetry and Thoreau's Ideals
Full text linkThe study seeks to investigate transcendentalism in and through nature, to discover oneself and the truth behind him. As a result, various seasons and natural elements depict his inner turmoil. Athar Tahir's poetic collection, Just Beyond the Physical depicts communion with nature, influenced by the Romantic literary movement. The sound, musicality, and image depiction draw him closer to the romantics. Furthermore, he extends nature beyond its physical existence. Thoreau presents a version of "applied" Transcendentalism. The concept of nature is central to this thinking, not just the more abstract Emersonian notion of nature, but a wild nature beyond humans. Words and phrases with the concepts of wildness and wilderness are gathered using qualitative analysis, and they are then equated with man and transcendentalism. Thoreau's essay Walking serves as the pivotal point for the research, wherein he emphasizes the importance of mobility and walking in the wilderness. This research examines Thoreau's view of walking as a form of transcendence as he famously stated, "Wildness is the preservation of the world."
Keywords; Thoreau, Transcendentalism, Athar Tahir, Walking, Wildness, Wilderness.