ReDivia - Repositorio Digital de l'Instit Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries
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Inducción de defensas en pimiento a través de la exposición a (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate: efecto en Aulacorthum solani (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) y su parasitoide Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Get PDFEs ampliamente conocido que las plantas responden a la herbivoría a través de la liberación de compuestos volátiles mediados por fitohormonas. Los volátiles vegetales inducidos por herbívoros (HIPV) pueden repeler a los herbívoros y atraer a sus enemigos naturales, así como advertir a las plantas vecinas de los ataques de herbívoros. Las plantas que reciben estas señales de alerta activan mecanismos de defensa y por lo tanto se vuelven más resistentes a plagas y enfermedades. En este trabajo, probamos si las plantas activadas por exposición al volátil (Z)-3-hexenil propanoate [(Z)-3-HP)] pueden reducir, afectar al comportamiento y establecimiento de una de las plagas más importantes del pimiento, el pulgón Aulacorthum solani (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Efecto de las barreras de dispersión en la distribución de Xylella fastidiosa en Alicante mediante modelos espaciales no estacionarios
Get PDFLos modelos espaciales de distribución de especies suelen asumir isotropía y estacionariedad, es decir, la dependencia espacial entre las observaciones es invariante a la dirección y uniforme en dominio espacial. Sin embargo, estos supuestos se incumplen cuando existen barreras de dispersión, como accidentes geográficos o medidas de control. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de este tipo de barreras en la distribución de Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) en la zona demarcada de Alicante. Los datos de ocurrencia de 2018 se analizaron mediante modelos espaciales jerárquicos bayesianos
Gestión de la cubierta vegetal para fomentar el control biológico por conservación de la mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Get PDFLa gestión del suelo puede afectar tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente a los agentes de control biológico que alberga. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), que pasa parte de su ciclo en el suelo, es susceptible a estos organismos y, por ello, a la gestión que se realice del suelo. En este trabajo se comparó el efecto de tres tipos distintos de gestión del suelo (desnudo, acolchado con paja y cubierta vegetal de Festuca arundinacea) en condiciones de semicampo sobre la supervivencia de larvas de último estadío de C. capitata hasta su emergencia como adultos. Para determinar la mortalidad de las larvas, se expusieron con frecuencia mensual grupos de 100 larvas centinela desarrollándose en condiciones de campo en trampas de emergencia
MOET Efficiency in a Spanish Herd of Japanese Black Heifers and Analysis of Environmental and Metabolic Determinants
Get PDFMultiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) systems have been intensively implemented in Japanese Black cattle in Japan and to create Japanese Black herds out of these areas. Environmental conditions influence MOET efficiency. Thus, we describe results of 137 in vivo, non-surgical embryo flushings performed between 2016–2020, in a full-blood Japanese Black herd kept in Spain and the possible effects of heat, year, bull, donor genetic value, and metabolic condition. Additionally, 687 embryo transfers were studied for conception rate (CR) and recipient related factors. A total of 71.3% of viable embryos (724/1015) were obtained (5.3 ± 4.34/flushing). Donor metabolites did not affect embryo production (p > 0.1), although metabolite differences were observed over the years, and by flushing order, probably related to the donor age. CR was not affected by embryo type (fresh vs. frozen), recipient breed, and whether suckling or not suckling (p > 0.1). CR decreased significantly with heat (44.3 vs. 49.2%; (p = 0.042)) and numerically increased with recipient parity and ET-number. Pregnant recipients showed significantly higher levels of cholesterol-related metabolites, glucose, and urea (p < 0.05). Therefore, adequate MOET efficiency can be achieved under these conditions, and heat stress should be strongly avoided during Japanese Black embryo transfers. Moreover, recipients’ metabolites are important to achieve pregnancy, being probably related to better nutrient availability during pregnancy
Plant defences for enhanced integrated pest management in tomato
Get PDFPlants developed a series of defence mechanisms to counteract the attack of herbivores. These can impact on food-webs at various trophic levels, in both natural and managed ecosystems, such as crops. The biochemical and ecological bases behind these processes are reviewed here by highlighting the differences in direct and indirect, constitutive and induced defences. In integrated pest management (IPM), several pest control tools are applied in an economically sound way in order to increase the crop resilience and reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides. Plant resistance is thus a crucial aspect of preventive pest control strategies in several agroecosystems, including tomato. In this context, we review the current literature dealing with the physiology and biochemistry of tomato plants in terms of metabolite pathways and multitrophic interactions. We also describe recent advances in plant defence-based control tools obtained by studying the multitrophic interactions between pests and plants in the tomato system
First report of Cucumis melo endornavirus infecting Cucurbitaceae plants in Slovakia
Get PDFA symptomatic cantaloupe melon plant (Cucumis melo L.) encoded MVU2/21 grown in a garden in Velke Ulany (western Slovakia), showing pronounced chlorotic leaf spots and dwarfed growth was analysed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Total RNAs were isolated from apical leaves collected in August 2021. HTS was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq platform and obtained high-quality reads (∼26,4 millions, average length 131 nt) were analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench v.10.1.1 and Geneious v.2020.2.5. BLASTn analysis of ca. 24,400 generated contigs revealed a complex viral infection involving watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Cucumis melo endornavirus (CmEV, family Endornaviridae). A 15,075 nt de novo assembled contig (OL957252) corresponded to nearly complete CmEV genome with 97.9% nucleotide identity to NC_029064. Typical genome organisation and CmEV motifs, including three glucosyltransferases (Sabanadzovic et al. 2016), were found in MVU2/21 polyprotein. The MVU2/21 total RNAs were subsequently subjected to RT-PCR using primers reported by Zeng et al. (2020) as well as two newly designed primer pairs: CmE_14443F (5´-TATGCGGTTGACTGGACAGG-3´)/CmE_14931R (5´-TTATGAGCCACAGCGGTCAC-3´) and CmEV_4145F (5´-CTTGCCTTGAAGGTAGATCG-3´)/ CmEV_4634R (5´-GATTGTCCGCACCGTATAAC-3´). Sanger sequencing of the specific 489, 490 and 710 bp PCR products unambiguously confirmed the HTS data. In order to analyse the potential presence of CmEV in Slovakia, additional leaf samples from melons, cucumbers and squashes from four different localities were tested by RT-PCR using the above primers. Five out of 40 samples collected from different locations and hosts, i.e. melon (MVU1/21), cucumber (UVU1/21, UVU2/21), squash (TPE 2/21) and patison (CPTV6) tested positive for CmEV. Partial genomic sequences of all Slovak isolates amplified using CmEV_4145F/4634R primers (OL957253-OL957257) shared high nucleotide identity to MVU2/21 (97.2–100%). CmEV was previously reported outside Europe (Sabanadzovic et al. 2016; da Costa et al. 2019; Zeng et al. 2020). Our work thus extents data on CmEV geographical distribution and host range
Citrus in the world
No full textThis report provides an assessment of citrus health globally. Citrus trees are a perennial crop grown for its fruits, which are one of the key sources of vitamin C in human diets (Liu et al 2012), a source of simple sugars, dietary fibre and secondary metabolites (Lv et al 2015), and a key ingredient in juices, jams, jellies and marmalades. Citrus fruits and by-products from juice production are also used to extract essential oils and citric acids used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries (Kaur et al 2021;
Panwar et al 2021). It is estimated that around 2/3 of citrus fruits produced worldwide are consumed as fresh fruit, and the remaining 1/3 is used mainly for juice production and some industrial purposes (Liu et al 2012)
In vitro inhibition of fungi causing postharvest green and blue mold of citrus fruits by agricultural by-products extract
No full textCitrus are among the most important crops in the Mediterranean basin. Citrus fruit consumption has health benefits due to the content of vitamins and minerals. During postharvest storage, citrus fruits are susceptible to green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum (PD) and 95 Penicillium italicum (PI), respectively. To control these diseases, chemical fungicides are commonly used. However, many of them are reportedly harmful to humans and the environment. Agricultural by-products (ABP) are rich in a variety of bioactive compounds, such as (poly)phenols, essential oils, terpenoids, and alkaloids, which might have antifungal properties. Thus, the bioactive compounds of ABP could be a sustainable source of novel antifungal agents for citrus molds control. Moreover, the use of ABP contributes to the circular economy by valorizing value-added compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro the inhibitory effect of extracts from ABP from Spain. Extracts from olive pomace (ALP), almond skin (AMS), and avocado seed (AVS) were tested against PD and PI. Extracts were obtained from lyophilized samples of each by-product by an ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure using a hydroalcoholic solution. The extracts were characterized by their total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The in vitro inhibitory activity of extracts was investigated using a microtiter assay employing a 96-well plate. In each well, 20 μL of extract, 150 μL of Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) culture medium, and 30 μL of fungal inoculum containing 1.5x105 spores/mL were pipetted. Sterile water was used in controls instead of inoculum or extract to achieve a final volume of 300 μL. Finally, the plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C, and the optical density of each well was measured using a spectrophotometer at 600 nm every 24h for 4 days. The inhibitory activity of the extracts was calculated with respect to the control treatment (PDB without extract) on day 4. TPC was higher in the AVS extract (427.40 mg GAE/g DW), whereas AMS and ALP yielded lower values (32.79 mg GAE/g of DW and 12.21 mg GAE/g DW, respectively). Moreover, TAC was higher in the AMS extract (4.89 g AAE/L), followed by ALP (4.62 g AAE/L) and AVS (3.07 g AAE/L). In the in vitro assays, AMS and AVS extracts inhibited 100% of PD fungal growth, whereas ALP inhibited 81%. Regarding PI, AVS inhibited 100%, AMS 97%, and ALP only 55% of fungal growth. The results suggest that extracts with higher TPC and TAC had a more significant inhibitory effect against PD and PI. Therefore, in this work, the presence of (poly)phenols and antioxidants correlated with the antifungal activity of the ABP extracts. Moreover, AVS and AMS extracts have the potential to be used as a source of novel antifungal agents to control postharvest green and blue molds of citrus. Further studies should investigate the in vivo antifungal activity of the AVS and AMS extracts and their characterization by HPLC
Starch-based antifungal edible coatings to control sour rot caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii and maintain postharvest quality of ‘Fino’ lemon
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Two edible coating (EC) emulsions based on potato starch (F6 and F10) alone or formulated with sodium benzoate (SB, 2% w/w) (F6/SB and F10/SB) were evaluated to maintain postharvest quality of cold-stored ‘Fino’ lemons and control sour rot on lemons artificially inoculated with Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Previous research showed the potential of these ECs to improve the storability of ‘Orri’ mandarins and reduce citrus green and blue molds caused by Penicillum digitatum and
Penicillium italicum, respectively. RESULTS: The coatings F6/SB and F10/SB significantly reduced sour rot incidence and severity compared to uncoated control samples on lemons incubated at 28°C for 4 and 7 days. The F6/SB coating reduced weight loss and gas exchange compared to uncoated fruit after 2 and 4 weeks of storage at 12°C plus a shelf life of 1 week at 20 °C, without adversely affecting the lemon physicochemical quality. CONCLUSION: Overall, the F6/SB coating formulation, composed of pregelatinized potato starch, glyceryl monostearate, glycerol, emulsifiers and SB, with a total solid content of 5.5%, showed the best results in reducing citrus sour rot and maintaining the postharvest quality of cold-stored ‘Fino’ lemons. Therefore, it showed potential as a new cost-effective postharvest treatment suitable to be included in integrated disease management programs for citrus international markets with zero tolerance to chemical residues
Irrigation strategies affect quality, mineral composition and internal rind browning of ‘Mollar de Elche’ pomegranate fruits
Get PDFWater availability for irrigation is a scarce and limiting factor in the southeast of Spain, the country’s main pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) producing area. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the use of this resource by studying different irrigation strategies in order to reduce water inputs with the least possible impact on fruit production and quality. On the other hand, a physiological disorder has recently been observed in Spanish ‘Mollar de Elche’ pomegranates that causes browning of the inner side of the rind, especially in fruits subjected to long-term cold storage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of irrigation management (different irrigation doses and drip flow rates) on plant nutrition, fruit quality and postharvest internal rind browning. Applied localized irrigation treatments were T100 or control (100% ETc) and a sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) that established a restriction of 50% of the control regime. In addition, for each treatment, drip emitters with different flow rates of 8, 4 and 2 L per hour were used. The experimental design of the orchard was in random blocks of eight trees and three repetitions per treatment. Capacitive sensors (FDR) were installed, and midday stem water potential (Ψstem) measurements were carried out. The parameters measured in fruits were morphological parameters, peel and juice color (CIELab*), juice quality (SST, pH, AT, IM), mineral nutrient composition and the internal rind browning index. The results obtained showed that SDI increased the external coloration of the fruit and the maturity index but reduced the thickness of the rind and did not affect the color of the juice. No significant differences among types of dripper were found in fruits. Boron concentration in the albedo was affected by the irrigation regime. SDI reduced the incidence of internal rind browning, suggesting that this irrigation strategy can reduce this physiological disorder