Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar (E-Journal)
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    Harmonization of the Human Heart, Mind and Hand

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    Fokus ovog članka je razmišljanje o prirodi ljudskog srca (al-qalb), ljudskog uma (al-‘aql) i ljudske ruke (al-yad). Srce je mjesto osjećaja – ljubavi ili mržnje; um je mjesto misli - ispravne ili neispravne; ruka je oruđe moći – pravde ili nepravde. A pitanje je: koja je to skala koja čini da srce prevagne tako da voli ili mrzi; šta utječe na um da misli dobro ili zlo; šta uzrokuje da ruka čini pravdno ili nepravdno? A pitanje je: koja je to skala koja čini da srce prevagne tako da voli ili mrzi; šta utječe na um da misli dobro ili zlo; šta uzrokuje da ruka čini pravdno ili nepravdno? Kakva je uloga vjere / religije u harmonizaciji ljudskog srca, uma i ruke? Kako Sīrah, način života Božijeg poslanika, može naučiti ljudsko srce da voli, ljudski um da ispravno misli i ljudsku ruku da radi prav- edno? Šta čovjek može naučiti iz paralelnih života i iskušenja prvih aṣḥāba, Poslanikovih suradnika i njihovih neposrednih tābi’ūna, sljedbenika? Autor predstavlja način života dvojice aṣḥāba: ‘Abdullaha ibn ‘Abbasa i Mu‘ādha ibn Džabala i jednog tābiʿūna: Al-Qāḍī Šuraikh ibn Al-Ḥārith Al-Kindīja, kako bi pokazao da srce nije pumpa koja pokreće krv, već je krv ljubav koja potiče srce da voli; da um nije posuda koju treba puniti svim i svačim, već svjetlo koje treba upaliti; te da ruka nije alat kojeg treba zloupotrijebiti, već sredstvo s kojim treba služiti pravdi. Cilj autora je otvoriti put za kritiku čiste vjere kod muslimana. Zapravo, muslimani moraju ozbiljno ispitati svoju vjeru kako bi pronašli pravi izlaz iz trenutne krize odnosa između svog srca, uma i ruke. Gdje je muslimanska čista vjera: samo u srcu? samo na umu? ili samo u ruci? Kako muslimani mogu povezati ovo troje u koherentnu cjelinu za dobro čovječanstva? Lijepi primjeri iz Sīre, načina Poslanikovog i života njegovih aṣḥāba mogli bi nam pružiti prave odgovore na ova pitanja pod uvjetom da muslimani otvore svoja srca, da koriste svoj um i da odgoje svoju ruku. Ovaj članak pokušava da ih usmjeri u tom pravcu.The focus of this article is a reflection on the nature of the human heart (al-qalb), human mind (al-‘aql) and human hand (al-yad). The heart is the place of emotion - love or hate; the mind is the place of thought - right or wrong; the hand is the tool of power – justice or injustice. So, the question may be asked, what is the tipping scale for the heart from love to hate; what makes the mind to think right or wrong; and what causes the hand to do justice or injustice? Then, what is the role of faith/religion in harmonizing the human heart, mind and hand? How can the Sīrah, the way of the life of the messenger of God, teach the human heart to love, the human mind to thing right and the human hand to act justly? What can man learn from the parallel lives and trials of the early aṣḥāb, the Prophet’s companions, and their immediate tābi’ūn, the followers? Here, the article introduces the way of life of two aṣḥāb: ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās and Mu‘ādh ibn Jabal and one tābi‘un: Al-Qāḍī Shuraikh ibn Al-Ḥārith Al-Kindī, to show that the heart is not a pump that drives the blood, but it is the blood of love that drives the heart to love; that the mind is not a vessel to be filled, but the light to be kindled; and that the hand is not a tool to be abused, but a means to be used for justice. The author aims to open the way for a critique of the pure faith of Muslims. Indeed, the Muslims need to examine their faith in a serious way to find out the right exit from the current crisis of the relationship between their heart, mind and hand. Where is the pure faith of Muslims? Is it in their heart only? Is it in their mind only? Is it in their hand only? How can the Muslims connect these three into a coherent whole for the good of humanity? The good examples from the Sīrah might provide us with the right answer to these questions provided that the Muslims open their hearts, employ their minds and educate their hands. This article is trying to guide them to that direction

    Qadar/ṣināʿat – a product of the classical-traditional attitude toward the Qur'an, Sunnah and Hadith

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    Namjera ove analize je nastaviti započetu raspravu (iz prethodnih brojeva) o nekim dijelovima povijesti onog što se deklarira ili titulira kao „islamska umjetnost“ u kritičnom okviru kako okcidentalnovesterniziranih tako i nekih muslìmānskīh teorijskih pogleda. Analizom i postavljanjem granica u skladu s prevladavajućim autoritetima, pridonijet će se vitalnim modalitetima diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata, koji su rezolutno ìslāmskī i u skladu s izvorištem (ar. al-mardžaʿili al-maṣdar). Posebno se želi skrenutipažnja na zalaganje za različitost, upravo zbog okcidentalno-vesterniziranog akademskog nastojanja da se zanemari duh jedinstva i autorefleksivnih islamskih konstanti karakterističnih diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata uz nametanje umjetne dihotomije sakralnog i profanog, te paradigmatskih pogleda na vrednovanje kreativnog (estetiziranog) postignuća začetnika/dizajnera reprezentacije, odnosno homo islamicusa, kao apsolutnog zapadnjačkog vlasništva (western ownership).S druge strane, estetizirano djelanje homo islamicusa u okviru svjesne rekognitivne i kognitivne produktivno-refleksivne orijentacije ima vrlo konkretno povijesno postojanje. Ako za titulaciju „islamska umjetnost“ možemo upotrijebiti poznati Derridaov moto ili grif ‘il n’y a pas de hors-texte’ („ništa ne postoji izvan teksta“), za estetizirano djelanje homo islamicusa ne možemo pitati postoji li ili ne postoji. Čini se da bi pravilno pitanje u vezi s modalitetima diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata glasilo ‘qu’est-cequ’il y a de hors-texte’? („što se nalazi izvan teksta?“).The intention of this analysis is to continue the discussion (from the previous issuees) of some parts of the history of what is declared or titled „Islamic art”, within the critical and theoretical framework of both Occidental-Western and (some) Muslim perspectives. The analysis and establishments of limits in line with the prevailing authorities will contribute to the vital modalities of qadar/ṣināʿat discourse which are resolutely Islamic and in line with their source (ar. al-marjaʿ or al-maṣdar). Particular attention is drawn to advocating differences, due to Occidental-westernized academic efforts to ignore the spirit of unity and the self-reflective Islamic constants of qadar/ṣināʿat discourses and impose the artificial dichotomy of the sacral and profane, and due to paradigmatic views on the evaluation of the creative (aestheticized) achievement of the originator/designer of representation, (i.e. homo islamicus) as absolute western ownership. On the other hand, the aestheticized activity of homo islamicus within the conscious recognitive and cognitive productive-reflective orientation has a very specific historical existence. If the well-known saying of Jacques Derrida – the well known Postmodernist, ‘il n’y a pas de hors-texte’ („there is nothing outside the text”) can be applied to the title „Islamic art”, we can raise the question as to whether the aestheticized activity of homo islamicus exists or not. It seems that the proper question related to the modalities of qadar/ṣināʿat discourse should be ‘qu'est-ce qu'ily a de hors-texte’ („what is there outside the text?”)

    The man who did what was right regardless of the consequences

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    Bosniaks and Bosnia: A Study in Philosophy of Politics

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    U prvom dijelu ove studije, objavljenom u prvom broju časopisa "Svjetionik", autor je ukratko izložio osnovne elemente  filozofije politike karakteristične za historiju savremenih nacija u kojem je analizirao odnose pojedinca, naroda, nacije i države. Drugi dio ove studije fokusira se na odnos Bošnjaka prema kolektivnom sjećanju koje je, kako autor smatra, pod utjecajem dugoročne političke strategije susjeda, dovedeno na prag amnezije. Autor smatra da poljuljana kolektivna memorija predstavlja najneuralgičniji problem i najveću opasnost za historijsku reintegraciju i homogenizaciju Bošnjaka kao naroda i nacije. Autor naglašava da je "Bosanac" teritorijalna odrednica i potpuno isključuje nacionalnu odrednicu "Bošnjak". Koketiranje s formulacijom "Bošnjaci/Bosanci", koja se često koristi, ne samo što ne afirmira etničku i nacionalnu pripadnost Bošnjaka nego još dodatno negira njihovu posebnost – a time dovodi u pitanje i samo postojanje Bošnjaka. Bošnjak se rađa, Bošnjak se ostaje. „Bosanac“ se postaje, „Bosanac“ se prestaje biti. Bošnjak koji živi u Bosni ujedno je i "Bosanac". "Bosanac" koji nije Bošnjak, nigdje, pa ni u Bosni, ne postaje Bošnjak. Bošnjak koji ne živi u Bosni ostaje Bošnjak, ali prestaje biti "Bosanac". Cilj supstituiranja historijskog imena Bošnjaci teritorijalnom odrednicom "Bosanci", očigledan je: Razbiti homogeno jezgro Bošnjaka brisanjem svijesti o njihovoj etničkoj posebnosti, imenu, nacionalnom jedinstvu, zajedničkoj historiji, kulturi, jeziku, ukratko – zajedničkoj prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. Također u studiji se podsjeća na razliku savremenog shvatanja nacije od načina na koji je ovaj društveni fenomen bio tumačen sve do sredine 20. stoljeća. Iza razgraničenja nacije od naroda, kao njegove navodno superiorne forme, u pozadini se krije nastojanje da se narod, kao objektivna činjenica, relativizira, uzajamne veze njegovih pripadnika oslabe i da se cijelo stanovništvo podvede pod kontrolu centralne političke moći – kao prividno integrirana i homogena cjelina.In the first part of this study, published in the first issue of the magazine Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar, the author briefly outlined the basic elements of the philosophy of politics characteristic of the history of modern nations in which he analysed the relations of the individual, the people, the nation and the state. The second part of this study focuses on the attitude of Bosniaks towards collective memory, which, according to the author, was brought to the threshold of amnesia under the influence of the long-term political strategy of their neighbours. The author believes that the shaken collective memory represents the most neuralgic problem and the greatest danger for the historical reintegration and homogenization of Bosniaks as an ethnicity and a nation. The author emphasizes that “Bosnian” is a territorial determinant and completely excludes the national determinant “Bosniak”. Flirting with the phrase “Bosniaks/Bosnians”, which is often used, is not only a denouncement of the ethnic and national affiliation of Bosniaks, but further denies their uniqueness – and thus calls into question the very existence of Bosniaks. A Bosniak is born, a Bosniak remains. A "Bosnian" becomes, a "Bosnian" cease to be. A Bosniak living in Bosnia is also a "Bosnian". A "Bosnian" who is not a Bosniak does not become a Bosniak anywhere, not even in Bosnia. A Bosniak who does not live in Bosnia remains a Bosniak, but ceases to be a "Bosnian". The goal of substituting the historical name Bosniaks with the territorial designation "Bosnians" is obvious: Break the homogeneous core of Bosniaks by erasing awareness of their ethnic identity, name, national unity, common history, culture, language, in short – a common past, present and future. The study also recalls the difference between the modern understanding of the nation and the way in which this social phenomenon was interpreted until the middle of the 20th century. Behind the separation of the nation from the ethnicity/people, as the supposedly superior form, lies the effort to relativize the ethnicity/people, as an objective fact, to weaken the mutual ties of its members and to bring the entire population under the control of central political power – as a seemingly integrated and homogeneous whole

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    Why Did Dante Aligerhi Condemn Prophet Mohammed a.s. to Hell?

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    Ove 2021. godine obilježava se 700 godina od smrti Dantea Alighierija, italijanskog pjesnika, književnika i mislioca kojeg mnogi časte velikim pridjevima i znakovima priznanja. Povodom te godišnjice ovaj esej bavi se, ukratko, nekim razlozima zašto je Dante u svome djelu Božanstvena komedija, Božijem poslaniku Muhammedu doznačio mjesto u paklu. Esej se bavi pitanjima izvora i literature, prije svega srednjovjekovne, koja je izvršila utjecaj na Dantea u formiranju njegove opće predodžbe o islamu i Muhammedu, a. s. Esejom se stavlja do znanja da ni sa Danteom nije prestalo evropljansko srednjovjekovno, uglavnom negativno, a vrlo često i mrzilačko i ponižavajuće, tretiranje islama i Muhammeda, a. s. Esej ukazuje na potrebu razlikovanja Dantea i kršćanstva, jer Dante predstavlja samo sebe, svoje pjevanje i svoje mišljenje.This year, 2021, marks the 700th anniversary of the death of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, writer and thinker, who has been honored by grand attributes and signs of recognition by many. On the occasion of this anniversary, this essay briefly deals with some of the reasons for which Dante, in his work Divine Comedy, assigned God’s Prophet Mohammed a place in hell. The essay deals with the issues of sources and literature, primarily medieval, which had impact on Dante in the formation of his general notion of Islam and Mohammed, a.s. The essay suggests that Dante did not put a stop to the European medieval, mostly negative and very often hateful and degrading treatment of Islam and Mohammed a,s. The essay points to the need to distinguish Dante from Christianity, since Dante represents only himself, his poetry and his opinion

    The Importance of Interreligious Dialogues on Ethics and Law: A Global Percpective

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    Ovaj se članak zalaže za oživljavanje međureligijskog dijaloga o etici i zakonu kao instrumentu mira i pomirenja. Dok je prvu fazu IRD obilježila značajnu istaknutost ovih tema, one su u drugoj fazi postale manje važne. Ovo treba ispraviti iz dva razloga. Teoretski je racionalnost dogmatskih ili sistematskih uvida (kakva se nalazi u svim vjerskim tradicijama) uglavnom isključiva, dok je racionalnost etike, također religijski utemeljena etika, u osnovi inkluzivna. Stoga je otvoren za dijalog. Postoje značajne zajedničke točke oko normi, pravila i vrijednosti između vjerskih tradicija, koje trebaju služiti ljudima, društvu i političkoj zajednici. To je od posebne važnosti u današnjim multireligijskim društvima, kao i u svijetu koji je više nego ikad povezan globalizacijom. Članak završava analizom dokumenta o ljudskom bratstvu pape Franje i velikog imama Ahmada al-Tayyeba i njegovog etičkog pristupa dijalogu.The present article pleads for the revival of an interreligious dialogue on ethics and law as an instrument of peace and reconciliation. Whereas the first phase of IRD was marked by a considerable prominence of these topics, the have become of less importance in the second phase. This needs correction for two reasons. Theoretically the rationality of dogmatic or systematic insights (as found in all faith traditions) is largely exclusive, whereas the rationality of ethics, also religiously founded ethics, is basically inclusive. It is therefore open to dialogue. There exists considerable common ground on norms, rules and values between religious traditions, which are to serve humans, the society and the political community. This is of particular importance in today’s multi-religious societies as well as in a world more than ever interconnected by globalization. The article concludes with an analysis of the document on Human Fraternity of Pope Francis and Grand Imam Ahmad al-Tayyeb and its ethical approach to dialogue

    Editorial

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    U ovom broju pero akademika Mehmeda Akšamije nudi vam nastavak analize umjetničkog djelanja (qadar/ṣināʿata) u okviru islamskog svjetonazora. Svojom analizom i postavljanjem granica u skladu sa priznatim autoritetima „islamske umjetnosti“, akademik Akšamija, po prvi put, jasno definira modalitete diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata, modalitete koji su nedvojbeno utemeljeni na ìslāmskim izvorima (ar. al-mardžaʿ ili al-maṣdar). Velike ideje, koje pomjeraju granice spoznavanja, posebno u umjetnosti, nisu odmah svima razumljive, ali vremenom one postaju standardne vrijednosti kod onih koji razumiju umjetnost, kao jedan od najviših stupnjeva ljudske duhovnosti.In this issue, the pen of academician Mehmed Akšamija offers you a continuation of his analysis of the work of art (qadar/ṣināʿat) within the Islamic worldview. By his analysis and setting boundaries in accordance with the recognized  authorities of "Islamic art", Akšamija, for the first time, clearly defines the modalities of qadar/ṣināʿat discourse, modalities that are undoubtedly based on Islamic sources (ar. al-marjaʿ or al-maṣdar). Great ideas that push the boundaries of cognition, especially in art, are not immediately understandable to all, but over time they become standard values among those who understand the art, as one of the highest degrees of human spirituality

    A Word by the Editor-in-Chief

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    Časopis „Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar“ korača svoj drugi korak maratona na putu novih ideja o vjeri, moralu, umjetnosti, naciji, društvu i državi. Ne možemo kriti ni tremu ni radoznalost od prvog koraka. Trema je bila strah da nećemo ispuniti vaša očekivanja, a radoznalost je bila želja da ćemo čuti vašu objektivnu kritiku.  Osim dva pokušaja paušalne kritike opterećene starim i novim predrasudama, nemamo više razloga za strah. Naprotiv, stekli smo samopouzdanje da smijemo i možemo slobodno koračati uzdignute glave jer Časopis „Illuminatio/ Svjetionik/Almanar“ zna svoj cilj. Naša radoznalost,pak, zadovoljena je prikazom i analitičkom kritikom u jednom od renomiranih, svjetski poznatih časopisa koji je usmjeren na radove o religiji, pod rukovođenjem Dr. Paula Mojzesa, kako uredničkog odbora tako i uredničke politike. The Magazine Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar is taking its second step in a marathon on the path of new ideas about faith, morality, art, nation, society and state. We cannot hide either our nervousness or our curiosity from the rst step. The trepidation was the fear that we would not meet your expectations, and the curiosity was the desire to hear your objective criticism. Apart from two attempts at at criticism burdened with old and new prejudices, we no longer have reason to fear. On the contrary, we have gained the con dence that we dare and can walk freely with our heads held high because the Magazine Illuminatio/Svjetionik/Almanar knows its goal. Our curiosity, on the other hand, is satis ed by a review and analytical critique in one of the renowned, world- famous journals focused on works on religion, under the direction of Dr. Paul Mojzes, both the editorial board and the editorial policy

    QADAR/SINA´AT – „Islamic art“ first part

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    Namjera ove analize je započeti raspravu o nekim dijelovima povijesti onog što se deklarira ili titulira kao „islamska umjetnost“, u kritičnom okviru kako okcidentalno- vesterniziranih tako i nekih muslìmānskīh teorijskih pogleda. Analizom i postavljanjem granica u skladu s prevladavajućim autoritetima, pridonijet će se vitalnim modalitetima diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata, koji su rezolutno ìslāmskī i u skladu s izvorištem (ar. al-mardžaʿili al-maṣdar). Posebno se želi skrenuti pažnja na zalaganje za različitost, upravo zbog okcidentalno-vesterniziranog akademskog nastojanja da se zanemari duh jedinstva i autorefleksivne islamske konstante karakterističnih diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata uz nametanje umjetne dihotomije sakralnog i profanog, te paradigmatskih pogleda na vrednovanje kreativnog (estetiziranog) postignuća začetnika/dizajnera reprezentacije, odnosno homo islamicusa, kao apsolutnog zapadnjačkog vlasništva (western ownership).             S druge strane, estetizirano djelanje homo islamicusa u okviru svjesne rekognitivne i kognitivne produktivno-refleksivne orijentacije ima vrlo konkretno povijesno postojanje. Ako za titulaciju „islamska umjetnost“ možemo upotrijebiti poznati Derridaov mot ili grif  ‘il n’y a pas de hors-texte’ (“ništa ne postoji izvan teksta“), za estetizirano djelanje homo islamicusa ne možemo pitati postoji li ili ne postoji. Čini se da bi pravilno pitanje u vezi s modalitetima diskursâ qadar/ṣināʿata glasilo ‘qu'est-ce qu'il y a de hors-texte’? (“što se nalazi izvan teksta? “). Susrešćemo se i s neprimjerenim nazivljem, kao što je npr. upotreba pojma dekorativno kao ekvivalenta za ornamentalno ili arabeskno za estetizirani izraz beskonačnog uzorka, kao i podjelu na centralne i rubne umjetničke produkcije, odnosno središta eurocentrične kulturne moći i tzv. njenu periferiju. Skrenuta je pozornost na okcidentalno-vesternizirano pozicioniranje teorije umjetnosti na vrh evolucije i kreativne zrelosti, što u konačnici ima za cilj jedinstvenu hegemoniju „Novog svijeta“, odnosno podvrgavanje i „kultiviranje“ bilo kojeg neevropskog ili nevesterniziranog entiteta, a posebno kreativnog bivstvovanja unutar klasične tradicije ìslāmske kulture (ar. al-thaqāfah al-islāmiyyah) i ìslāmske civilizacije (ar. al-ḥaḍārah al-islāmiyyah ili al-tamaddun al- islāmiyy).             Na koncu mora se primjetiti da okcidentalno-vesterniziran način akademskog razmišljanja u ovoj oblasti, te bilo kojih drugih teorija koje djeluju unutar granica indeksnog poretka i taksonomije, uključujući i koncept današnje globalizacije, također predstavljaju sistemske obrasce autoriteta, kontrole i vrednovanja, a time i isključenosti prema drugima. Međutim, takva forma nametanja linearnog ili cikličkog načina tumačenja, se ipak suočava sa vrlo stvarnim izazovima svojstvenim pisanju globalne „historije umjetnosti“ i potpunim odsustvom razumijevanja drugih i drugačijih formi kreativnog izražavanja.This analysis is aimed at initiating a discussion of some parts of the history of what is declared or titled „Islamic art”, within the critical and theoretical framework of both Occidental-Western and (some) Muslim perspectives. The analysis and establishments of limits in line with the prevailing authorities will contribute to the vital modalities of qadar/ṣināʿat discourse which are resolutely Islamic and in line with their source (ar. al-marjaʿ or al-maṣdar). Particular attention is drawn to advocating differences, due to Occidental-westernized academic efforts to ignore the spirit of unity and the self-re ective Islamic constant of qadar/ṣināʿat discourses and impose the arti cial dichotomy of the sacral and profane, and due to paradigmatic views on the evaluation of the creative (aestheticized) achievement of the originator/designer of representation, (i.e. homo islamicus) as absolute western ownership. On the other hand, the aestheticized activity of homo islamicus within the conscious recognitive and cognitive productive-re ective orientation has a very speci c historical existence. If the well-known saying of Jacques Derrida – the well known Postmodernist, ‘il n’y a pas de hors-texte’ („there is nothing outside the text”) can be applied to the title „Islamic art”, we can raise the question as to whether the aestheticized activity of homo islamicus exists or not. It seems that the proper question related to the modalities of qadar/ṣināʿat discourse should be ‘qu'est-ce qu'il y a de hors-texte’ („what is there outside the text?”). We will also encounter inappropriate terms, such as the use of the term decorative as an equivalent to ornamental or arabesque for aestheticized expression of an in nite sample, as well as the classi cation into central and marginal artistic productions, (i.e. the center of the Eurocentric cultural power and its so-called periphery). Attention is drawn to the Occidental-westernized positioning of the theory of arts at the top of creative maturity, which is ultimately aimed at the unique hegemony of the „New World”, (i.e. the submission and „cultivation” of any non-European and non-westernized entity), and particularly of the creative existence within the classical tradition of Islamic culture (ar. al-thaqāfah al-islāmiyyah) and Islamic civilization (ar. al-ḥaḍārah al-islāmiyyah or al-tamaddun al-islāmiyy). Finally, it should be noted that the Occidental-westernized manner of academic thinking in this area, and of any other theories applied within the borders of index order and taxonomy (including the concept of current globalization), also represent systematic patterns of authority, control and evaluation, and thus the exclusion of others. However, such a form of imposing a linear or cyclic way of interpretation still faces very real challenges typical of writing a global „history of art” and the complete absence of understanding other and different forms of creative expression

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