Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia
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Efeitos da Quarta Revolução Industrial no Direito
No full textThe aim of the paper is to discuss the global impact that the fourth industrial revolution has introduced at a legal level. In addi-tion, it describes how regulation has not guarantee accessibility to all social groups in different countries. This is because their participation is conditioned by the use of external constraints (instruments) such as electricity and the Internet. That is, minimum tools for work perfor-mance in an increasingly competitive social environment.
KEYWORDS: fourth industrial revolution, law, labor law, protection of personal data, contracts.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F14, K23RESUMENEl artículo discute el impacto global que a nivel jurídico ha introducido la cuarta revolución industrial. Además, describe como jurídicamente se generan escenarios que no necesariamente garantizan la accesibilidad a todos los grupos sociales de distintos países, debido a que su participación está sujeta al uso de condicionamientos externos (instrumentos) como la electricidad y la Internet, es decir, herramientas mínimas para el desempeño en un entorno social cada vez más competitivo.
ABSTRACTThe aim of the paper is to discuss the global impact that the fourth industrial revolution has introduced at a legal level. In addi-tion, it describes how regulation has not guarantee accessibility to all social groups in different countries. This is because their participation is conditioned by the use of external constraints (instruments) such as electricity and the Internet. That is, minimum tools for work perfor-mance in an increasingly competitive social environment.
KEYWORDS: fourth industrial revolution, law, labor law, protection of personal data, contracts.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F14, K2
Divulgação como mecanismo para prevenir falhas de mercado
No full textRegulators often address the potential for onesided standard form contracts by requiring extra disclosure of the terms. Despite its ubiquity, for a disclosure regime to be effective, it must increase readership of contracts beyond a nontrivial rate, and, in addition, individuals must be willing to change their decisions conditional on what they read. I follow the clickstream of 47,399 households to 81 Internet software retailers to test whether those who shop for software online are more likely to read the license agreement when it is more prominently disclosed. I find that the degree of disclosure has almost no impact on the rate at which consumers read license agreements. Moreover, those who do read are equally likely to purchase the software product regardless of the onesidedness of the contract. The results suggest that mandating disclosure online is unlikely, on its own, to put pressure on sellers.
KEYWORDS: market failures, information disclosure, market, technological products, consumers.
JEL CODE: E65, D46RESUMENLos reguladores a menudo abordan el potencial de los contratos de formulario estándar unilateral requiriendo una divulgación adicional de los términos. A pesar de su ubicuidad, para que un régimen de divulgación sea efectivo, debe aumentar el número de lectores de los contratos más allá de una tasa no trivial, y, además, las personas deben estar dispuestas a cambiar sus decisiones condicionadas a lo que leen. Sigo el flujo de clics de 47,399 hogares a 81 minoristas de software de Internet para probar si quienes compran software en línea son más propensos a leer el acuerdo de licencia cuando se divulga de manera más destacada. Encuentro que el grado de divulgación casi no tiene impacto en la tasa a la que los consumidores leen los acuerdos de licencia. Además, aquellos que sí lo hacen tienen la misma probabilidad de comprar el producto de software, independientemente de la parcialidad del contrato. Los resultados sugieren que exigir la divulgación en línea es poco probable, por sí solo, para presionar a los vendedores.
ABSTRACTRegulators often address the potential for onesided standard form contracts by requiring extra disclosure of the terms. Despite its ubiquity, for a disclosure regime to be effective, it must increase readership of contracts beyond a nontrivial rate, and, in addition, individuals must be willing to change their decisions conditional on what they read. I follow the clickstream of 47,399 households to 81 Internet software retailers to test whether those who shop for software online are more likely to read the license agreement when it is more prominently disclosed. I find that the degree of disclosure has almost no impact on the rate at which consumers read license agreements. Moreover, those who do read are equally likely to purchase the software product regardless of the onesidedness of the contract. The results suggest that mandating disclosure online is unlikely, on its own, to put pressure on sellers.
KEYWORDS: market failures, information disclosure, market, technological products, consumers.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: E65, D4
A Lógica - Processo Legal das Condenações de Juizes Fiscais
No full textJudicial conviction, approached as a logical legal process, is a complex challenge for those who see in the work of the judge something more than a simple application of a legal syllogism. Contemporary doctrines increasingly recognize the active role of judges in the creation of law, which is reflected, at least in theory, in better founded judgments which have a more solid logical structure. From these presuppositions, this article, in a general way, describes the logical-juridical mental process that the tax judge must follow to obtain the long-awaited conviction in their decision, always observing the particular characteristics of the substantive and adjective activity of the tax law.
KEYWORDS: Logical-Legal process, tax judge, tax law, conviction, administrative court
JEL CODE: D63, E35RESUMENLa convicción judicial, abordada como un proceso lógico jurídico, es un reto complejo para quienes ven en la labor del juez algo más que una simple aplicación de un silogismo jurídico. Las doctrinas contemporáneas reconocen cada vez más el rol activo de los juzgadores en la creación del derecho, lo cual se refleja, al menos en teoría, en sentencias mejor fundamentadas, y con una estructura lógica más sólida. A partir de estos presupuestos el presente artículo de manera general describe el proceso mental lógico-jurídico que debe seguir el juez tributario para obtener la tan ansiada convicción en su decisión, al observar siempre las características particulares de la actividad sustantiva y adjetiva del derecho tributario.
ABSTRACTJudicial conviction, approached as a logical legal process, is a complex challenge for those who see in the work of the judge something more than a simple application of a legal syllogism. Contemporary doctrines increasingly recognize the active role of judges in the creation of law, which is reflected, at least in theory, in better founded judgments which have a more solid logical structure. From these presuppositions, this article, in a general way, describes the logical-juridical mental process that the tax judge must follow to obtain the long-awaited conviction in their decision, always observing the particular characteristics of the substantive and adjective activity of the tax law.
KEYWORDS: Logical-Legal process, tax judge, tax law, conviction, administrative court
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: D63, E3
Falácia sobre a gravidade das penas no direito penal
No full textThe following analysis responds to the need of reflex ion imposed in the criminal law area for argentine judicial system, law-yers and operators, in order to establish the multiple causes that ge-nerate the present criminal index, which have been installing fear, in the argentine society, to become a victim of a crime, particularly vio-lent. It also discusses how much is misjudged the public opinion that attaches the situation to the penal law relaxation, indicating finally the multiple causes and approaches that give solution to the present state of things.
KEYWORDS: criminality index, insecurity, penal legislation refor-ms, penalty aggravation and legal figures, corruption
JEL CODE: K14, C61RESUMENEl siguiente análisis responde a la necesidad de reflexión que se impone en el ámbito del Derecho Penal en Argentina, a fin de establecer las múltiples causas que desembocaron en los actuales índices de criminalidad, que progresivamente han instalado en la sociedad argentina el temor habitual de convertirse en víctima de delito -en particular violentos-. Asimismo, se analiza hasta qué punto es errada la opinión pública que atribuye dicha situación a una supuesta flexibilización de la legislación penal al tiempo que reclama mayor severidad penal, indicándose finalmente aquí las múltiples causas y los enfoques que aporten posible solución al Estado de cosas actual. Las falacias constituyen razonamientos seductores, aúnque erróneos, resultan psicológicamente persuasivos y por ello se convierten en peligrosas trampas a la razón. El intelecto debe imponerse a ellas, apartándose en este caso de la “falacia de la causa falsa”, para profundizar en las variables relevantes y las causas eficientes de la situación.
ABSTRACTThe following analysis responds to the need of reflex ion imposed in the criminal law area for argentine judicial system, lawyers and operators, in order to establish the multiple causes that generate the present criminal index, which have been installing fear, in the argentine society, to become a victim of a crime, particularly violent. It also discusses how much is misjudged the public opinion that attaches the situation to the penal law relaxation, indicating finally the multiple causes and approaches that give solution to the present state of things.
KEYWORDS: criminality index, insecurity, penal legislation reforms, penalty aggravation and legal figures, corruption
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K14, C6
Constituição material. Solução Legal para o Conflito entre Legalidade e Legitimidade
No full textThe material Constitution can be understood as the daily dynamic of systemic reproduction of a society, which may or may not be reflected normatively, and may even contradict the formal written Constitution. Between both notions of Constitution there is a dicho-tomy, but also a relationship of dependence and subjection. In the present work is based how the material Constitution is the comparative pattern to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the formal legal norms of the normative order of a country, and how the recognition of its legal value against the formal Constitution would allow to solve from the practice ordinary legal, beyond rationality or legal deontology, the common conflict between legality and legitimacy. In this article, we analyze some of the contemporary doctrinal uses and current academic references about the material Constitution, as well as some of its theoretical antecedents. A more complete and comprehensive notion about it is also proposed, identifying its elements, essence and content. In addition, it is proposed to broaden the understanding of constitutionalism from the recognition of the material Constitution, which will require taking a different notion on the defense of the Constitution, constitutional guarantees and the scheme of recognition of rights.
KEYWORDS: material constitution, conflict, legality, legitimacy, contemporary constitutionalism.
JEL CODE: K42, P48RESUMENLa Constitución material puede ser entendida como la dinámica cotidiana de reproducción sistémica de una sociedad, que puede estar o no reflejada normativamente, e incluso puede contradecir a la Constitución formal escrita. Entre ambas nociones de Constitución existe una dicotomía, pero también una relación de dependencia y sujeción. En el presente trabajo se fundamenta cómo la Constitución material es el patrón comparativo para evaluar la eficacia y eficiencia de las normas jurídicas formales del ordenamiento normativo de un país, y cómo el reconocimiento de su valor jurídico frente a la Constitución formal permitiría solucionar desde la práctica jurídica ordinaria, más allá de la racionalidad o la deontología jurídica, el conflicto común entre legalidad y legitimidad. En este artículo se analizan algunos de los usos doctrinales contemporáneos y referencias académicas actuales sobre la Constitución material, así como algunos de sus antecedentes teóricos. Se plantea además una noción más completa y abarcadora sobre la misma, identificando sus elementos, esencia y contenido. En adición, se propone ampliar la comprensión sobre el constitucionalismo desde el reconocimiento de la Constitución material, lo que exigirá asumir una noción diferente sobre la defensa de la Constitución, las garantías constitucionales y el esquema de reconocimiento de Derechos.
ABSTRACTThe material Constitution can be understood as the daily dynamic of systemic reproduction of a society, which may or may not be reflected normatively, and may even contradict the formal written Constitution. Between both notions of Constitution there is a dichotomy, but also a relationship of dependence and subjection. In the present work is based how the material Constitution is the comparative pattern to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the formal legal norms of the normative order of a country, and how the recognition of its legal value against the formal Constitution would allow to solve from the practice ordinary legal, beyond rationality or legal deontolo-gy, the common conflict between legality and legitimacy. In this article, we analyze some of the contemporary doctrinal uses and current academic references about the material Constitution, as well as some of its theoretical antecedents. A more complete and comprehensive notion about it is also proposed, identifying its elements, essence and content. In addition, it is proposed to broaden the understanding of constitutionalism from the recognition of the material Constitution, which will require taking a different notion on the defense of the Constitution, constitutional guarantees and the scheme of recognition of rights.
KEYWORDS: material constitution, conflict, legality, legitimacy, contemporary constitutionalism.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K42, P4
O Direito ao Juiz “Ordinário ou Competente” ou na sua História e Aplicação no Sistema Europeu de Direitos Humanos
No full textReview of Müssig, Ulrike, The legal judge. A historical compari-son between canon law and the European Convention on Human Rights, with special emphasis on the development of law in Germany, England and France. Instituto de Estudios Jurídicos Internacionales, Dykinson, Madrid, 2015, 654 ISBN 978-84-9085-005-3
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: N14, E61Recensión de Müssig, Ulrike, El Juez legal. Una comparación histórica desde el Derecho canónico hasta la Convención Europea de los Derechos Humanos, con especial énfasis en el desarrollo del derecho en Alemania, Inglaterra y Francia, Instituto de Estudios Jurídicos Internacionales, Dykinson, Madrid, 2015, 654 ISBN 978-84-9085-005-3Book
Review of Müssig, Ulrike, The legal judge. A historical compari-son between canon law and the European Convention on Human Rights, with special emphasis on the development of law in Germany, England and France. Instituto de Estudios Jurídicos Internacionales, Dykinson, Madrid, 2015, 654 ISBN 978-84-9085-005-3
KEY WORDS: judge, canon law, rights and power, judicial competence, personal rights.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: N14, E6
O Procedimento Abreviado como Forma de Desqualificação do Sistema Judicial Criminal
No full textThe current research is a clear and concise study with failures of the Ecuadorian penal system in respect to the abbreviated proceeding, that is a speed-up instrument and social defense, through which an effective resolution of the conflict is got. The abbreviated proceeding in Ecuador made possible getting an efficient and effective process, with a reactivation of the State punishment apparatus, which currently is a victim of the penal justice collapse, taking into account that out of cases managed in ordinary procedures, which takes time, resources and personnel, restrained nowadays. On the other hand, abbreviated proceeding consolidates the autonomy process of the will or consensus in the resolution of juridical-penal conflicts, and penalty is imposed in common agreement.
KEYWORDS: justice, due process, abbreviated procedure, penal pro-cess, crowding, legal dispute.
JEL CODE: D13, K14RESUMENLa presente investigación aborda un estudio claro y conciso en el cual se manifiestan las falencias existentes en el sistema penal ecuatoriano con respecto al procedimiento abreviado, destacándose como un instrumento de agilización y de defensa social a través del cual, se logra una resolución efectiva del conflicto. Es de destacar que el procedimiento abreviado en Ecuador posibilita materializar un causa eficiente, eficaz y efectiva, logrando al mismo tiempo una reactivación del aparato punitivo del Estado, el cual, actualmente es víctima del colapso de la administración de la justicia penal, tomándose en cuenta que la mayoría de casos son ventilados en procedimientos ordinarios, los cuales demandan tiempo, recursos y personal limitados. Por otra parte, el procedimiento abreviado solidifica el proceso de autonomía de la voluntad o del consenso en la resolución de conflictos jurídico penales, logrando en común acuerdo imponer la pena al procesado.
ABSTRACTThe current research is a clear and concise study with failures of the Ecuadorian penal system in respect to the abbreviated proceeding, that is a speed-up instrument and social defense, through which an effective resolution of the conflict is got. The abbreviated proceeding in Ecuador made possible getting an efficient and effective process, with a reactivation of the State punishment apparatus, which currently is a victim of the penal justice collapse, taking into account that out of cases managed in ordinary procedures, which takes time, resources and personnel, restrained nowadays. On the other hand, abbreviated proceeding consolidates the autonomy process of the will or consensus in the resolution of juridical-penal conflicts, and penalty is imposed in common agreement.
KEYWORDS: justice, due process, abbreviated procedure, penal process, crowding, legal dispute.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: D13, K1
Métodos de Raciocínio Lógico-Jurídico aplicados às Decisões Judiciais: A Jurisprudência como Mecanismo de Poder do Estado
No full textIn this study, we will analyze how the dialectic provides methods that place the judge in a unique position within the power structure of the democratic system of the State. In the following pages, initially, by contrasting two classical methods such as the deduc-tive and the inductive, it will be possible to determine if in fact their apparent contradiction according to the reasoning process that they pursue, generates an incompatibility to work together, and thus obtain better results when making a judicial decision. In this context, the legal logic and its manifestation will be studied as an essential tool of conceptualism applied to the positive doctrine of law, since it bases its action on practical issues where the concept arises from an inherent reality. This writing, in short, seeks to expose the use of legal logic in the science of law and, as under basic principles, reasoning, makes a relevant function to create knowledge and application of this discipline more correct and informed, in addition to being adapted to the real needs of society.
KEYWORDS: logical-legal reasoning, judicial decisions, jurisprudence, deduction, induction.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K41, K11RESUMENEste estudio analiza como la dialéctica brinda métodos que colocan al juez en una posición singular dentro de la estructura de poder del sistema democrático del Estado. En las siguientes páginas, inicialmente, al contraponer dos métodos clásicos como lo son el deductivo y el inductivo, se podrá determinar si de hecho su aparente contradicción según el proceso de razonamiento que persiguen, genera una incompatibilidad para trabajar de manera conjunta, y así obtener mejores resultados al momento de tomar una decisión de carácter judicial. En tal contexto, se estudiará la lógica jurídica y su manifestación como una herramienta esencial del conceptualismo aplicado a la doctrina positiva del Derecho, pues basa su accionar en cuestiones prácticas donde el concepto surge de una realidad inherente. Este escrito, en definitiva, busca exponer el uso de la lógica jurídica en la ciencia del Derecho y, como bajo principios básicos el razonamiento, hace una función relevante para crear un conocimiento y aplicación de esta disciplina más correcta e informada, además al ser adaptada a las necesidades reales de la sociedad.
ABSTRACTIn this study, we will analyze how the dialectic provides methods that place the judge in a unique position within the power structure of the democratic system of the State. In the following pages, initially, by contrasting two classical methods such as the deduc-tive and the inductive, it will be possible to determine if in fact their apparent contradiction according to the reasoning process that they pursue, generates an incompatibility to work together, and thus obtain better results when making a judicial decision. In this context, the legal logic and its manifestation will be studied as an essential tool of conceptualism applied to the positive doctrine of law, since it bases its action on practical issues where the concept arises from an inherent reality. This writing, in short, seeks to expose the use of legal logic in the science of law and, as under basic principles, reasoning, makes a relevant function to create knowledge and application of this discipline more correct and informed, in addition to being adapted to the real needs of society.
KEYWORDS: logical-legal reasoning, judicial decisions, jurisprudence, deduction, induction.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K41, K1
O início dos “freios e contrapesos” no constitucionalismo contemporâneo equatoriano
No full textThis paper reviews the beginning of the division of power and the “checks and balance”, which controls itself in the Constitutional branch of the Law. You consent that the distribution of the power and the control that is exercised between the public organisms is fundamental to guarantee the rights of the personas and to form a State, it is necessary to analyze his origin and importance with the modern State of Law. In addition, to establish some of the pathologies for which it crosses the beginning of the distribution of functions. Of equal way, to determine which is the transverse axis by which there is guided the Theory of the Rational Choice, in relation to the public power. Therefore the investigation is of character exploratory, since it checks the literature and doctrine on which it turns on the beginning, and in a particular way, studies the application of the beginning con-cerning the Constitution of the Ecuador of 2008.
KEYWORDS: checks and balances, separation of power, rule of law, public power, rational choice.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: C52, M51RESUMENEl presente artículo realiza una revisión sobre el principio de la división de poderes y los “checks and balances”, el cual se contiene en la rama constitucional del Derecho. Conscientes que la distribución del poder y el control que se ejercen entre los organismos públicos, es fundamental para garantizar los Derechos de las personas y formar un Estado, es menester analizar su origen e importancia con el Estado moderno de Derecho. Además, establecer algunas de las patologías por las que atraviesa el principio de la distribución de funciones. De igual manera, determinar cuál es el eje transversal por el cual se guía la Teoría de la Elección Racional, en relación con el poder público. Por lo tanto, la investigación es de carácter exploratorio, ya que revisa la literatura y doctrina sobre la que versa el principio, y de manera particular, se analiza la aplicación del principio en torno a la Constitución del Ecuador del 2008.
ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the beginning of the division of power and the “checks and balance”, which controls itself in the Constitutional branch of the Law. You consent that the distribution of the power and the control that is exercised between the public organisms is fundamental to guarantee the rights of the personas and to form a State, it is necessary to analyze his origin and importance with the modern State of Law. In addition, to establish some of the pathologies for which it crosses the beginning of the distribution of functions. Of equal way, to determine which is the transverse axis by which there is guided the Theory of the Rational Choice, in relation to the public power. Therefore the investigation is of character exploratory, since it checks the literature and doctrine on which it turns on the beginning, and in a particular way, studies the application of the beginning con-cerning the Constitution of the Ecuador of 2008.
KEYWORDS: checks and balances, separation of power, rule of law, public power, rational choice.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: C52, M5
Uma breve análise histórica da imigração para o Equador
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to present a brief historical description of the development of migratory flows to Ecuador. In the first part of the work, two well-differentiated historical cohorts are analyzed. First, we analyze Arab, Spanish, Jewish and German immigration at the beginning and middle of the 20th century. Second, there is a description of Colombian and Peruvian immigration at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. This part contains a descriptive work, its contribution consists in grouping the antecedents, development and effects of the different migratory flows in a single article, given that the existing research works are scattered and incomplete. In the second part of the paper, the current legislation and universal citizenship are analyzed in order to reflect on the current migration policy, the exercise of rights within the framework of free human mobility.
KEYWORDS: immigration, human mobility, public policy, universal citizenship, neoconstitutionalism.
JEL CODE: J61, N01RESUMENEl siguiente trabajo tiene como objeto presentar una breve descripción histórica del desarrollo de los flujos migratorios hacia el Ecuador. En la primera parte del trabajo, se analizan dos cohortes históricas bien diferenciadas. Primero, se analiza la inmigración árabe, española, judía y alemana a principios y mediados del siglo XX. En segundo lugar, consta una descripción de la inmigración colombiana y peruana a finales del siglo XX y comienzos del siglo XXI. Esta parte, contiene un trabajo descriptivo, el aporte del mismo consiste en agrupar los antecedentes, desarrollo y efectos de los distintos flujos migratorios en un solo artículo, dado que los trabajos de investigación existentes son dispersos e incompletos. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analiza la actual legislación y la ciudadanía universal con el fin de reflexionar sobre la política migratoria actual, el ejercicio de Derechos en el marco de la libre movilidad humana.
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to present a brief historical description of the development of migratory flows to Ecuador. In the first part of the work, two well-differentiated historical cohorts are analyzed. First, we analyze Arab, Spanish, Jewish and German immigration at the beginning and middle of the 20th century. Second, there is a description of Colombian and Peruvian immigration at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. This part contains a descriptive work, its contribution consists in grouping the antecedents, development and effects of the different migratory flows in a single article, given that the existing research works are scattered and incomplete. In the second part of the paper, the current legislation and universal citizenship are analyzed in order to reflect on the current migration policy, the exercise of rights within the framework of free human mobility.
KEYWORDS: immigration, human mobility, public policy, universal citizenship, neoconstitutionalism.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: J61, N0