Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia
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Droit et économie: reflexões sobre o conceito de droits de propriété
No full textABSTRACT:
This research note introduces some thoughts on the concept of Property Rights. Therefore, it compares the Civil Law and the Common Law theoretical and conceptual frameworks. This comparison is introduced on the grounds of the Law & Economics perspective, with a particular reference to the economic analysis of law. It begins with a brief historical voyage and then proposes some thesis divorced from the generalized understanding that exists around concepts such as the right of ownership, physical property, among other circumscribed aspects.
KEYWORDS: property rights, physical property, intangible property, alienation, economic incentives.
JEL CODE: K11, K12RESUMEN:La presente nota de investigación introduce algunas reflexiones en torno al concepto Derechos de Propiedad. En ese sentido, se propone una contraposición teórico-conceptual a partir de la comparación argumentativa del Civil Law y el Common Law. Esta contraposición se introduce al amparo de la teoría del “Derecho & Economía”, con una especial recurrencia al enfoque propuesto por el “Análisis Económico del Derecho”. Se inicia con un breve recorrido histórico para después plantear algunas tesis distanciadas de la comprensión generalizada que existe en torno a nociones como el derecho de dominio la propiedad material, entre otros aspectos circunscritos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: derechos de propiedad, propiedad material, propiedad inmaterial, enajenabilidad, incentivos económicos.
ABSTRACT:This research note introduces some thoughts on the concept of Property Rights. Therefore, it compares the Civil Law and the Common Law theoretical and conceptual frameworks. This comparison is introduced on the grounds of the Law & Economics perspective, with a particular reference to the economic analysis of law. It begins with a brief historical voyage and then proposes some thesis divorced from the generalized understanding that exists around concepts such as the right of ownership, physical property, among other circumscribed aspects.
KEYWORDS: property rights, physical property, intangible property, alienation, economic incentives.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K11, K1
Vontade, Direito e Neurociências
No full textABSTRACT:
Both in the public or private domains, a will is a notion found in all aspects of the law, though it cannot be understood for the time being without invoking philosophy. It is only with such elements provided by the philosophy that constructing the juridical will was made possible. Nevertheless, with the growth of neurosciences, especially in the 21st century with the development of magnetic resonance brain imaging, an explanation of the biological substrate of a will could be provided. By attempting to explain how the central nervous system produces mental processes, neuroscience deals with essential attributes of personality and the identity of human beings such as capacity, will or autonomy, which are considered by law, especially civil law, in its legal institutions. It is why the research on neurosciences could have an impact on the legal acts where will plays a vital role.
KEYWORDS: civil law, contract law, brain, neurobiology, decision making
JEL CODE: K41, K10RÉSUMÉ :
Que ce soit dans le domaine du droit public ou du droit privé, la volonté est une notion qui imprègne le droit, et pourtant elle ne peut être saisie par le droit sans recourir, pour l’instant, à la philosophie. Ce n’est qu’à partir des éléments apportés par la philosophie que la volonté juridique a pu être construite. Toutefois, avec l’essor des neurosciences, notamment à partir du XXI e siècle grâce aux progrès de l’imagerie cérébrale par résonance magnétique, elles pourraient apporter une réponse concernant le substrat biologique de la volonté. Visant ainsi à expliquer la façon dont le système nerveux central produit les processus mentaux, les neurosciences touchent des attributs essentiels de la personnalité et de l’identité de l’être humain, telles que la capacité, la volonté ou l’autonomie qui sont pris en compte par le droit et notamment par le droit civil, dans ses institutions juridiques. C’est pourquoi les recherches en neurosciences pourraient avoir un impact sur les actes juridiques où la volonté joue un rôle primordial.
MOTS CLÉS : droit civil, droit des contrats, cerveau, neurobiologie, prise de décision.
ABSTRACT:
Both in the public or private domains, a will is a notion found in all aspects of the law, though it cannot be understood for the time being without invoking philosophy. It is only with such elements provided by the philosophy that constructing the juridical will was made possible. Nevertheless, with the growth of neurosciences, especially in the 21st century with the development of magnetic resonance brain imaging, an explanation of the biological substrate of a will could be provided. By attempting to explain how the central nervous system produces mental processes, neuroscience deals with essential attributes of personality and the identity of human beings such as capacity, will or autonomy, which are considered by law, especially civil law, in its legal institutions. It is why the research on neurosciences could have an impact on the legal acts where will plays a vital role.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K41, K10
RÉSUMÉ :Que ce soit dans le domaine du droit public ou du droit privé, la volonté est une notion qui imprègne le droit, et pourtant elle ne peut être saisie par le droit sans recourir, pour l’instant, à la philosophie. Ce n’est qu’à partir des éléments apportés par la philosophie que la volonté juridique a pu être construite. Toutefois, avec l’essor des neurosciences, notamment à partir du XXI e siècle grâce aux progrès de l’imagerie cérébrale par résonance magnétique, elles pourraient apporter une réponse concernant le substrat biologique de la volonté. Visant ainsi à expliquer la façon dont le système nerveux central produit les processus mentaux, les neurosciences touchent des attributs essentiels de la personnalité et de l’identité de l’être humain, telles que la capacité, la volonté ou l’autonomie qui sont pris en compte par le droit et notamment par le droit civil, dans ses institutions juridiques. C’est pourquoi les recherches en neurosciences pourraient avoir un impact sur les actes juridiques où la volonté joue un rôle primordial.
MOTS CLÉS : droit civil, droit des contrats, cerveau, neurobiologie, prise de décision.
JEL CODE: K41, K10RIASSUNTO :Sia nel campo del diritto pubblico che in quello privato, la volontà è una nozione che permea la legge, e tuttavia non può essere afferrata dalla legge senza ricorrere, per il momento, alla filosofia. Era solo sulla base degli elementi forniti dalla filosofia che si poteva costruire la volontà giuridica. Tuttavia, con lo sviluppo delle neuroscienze, in particolare dal 21 ° secolo in poi grazie ai progressi della risonanza magnetica cerebrale, potrebbero fornire una risposta riguardo al substrato biologico della volontà. Con l'obiettivo di spiegare come il sistema nervoso centrale produce processi mentali, la neuroscienza tocca attributi essenziali della personalità e dell'identità umana, come la capacità, la volontà o l'autonomia che sono prese in considerazione dalla legge e in particolare dal diritto civile, nella sua istituzioni. Questo è il motivo per cui la ricerca nelle neuroscienze potrebbe avere un impatto sugli atti giuridici in cui la volontà gioca un ruolo primordiale.
PAROLE CHIAVE: diritto civile, diritto contrattuale, cervello, neurobiologia, processo decisionale.
JEL CODE: K41, K1
Separação de poderes em estado de exceção: (por ocasião do COVID-19 no Equador)
No full textABSTRACT
The article aims to analyze the principle of separation of powers in the Ecuadorian context of the state of emergency, decreed due to the health emergency caused by COVID-19. Its specific objective is to provide reasons to consolidate this principle and an adequate understanding of it, within a regime of exception. A brief introductory look at the theoretical and experiential aspects of the state of exception reveals the general suspicion of said institution. Then, from the analysis of its defining features, its regulated nature is deduced and conditioned by constitutional presuppositions. Thus, the state of exception exists and operates in observance of the principle of separation of powers. On this principle, an analytical journey of doctrinal bases consolidates the overcoming of its traditional notion towards a collaborative and dialogic opening between powers. Furthermore, the review of the minimum functions of each power of the state during the exceptional regime shows the prevalence of one power over others to be refuted. Already in the Ecuadorian context, a review of some specific scenarios induces the ratification of the operation of the principle of separation of powers and constitutional jurisdiction during the state of emergency. Finally, critical thinking is collected regarding the management of the pandemic, from which risks and warnings for democracy and human rights are inferred.
KEYWORDS: separation of powers, state of emergency, emergency, control of power, decision making.
JEL CODE: H11, P26ABSTRACTThe article aims to analyze the principle of separation of powers in the Ecuadorian context of the state of emergency, decreed due to the health emergency caused by COVID-19. Its specific objective is to provide reasons to consolidate this principle and an adequate understanding of it, within a regime of exception. A brief introductory look at the theoretical and experiential aspects of the state of exception reveals the general suspicion of said institution. Then, from the analysis of its defining features, its regulated nature is deduced and conditioned by constitutional presuppositions. Thus, the state of exception exists and operates in observance of the principle of separation of powers. On this principle, an analytical journey of doctrinal bases consolidates the overcoming of its traditional notion towards a collaborative and dialogic opening between powers. Furthermore, the review of the minimum functions of each power of the state during the exceptional regime shows the prevalence of one power over others to be refuted. Already in the Ecuadorian context, a review of some specific scenarios induces the ratification of the operation of the principle of separation of powers and constitutional jurisdiction during the state of emergency. Finally, critical thinking is collected regarding the management of the pandemic, from which risks and warnings for democracy and human rights are inferred.
KEYWORDS: separation of powers, state of emergency, emergency, control of power, decision making.
RESUMEN:El artículo analiza el principio de separación de poderes en el contexto ecuatoriano del estado de excepción, decretado a causa de la emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Su objetivo concreto radica en brindar razones para consolidar a este principio y un adecuado entendimiento del mismo, dentro de un régimen de excepción. Una breve mirada introductoria de aspectos teóricos y experienciales del estado de excepción, permite evidenciar la suspicacia generalizada sobre dicha institución. Luego, del análisis de sus rasgos definitorios, se deduce su carácter normado y condicionado por presupuestos constitucionales. Es así que el estado de excepción existe y funciona en observancia al principio de separación de poderes. Sobre este principio, un recorrido analítico de bases doctrinarias consolida la superación de su noción tradicional hacia una apertura colaborativa y dialógica entre poderes. Además, el repaso de funciones mínimas de cada poder del Estado durante el régimen excepcional, muestra refutada la prevalencia de un poder sobre otros. Ya en el contexto ecuatoriano, de la revisión de algunos escenarios concretos, se induce la ratificación del funcionamiento del principio de separación de poderes y de la jurisdicción constitucional durante el estado de excepción. Finalmente, se recoge cierto pensamiento crítico respecto al manejo de la pandemia, del que se infieren riesgos y advertencias para la democracia y los derechos humanos.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: H11, P2
Grupos armados organizados em Direito Internacional Humanitário
No full textStates comply with international treaties because they have negotiated, signed and ratified them; however, organized armed groups are not part of these processes and still have the obligation to comply with the basic rules of war. This document maintains that International Humanitarian Law must be respected by all those involved in a conflict; furthermore, it provides arguments for organized armed groups to commit to a norm that they have not directly accepted. International Humanitarian Law as a norm erga omnes shows a specific character and application, therefore it applies to all citizens, it is a customary norm by which it obliges all individuals to respect the norm. Finally, an armed group regroups the citizens of a country, so they must respect the rules established for the State.
KEY WORDS: Humanitarian Law, Military Forces, Armed Conflicts, Treaties.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F51RESUMENDebe entenderse que los Estados cumplen los tratados internacionales porque los han negociado, firmado y ratificado; sin embargo, los grupos armados organizados no forman parte de estos procesos y aún tienen la obligación de cumplir con las reglas básicas de la guerra. Este documento argumenta las razones por las cuales el Derecho Internacional Humanitario debe ser respetado por todos los involucrados en un conflicto; Además, proporciona argumentos para que los grupos armados organizados se adhieran a una norma que no han aceptado directamente. Se especifica que el Derecho Internacional Humanitario es una norma erga omnes, por lo que rige a todos los ciudadanos; Es una norma consuetudinaria por lo que exige el respeto de la norma por parte de todos los individuos y finalmente, un grupo armado está conformado por ciudadanos de un país, por lo que deben respetar las normas fijadas por el Estado.
ABSTRACTStates comply with international treaties because they have negotiated, signed and ratified them; however, organized armed groups are not part of these processes and still have the obligation to comply with the basic rules of war. This document maintains that International Humanitarian Law must be respected by all those involved in a conflict; furthermore, it provides arguments for organized armed groups to commit to a norm that they have not directly accepted. International Humanitarian Law as a norm erga omnes shows a specific character and application, therefore it applies to all citizens, it is a customary norm by which it obliges all individuals to respect the norm. Finally, an armed group regroups the citizens of a country, so they must respect the rules established for the State.
KEY WORDS: Humanitarian Law, Military Forces, Armed Conflicts, Treaties.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F5
Novos desafios do Direito da Concorrência diante da ascensão do Comércio Eletrônico
No full textElectronic commerce has established itself in recent years as one of the best marketing strategies globally for its efficiency and ability to bring producers and consumers closer together. However, the increase in the use of digital channels has generated a recent discussion in the legal community regarding the implications that this fact has on Competition Law. This note then aims to analyse the challenges facing free competition law in the scenario of new technologies and digital commerce. Moreover, this research note states that there are great difficulties for Competition Law since the consolidation of Big Tech also since these dilemmas are related to Ecuador as a consequence of its current regulations and the little technical expertise.
KEYWORDS:Globalisation, electronic commerce, efficiency,market, legislation.
JEL CODE: L81RESUMEN
El comercio electrónico se ha consolidado en los últimos años como un mecanismo que promete revolucionar el mercado en el mundo por su eficiencia y capacidad de acercar a productores y consumidores. Sin embargo, el aumento en el uso de canales digitales ha generado discusión en la comunidad jurídica respecto a las implicancias que este hecho puede tener sobre el Derecho de Competencia. En este orden de ideas, esta nota de investigación introductoria tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis acerca de los diferentes desafíos que enfrenta el Derecho de Competencia en el escenario de las nuevas tecnologías y el comercio electrónico a través del análisis del contexto ecuatoriano a comparación de otras realidades. A lo largo de las siguientes páginas se exponen una serie de argumentos que ilustran los nuevos retos que trae la consolidación de gigantes tecnológicos como las Big Tech en el mercado y además se argumenta como estos dilemas se amplifican en el contexto ecuatoriano como consecuencia de la calidad de su regulación y la poca experticia del país en la materia.
ABSTRACT
Electronic commerce has established itself in recent years as one of the best marketing strategies globally for its efficiency and ability to bring producers and consumers closer together. However, the increase in the use of digital channels has generated a recent discussion in the legal community regarding the implications that this fact has on Competition Law. This note then aims to analyse the challenges facing free competition law in the scenario of new technologies and digital commerce. Moreover, this research note states that there are great difficulties for Competition Law since the consolidation of Big Tech also since these dilemmas are related to Ecuador as a consequence of its current regulations and the little technical expertise.
KEYWORDS:Globalisation, electronic commerce, efficiency,market, legislation.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: L8
Retenção voluntária como forma de levantamento da proibição de saída do país
No full textThe present work focuses on the analysis of voluntary retention in proportion to the salary received by those who are obliged to provide maintenance in order to replace the precautionary measure prohibiting them from leaving the country; since Ecuadorian legislation provides that, in order for the interim measure to be terminated, the entire obligation must be complied with or sufficient security must be provided to cover the same. and even if a steady payment of the pension begins to be payed, the maintenance of unpaid assessments makes it impossible to lift the precautionary measures imposed, It is therefore proposed to establish an alternative means of permitting the provisional lifting of the precautionary measure prohibiting food suppliers from leaving the country who demonstrate their willingness to comply with the obligation.
KEY WORDS: Retention, salary, rights of the child, economic growth.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F22, O15RESUMENEl presente trabajo va enfocado al análisis de la retención voluntaria a prorrata del sueldo que percibe quien tenga la obligación de dar alimentos a fin de sustituir la medida cautelar de prohibición de salida del país; puesto que la legislación ecuatoriana establece que para que cese la medida cautelar se debe cumplir con la totalidad de la obligación o rendir garantía suficiente que cubra la misma y aunque se empiece a realizar un pago constante de la pensión alimenticia, el hecho de mantener cuotas pendientes de pago imposibilita que se levanten las medidas cautelares impuestas, por lo que se propone plantear un medio alterno que posibilite el levantamiento provisional de la medida cautelar de prohibición de salida del país a los alimentantes que demuestren la voluntariedad de cumplir con la obligación.
ABSTRACTThe present work focuses on the analysis of voluntary retention in proportion to the salary received by those who are obliged to provide maintenance in order to replace the precautionary measure prohibiting them from leaving the country; since Ecuadorian legislation provides that, in order for the interim measure to be terminated, the entire obligation must be complied with or sufficient security must be provided to cover the same. and even if a steady payment of the pension begins to be payed, the maintenance of unpaid assessments makes it impossible to lift the precautionary measures imposed, It is therefore proposed to establish an alternative means of permitting the provisional lifting of the precautionary measure prohibiting food suppliers from leaving the country who demonstrate their willingness to comply with the obligation.
KEY WORDS: Retention, salary, rights of the child, economic growth.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F22, O15
 
Evitabilidade do erro de proibição: dicotomia entre a doutrina e a jurisprudência espanhola
No full textThe doctrine approaches the avoidability of the mistake of law or prohibition from markedly antagonistic theories. From there, a broad spectrum of interpretations is obtained by the judges when admitting this figure in a judicial decision. Then, depending on each theory, the effects of the mistake of law or prohibition can be different. It is also to be considered the different criteria that that jurisprudence has formed, especially in countries such as Germany and Spain. These countries regularly apply the figure of the mistake of law or prohibition, primarily in cultural conditioning cases, due to the strong migratory phenomenon they have faced in recent decades. Therefore, various criteria are set out and must be considered for each particular case when defining the person’s degree of guilt.
KEY WORDS: Criminal law, legal principle, conduct, law enforcement, administration of justice.
JEL CODE: K0, K14ABSTRACTThe doctrine approaches the avoidability of the mistake of law or prohibition from markedly antagonistic theories. From there, a broad spectrum of interpretations is obtained by the judges when admitting this figure in a judicial decision. Then, depending on each theory, the effects of the mistake of law or prohibition can be different. It is also to be considered the different criteria that that jurisprudence has formed, especially in countries such as Germany and Spain. These countries regularly apply the figure of the mistake of law or prohibition, primarily in cultural conditioning cases, due to the strong migratory phenomenon they have faced in recent decades. Therefore, various criteria are set out and must be considered for each particular case when defining the person’s degree of guilt.
KEY WORDS: Criminal law, legal principle, conduct, law enforcement, administration of justice.
RESUMENLa evitabilidad o vencibilidad del error de prohibición ha sido abordada por la doctrina desde teorías marcadamente antagónicas; de allí se obtiene un amplio espectro de interpretaciones que realizan los juzgadores al momento de admitir esta figura en una decisión judicial. Según cada teoría los efectos del error de prohibición en un ser humano pueden ser distintos y a ello se suma también los diferentes criterios que la jurisprudencia ha ido formando, sobre todo en países como en Alemania y España; los cuales aplican con regularidad la figura del error de prohibición, esencialmente en casos de condicionamiento cultural debido al fuerte fenómeno migratorio que afronta en las últimas décadas. En este sentido, se exponen diversos criterios que deben ser considerados para cada caso en particular al momento de definir el grado de culpabilidad en un proceso penal.
CÓDIGO JEL: K0, K14La doctrine aborde la possibilité d'éviter l'erreur de droit ou l'interdiction des théories nettement antagonistes. A partir de là, un large spectre d'interprétations est obtenu par les juges lorsqu'ils admettent ce chiffre dans une décision judiciaire. Ensuite, selon chaque théorie, les effets de l'erreur de droit ou de l'interdiction peuvent être différents. Il faut également considérer les différents critères que cette jurisprudence a formés, en particulier dans des pays comme l'Allemagne et l'Espagne. Ces pays appliquent régulièrement la figure de l'erreur de loi ou de l'interdiction, principalement dans les cas de conditionnement culturel, en raison du fort phénomène migratoire auquel ils ont été confrontés ces dernières décennies. Ainsi, différents critères sont énoncés et doivent être considérés pour chaque cas particulier pour définir le degré de culpabilité de la personne.
MOTS CLÉS: Droit pénal, principe juridique, conduite, application de la loi, administration de la justice.
CODE JEL: K0, K14La dottrina si avvicina all'evitabilità dell'errore di diritto o al divieto di teorie marcatamente antagoniste. Di qui, un ampio spettro di interpretazioni si ottiene dai giudici quando ammette questa figura in una decisione giudiziaria. Quindi, a seconda di ciascuna teoria, gli effetti dell'errore di legge o del divieto possono essere diversi. Sono da considerare anche i diversi criteri che tale giurisprudenza ha formato, soprattutto in paesi come la Germania e la Spagna. Questi paesi applicano regolarmente la figura dell'errore di legge o del divieto, principalmente nei casi di condizionamento culturale, a causa del forte fenomeno migratorio che hanno dovuto affrontare negli ultimi decenni. Pertanto, vengono stabiliti vari criteri e devono essere considerati per ogni caso particolare quando si definisce il grado di colpa della persona.
PAROLE CHIAVE: Diritto penale, principio giuridico, condotta, forze dell'ordine, amministrazione della giustizia.
CODICE GEL: K0, K14A doutrina aborda a possibilidade de evitar o erro de lei ou a proibição de teorias marcadamente antagônicas. A partir daí, um amplo espectro de interpretações é obtido pelos juízes ao admitir essa figura em uma decisão judicial. Então, dependendo de cada teoria, os efeitos do erro de lei ou proibição podem ser diferentes. Há também que se considerar os diferentes critérios que essa jurisprudência formou, especialmente em países como Alemanha e Espanha. Esses países aplicam regularmente a figura do erro de lei ou proibição, principalmente em casos de condicionamento cultural, devido ao forte fenômeno migratório que enfrentaram nas últimas décadas. Portanto, vários critérios são estabelecidos e devem ser considerados para cada caso particular ao definir o grau de culpa da pessoa.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito penal, princípio jurídico, conduta, aplicação da lei, administração da justiça.
CÓDIGO JEL
Impacto da Covid-19 nas relações de trabalho no Equador
No full textABSTRACT:
Since March 11, 1920, when a state of health emergency was declared in Ecuador due to the imminent possibility of the effect of the coronavirus Covid-19, a generalized crisis has been unleashed in all areas of social life. The most affected sector has undoubtedly been the health sector, with the loss of thousands of people. However, the area of labour relations has also been strongly impacted. Many workers have seen their rights altered, so dearly won. Working conditions have changed, and worst of all, infinite sources of work have been lost, thus depriving a considerable percentage of the population of the fundamental right to work, with which to take food home. The deprivation or reduction of income derived from an employment relationship in turn affects other fundamental rights, such as food, clothing, education, health and leisure. For this reason, this article is dedicated to the emerging regulations that were issued to confront the crisis provoked by Covid-19 in Ecuador and how they, in many cases, failed to observe fundamental principles of labor law; although this could be considered reasonable and legitimate given the situation of extreme exceptionality. The analysis is limited to the labour relations of private employees and workers, i.e., workers subject to the Labour Code. It also refers, finally, to the challenges presented by the economic revival in the new scenarios and working conditions in what has been called "the new normality", as well as the great challenge that Labour Law has to redefine itself, without losing its raison d'être, and thus adapt to the demands of future work and the future of work, as a result of globalisation, advances in science and technology, and the consequent automation. In short, it refers to the need for the new Labour Law to project itself into the future of the world of work with a different, innovative and progressive outlook in order to be more just, equitable and inclusive.
KEYWORDS: working days; principles of Labour Law; emerging regulations.
JEL CODE:J22, J24ABSTRACT:Since March 11, 1920, when a state of health emergency was declared in Ecuador due to the imminent possibility of the effect of the coronavirus Covid-19, a generalized crisis has been unleashed in all areas of social life. The most affected sector has undoubtedly been the health sector, with the loss of thousands of people. However, the area of labour relations has also been strongly impacted. Many workers have seen their rights altered, so dearly won. Working conditions have changed, and worst of all, infinite sources of work have been lost, thus depriving a considerable percentage of the population of the fundamental right to work, with which to take food home. The deprivation or reduction of income derived from an employment relationship in turn affects other fundamental rights, such as food, clothing, education, health and leisure. For this reason, this article is dedicated to the emerging regulations that were issued to confront the crisis provoked by Covid-19 in Ecuador and how they, in many cases, failed to observe fundamental principles of labor law; although this could be considered reasonable and legitimate given the situation of extreme exceptionality. The analysis is limited to the labour relations of private employees and workers, i.e., workers subject to the Labour Code. It also refers, finally, to the challenges presented by the economic revival in the new scenarios and working conditions in what has been called "the new normality", as well as the great challenge that Labour Law has to redefine itself, without losing its raison d'être, and thus adapt to the demands of future work and the future of work, as a result of globalisation, advances in science and technology, and the consequent automation. In short, it refers to the need for the new Labour Law to project itself into the future of the world of work with a different, innovative and progressive outlook in order to be more just, equitable and inclusive.
KEYWORDS: working days; principles of Labour Law; emerging regulations.
RESUMEN:Desde el 11-III-20, en que declaró el estado de emergencia sanitaria en el Ecuador por la inminente posibilidad del efecto provocado por el coronavirus Covid-19, se desató una crisis generalizada en todos los órdenes de la vida social. El sector más afectado, sin duda ha sido el de la salud, con la pérdida de miles de personas. No obstante, el ámbito de las relaciones laborales también ha sido fuertemente impactado. Muchas personas trabajadoras han visto alterados sus derechos, tan caramente conquistados. Se han modificado condiciones del trabajo, y lo peor de todo, se han perdido infinitas fuentes de trabajo, privando así a un considerable porcentaje de la población del derecho fundamental al trabajo, con el cual llevar el alimento a sus hogares. La privación o reducción de los ingresos derivados de una relación laboral, repercute a su vez en otros derechos fundamentales, como la alimentación, la vestimenta, la educación, la salud, el ocio. Por ello, este artículo se dedica a las regulaciones emergentes que se expidieron para enfrentar la crisis provocada por el Covid-19 en el Ecuador y de cómo ellas, en muchos casos, inobservaron principios fundamentales del Derecho del Trabajo; aunque ello pudiera considerarse razonable y legítimo dada la situación de extrema excepcionalidad. El análisis se circunscribe a las relaciones laborales de los empleados privados y los obreros, es decir, a los trabajadores sujetos al Código del Trabajo. También se refiere, finalmente, a los retos que se presentan para la reactivación económica en los nuevos escenarios y condiciones laborales en lo que se ha denominado “la nueva normalidad”, así como al gran desafío que tiene el Derecho del Trabajo para redefinirse, sin perder su razón de ser, y así adaptarse a las exigencias del trabajo del futuro y del futuro del trabajo, como resultado de la globalización, de los avances de la ciencia y de la tecnología, y la consecuente automatización. En definitiva, se refiere a la necesidad de que el nuevo Derecho del Trabajo se proyecte al futuro del mundo del trabajo con una mirada diferente, innovadora y progresista para ser más justo, equitativo e inclusivo.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: J22, J24ABSTRAIT:
Depuis le 11 mars 1920, date à laquelle l'état d'urgence sanitaire a été déclaré en Équateur en raison de la possibilité imminente de l'effet du coronavirus Covid-19, une crise généralisée s'est déclenchée dans tous les domaines de la vie sociale. Le secteur le plus touché a sans aucun doute été le secteur de la santé, avec la perte de milliers de personnes. Cependant, le domaine des relations de travail a également été fortement touché. De nombreux travailleurs ont vu leurs droits modifiés, si chèrement gagnés. Les conditions de travail ont changé et, pire que tout, des sources infinies de travail ont été perdues, privant ainsi un pourcentage considérable de la population du droit fondamental au travail, avec lequel apporter de la nourriture à la maison. La privation ou la réduction des revenus découlant d'une relation de travail affecte à son tour d'autres droits fondamentaux, tels que l'alimentation, l'habillement, l'éducation, la santé et les loisirs. Pour cette raison, cet article est consacré aux réglementations émergentes qui ont été édictées pour faire face à la crise provoquée par Covid-19 en Équateur et à la manière dont elles, dans de nombreux cas, n'ont pas respecté les principes fondamentaux du droit du travail; bien que cela puisse être considéré comme raisonnable et légitime étant donné la situation d'exceptionnalité extrême. L'analyse se limite aux relations de travail des salariés du privé et des travailleurs, c'est-à-dire des travailleurs soumis au Code du travail. Elle renvoie également, enfin, aux défis posés par la relance économique dans les nouveaux scénarios et conditions de travail dans ce qu'on a appelé " la nouvelle normalité ", ainsi que le grand défi que le droit du travail doit se redéfinir, sans perdre sa raison d'être, et ainsi s'adapter aux exigences du travail futur et à l'avenir du travail, du fait de la mondialisation, progresse en la science et la technologie, et l'automatisation qui en résulte. En bref, il fait référence à la nécessité pour la nouvelle loi du travail de se projeter dans l'avenir du monde du travail avec une perspective différente, innovante et progressiste afin d'être plus juste, équitable et inclusive.
MOTS CLÉS: jours ouvrables; principes du droit du travail; réglementations émergentes.
CODE JEL: J22, J24ASTRATTO:
Dall'11 marzo 1920, quando in Ecuador è stato dichiarato lo stato di emergenza sanitaria per l'imminente possibilità dell'effetto del coronavirus Covid-19, si è scatenata una crisi generalizzata in tutti gli ambiti della vita sociale. Il settore più colpito è stato senza dubbio quello sanitario, con la perdita di migliaia di persone. Tuttavia, anche l'area dei rapporti di lavoro è stata fortemente influenzata. Molti lavoratori hanno visto i loro diritti alterati, così tanto conquistati. Le condizioni di lavoro sono cambiate e, peggio ancora, sono andate perdute infinite fonti di lavoro, privando così una percentuale considerevole della popolazione del diritto fondamentale al lavoro, con il quale portarsi a casa il cibo. La privazione o la riduzione del reddito derivante da un rapporto di lavoro colpisce a sua volta altri diritti fondamentali, come il cibo, l'abbigliamento, l'istruzione, la salute e il tempo libero. Per questo motivo, questo articolo è dedicato alle normative emergenti emanate per fronteggiare la crisi provocata dal Covid-19 in Ecuador e come in molti casi non hanno rispettato i principi fondamentali del diritto del lavoro; sebbene ciò possa essere considerato ragionevole e legittimo data la situazione di estrema eccezionalità. L'analisi è limitata ai rapporti di lavoro dei dipendenti privati e dei lavoratori, cioè i lavoratori soggetti al Codice del lavoro. Si riferisce, infine, anche alle sfide presentate dal rilancio economico nei nuovi scenari e condizioni di lavoro in quella che è stata definita "la nuova normalità", nonché alla grande sfida che il diritto del lavoro deve ridefinire, senza perdere la ragione. essere, e quindi adattato alle esigenze del lavoro futuro e al futuro del lavoro, come risultato della globalizzazione, dei progressi della scienza e della tecnologia e della conseguente automazione. In breve, si riferisce alla necessità che il nuovo diritto del lavoro si proietti nel futuro del mondo del lavoro con una prospettiva diversa, innovativa e progressista per essere più giusto, equo e inclusivo.
PAROLE CHIAVE: giorni lavorativi; principi del diritto del lavoro; normative emergenti.
CODICE JEL : J22, J2
A interpretação extensiva da natureza criminosa do tráfico de substâncias inventariadas sujeitas a controle: O caso N ° 18282-2018-00726
No full textThe author analyzing the penal type prescribed in article 220 of the COIP, because he considers their interpretation is extensive. To verify this assertion is necessary to evaluate the international legal context for the illegal use of narcotic and psychotropic substances, in line with the old Narcotics Law that was invalidation until the enactment of the COIP in 2014. Additionally, the paradigm shift has drawn up as a result of the entry into force of the National Constitution of 2008, which stops the consumer of prohibited substances as a criminal from receiving treatment for victims. Finally, the author analyzes to correctly interpret the aforementioned criminal type and consequently proposes an interpretation criterion reflected in the analysis of a judicial case that occurred in one of the Ecuadorian courts, thus concluding that in the Ecuadorian criminal legal system simple drug possession is atypical.
KEYWORDS: Criminal law, interpretation, crime, drug trafficking, criminal sanction.
JEL CODE: K0, K00, K14ABSTRACTThe author analyzing the penal type prescribed in article 220 of the COIP, because he considers their interpretation is extensive. To verify this assertion is necessary to evaluate the international legal context for the illegal use of narcotic and psychotropic substances, in line with the old Narcotics Law that was invalidation until the enactment of the COIP in 2014. Additionally, the paradigm shift has drawn up as a result of the entry into force of the National Constitution of 2008, which stops the consumer of prohibited substances as a criminal from receiving treatment for victims. Finally, the author analyzes to correctly interpret the aforementioned criminal type and consequently proposes an interpretation criterion reflected in the analysis of a judicial case that occurred in one of the Ecuadorian courts, thus concluding that in the Ecuadorian criminal legal system simple drug possession is atypical.
KEYWORDS: Criminal law, interpretation, crime, drug trafficking, criminal sanction.
RESUMENEl autor se encarga de analizar con exhaustividad el tipo penal prescrito en el artículo 220 del Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), pues a su forma de ver las cosas se lo ha venido interpretando de forma extensiva. Para comprobar esta aseveración, se evalúa el contexto jurídico internacional referente al uso ilegal de sustancias estupefacientes y psicotrópicas, en consonancia con la vieja Ley de estupefacientes que estuvo vigente hasta la promulgación del COIP en el año 2014. Además, se resalta el cambio de paradigma trazado a raíz de la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución Nacional de 2008, en el que deja de verse al consumidor de sustancias prohibidas como un delincuente para darle el tratamiento de víctima. Finalmente, el autor hace un análisis dogmático para interpretar correctamente el tipo penal aludido y consecuentemente propone un criterio hermenéutico que luego lo plasma en el análisis de un caso judicial acaecido en uno de los juzgados del Ecuador, concluyendo así que en el ordenamiento jurídico-penal ecuatoriano es atípica la tenencia simple de droga.
CÓDIGO JEL: K0, K00, K14L'auteur analyse la typologie pénale prévue à l'article 220 de la COIP, car il considère que leur interprétation est extensive. Pour vérifier cette affirmation, il est nécessaire d'évaluer le contexte juridique international de l'usage illégal de substances narcotiques et psychotropes, conformément à l'ancienne loi sur les stupéfiants qui était invalidée jusqu'à la promulgation de la COIP en 2014. En outre, le changement de paradigme a été défini comme conséquence de l'entrée en vigueur de la Constitution nationale de 2008, qui interdit au consommateur de substances interdites en tant que criminel de recevoir un traitement pour les victimes. Enfin, l'auteur analyse pour interpréter correctement le type criminel susmentionné et propose par conséquent un critère d'interprétation reflété dans l'analyse d'une affaire judiciaire survenue dans l'un des tribunaux équatoriens, concluant ainsi que dans le système juridique pénal équatorien, la simple possession de drogue est atypique.
MOTS CLÉS: Droit pénal, interprétation, crime, trafic de drogue, sanction pénale.
CODE JEL: K0, K00, K14L'Autore analizza la tipologia penale prevista dall'art. 220 del COIP, ritenendone ampia l'interpretazione. Per verificare questa affermazione è necessario valutare il contesto giuridico internazionale per l'uso illecito di sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope, in linea con la vecchia Legge sugli Stupefacenti che era stata invalidata fino all'emanazione della COIP nel 2014. Inoltre, il cambio di paradigma ha elaborato come conseguenza dell'entrata in vigore della Costituzione nazionale del 2008, che impedisce al consumatore di sostanze proibite in quanto criminale di ricevere cure per le vittime. Infine, l'autore analizza per interpretare correttamente il suddetto tipo criminale e propone di conseguenza un criterio interpretativo riflesso nell'analisi di un caso giudiziario verificatosi in uno dei tribunali ecuadoriani, concludendo così che nel sistema penale ecuadoriano il semplice possesso di droga è atipico.
PAROLE CHIAVE: Diritto penale, interpretazione, reato, narcotraffico, sanzione penale.
CODICE JEL: K0, K00, K14O autor analisa o tipo penal previsto no artigo 220 da COIP, por considerar extensa a sua interpretação. Para verificar esta assertiva é necessário avaliar o contexto jurídico internacional para o uso ilegal de entorpecentes e substâncias psicotrópicas, em consonância com a antiga Lei de Entorpecentes que era invalidada até a promulgação da COIP em 2014. Adicionalmente, a mudança de paradigma se configurou como em decorrência da entrada em vigor da Constituição Nacional de 2008, que impede o consumidor de substâncias proibidas como criminoso de receber tratamento para as vítimas. Finalmente, o autor analisa para interpretar corretamente o referido tipo de delito e, conseqüentemente, propõe um critério de interpretação refletido na análise de um caso judicial ocorrido em um dos tribunais equatorianos, concluindo assim que no ordenamento jurídico penal equatoriano a simples porte de drogas é atípica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito penal, interpretação, crime, tráfico de drogas, sanção penal.
CÓDIGO JEL: K0, K00, K1
Segredos industriais, o fator chave para o sucesso da internacionalização de uma bebida italiana de classe mundial: o caso Campari
No full textIn recent years, trade secrets have been gaining importance within the IP world. Successful stories where secrets are the core of a business’s success have inspired many companies to protect their valuable knowledge under secrecy instead of using other IPRs. One of the world’s most important trade secrets is Coca-Cola. However, there exists another secret recipe for the preparation of a famous bitter liquor called Campari. This unique, vibrant red drink became a contemporary icon of the Italian lifestyle and, more, a world-synonym of the “Made in Italy”. Famous cocktails such as the Negroni or James Bond’s Americano have contributed to expanding the popularity of Campari, which is now distributed in more than 190 countries and has more than 20 production plants worldwide. This paper aims to analyze Campari’s trade secret story and its crucial role in the transformation of a family business into one of the world’s major players in the alcoholic beverages industry.
KEYWORDS: Law and economics, intellectual property, trade secrets, industrial development, competitive advantage.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F14, O34RESUMENEn los últimos años, los secretos industriales han ido ganando importancia en el mundo de la propiedad intelectual. Varias historias exitosas donde los secretos comerciales son el núcleo del éxito empresarial han impulsado a que muchos negocios opten por proteger su información valiosa a través del secreto industrial en lugar de otros derechos de propiedad intelectual. Uno de los secretos comerciales más famosos del mundo es Coca-Cola, sin embargo, existe otra receta secreta para la preparación de un famoso licor con un particular gusto amargo llamado Campari. Esta bebida de color rojo intenso no solo se convirtió en un icono del estilo de vida italiano sino en un símbolo contemporáneo de la industria italiana misma. Cocteles mundialmente famosos como el Negroni o el Americano de James Bond han contribuido a expandir la popularidad de Campari, que actualmente se distribuye en 190 países y tiene más de 20 plantas de producción en todo el mundo. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la historia del secreto comercial de Campari y su papel como factor clave en la transformación de un negocio familiar, en una empresa líder mundial en la industria de las bebidas alcohólicas.
ABSTRACTIn recent years, trade secrets have been gaining importance within the IP world. Successful stories where secrets are the core of a business’s success have inspired many companies to protect their valuable knowledge under secrecy instead of using other IPRs. One of the world’s most important trade secrets is Coca-Cola. However, there exists another secret recipe for the preparation of a famous bitter liquor called Campari. This unique, vibrant red drink became a contemporary icon of the Italian lifestyle and, more, a world-synonym of the “Made in Italy”. Famous cocktails such as the Negroni or James Bond’s Americano have contributed to expanding the popularity of Campari, which is now distributed in more than 190 countries and has more than 20 production plants worldwide. This paper aims to analyze Campari’s trade secret story and its crucial role in the transformation of a family business into one of the world’s major players in the alcoholic beverages industry.
KEYWORDS: Law and economics, intellectual property, trade secrets, industrial development, competitive advantage.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: F14, O3