Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia
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Gerenciamento de algoritmos: um método isento de responsabilidades para gerenciar o desempenho do trabalhador?
No full textAt the beginning of the XX century, the industrial sector was revolutionized by the implementation of the Scientific Management, a new managerial approach seeking for production efficiency to the detriment of the workers’ autonomy based on meticulously planned activities and consistent performances monitoring. Through the century, this method has evolved with the implementation of new technologies such as the algorithms, robust codes able to increase productivity significantly by enabling companies from the industrial sector to the logistics to monitor, plan and control their workers’ performances as strictly as possible. The gig economy is the economic sector, which most of it all is applying this new management approach, drastically changing the relations between workers and employers, modifying the very nature of the employment status. Fundamental rights and industrial relations are at stake when there is no more contact between humans and when workers are managed by apps empowered to control their working tasks and to dismiss them, which raises severe questions on the accountability of these decisions. Public institutions and trade unions are facing new challenges to protect those workers considered by companies as “independent contractors” that attracted by secure payments, and stable schedules decide to become gig workers. Especially those that are de facto working as full-time employees without having their fundamental rights nor benefits recognized due to the unregulated nature of their contracts. This article aims to investigate the origin of this pressing social issue, its inherent characteristics, the risks connected with non-bias free algorithms’ use, and their lack of legal accountability. Moreover, starting from the underlying assumption that fundamental workers’ rights and performance management might work together toward a more efficient and liquid society, algorithmic management’s future evolution will be questioned regarding the ethical outcomes of its implementation.
KEYWORDS: Ethical algorithm’s design, independent- contractor clauses, fundamental workers’ rights, trade union, employment status redefinition.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: L24, O14RESUMENA principios del siglo XX, el sector industrial fue revolucionado por la implementación de la Gestión Científica, un nuevo enfoque de gestión que busca la eficiencia de la producción en detrimento de la autonomía de los trabajadores basada en actividades meticulosamente planificadas y un monitoreo constante del desempeño. A lo largo del siglo, este método ha evolucionado con la implementación de nuevas tecnologías como los algoritmos, códigos potentes capaces de aumentar significativamente la productividad al permitir a las empresas del sector industrial y de la logística, monitorear, planificar y controlar el desempeño de sus trabajadores tan estrictamente como sea posible. La nueva economía compartida o shared-econony es el sector que está aplicando este nuevo enfoque de gestión, cambiando drásticamente las relaciones entre trabajadores y empleadores, modificando la naturaleza misma de la situación laboral. Los derechos fundamentales y las relaciones laborales están en juego cuando no hay más contacto entre humanos y cuando los trabajadores son administrados por aplicaciones habilitadas no solo para controlar sus tareas laborales sino también para despedirlas, lo que plantea serias dudas sobre la responsabilidad de estas decisiones. Las instituciones públicas y los sindicatos se enfrentan a nuevos desafíos para proteger a los trabajadores considerados por las empresas como “contratistas independientes” que se sienten atraídos por pagos seguros y horarios estables que deciden convertirse en trabajadores. Especialmente aquellos que trabajan de facto como empleados a tiempo completo sin que se reconozcan sus derechos fundamentales ni sus beneficios debido a la naturaleza no regulada de sus contratos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar el origen de este apremiante problema social, sus características inherentes, los riesgos relacionados con el uso de algoritmos sin sesgos y su falta de responsabilidad legal. Además, partiendo de la suposición básica de que los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores y la gestión del desempeño podrían trabajar conjuntamente para lograr una sociedad más eficiente y líquida, se cuestionará la evolución futura de la gestión algorítmica con respecto a los resultados éticos de su implementación.
ABSTRACTAt the beginning of the XX century, the industrial sector was revolutionized by the implementation of the Scientific Management, a new managerial approach seeking for production efficiency to the detriment of the workers’ autonomy based on meticulously planned activities and consistent performances monitoring. Through the century, this method has evolved with the implementation of new technologies such as the algorithms, robust codes able to increase productivity significantly by enabling companies from the industrial sector to the logistics to monitor, plan and control their workers’ performances as strictly as possible. The gig economy is the economic sector, which most of it all is applying this new management approach, drastically changing the relations between workers and employers, modifying the very nature of the employment status. Fundamental rights and industrial relations are at stake when there is no more contact between humans and when workers are managed by apps empowered to control their working tasks and to dismiss them, which raises severe questions on the accountability of these decisions. Public institutions and trade unions are facing new challenges to protect those workers considered by companies as “independent contractors” that attracted by secure payments, and stable schedules decide to become gig workers. Especially those that are de facto working as full-time employees without having their fundamental rights nor benefits recognized due to the unregulated nature of their contracts. This article aims to investigate the origin of this pressing social issue, its inherent characteristics, the risks connected with non-bias free algorithms’ use, and their lack of legal accountability. Moreover, starting from the underlying assumption that fundamental workers’ rights and performance management might work together toward a more efficient and liquid society, algorithmic management’s future evolution will be questioned regarding the ethical outcomes of its implementation.
KEYWORDS: Ethical algorithm’s design, independent- contractor clauses, fundamental workers’ rights, trade union, employment status redefinition.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: L24, O14
 
Acordo de Livre Comércio com a União Européia e soberania alimentar no Equador: uma revisão da Análise Econômica do Direito
No full textABSTRACT
This research article analyzes the current situation of food sovereignty in Ecuador linked with the Free Trade Agreement between Ecuador, Peru Colombia and the European Union (FTA), after almost four years of its entry into force, considering the impacts of the sanitary and economic crisis generated by the coronavirus pandemic in Ecuador, which has produced significant consequences for small food producers, specially in terms of poverty and inequality. In addition, this article aims to present a review of the implications that the Free Trade Agreement has had on the food sovereignty regime in Ecuador, from the economic analysis of law, analyzing whether this international instrument reduces transaction costs and is efficient in terms of food sovereignty, or whether an inalienability rule should be applied to counteract the externalities it generates in sustainable food production aligned with food sovereignty.
KEYWORDS: international treaty, trade, right to food, market economy, agriculture.
RESUMEN:
Este artículo analiza la situación actual de la soberanía alimentaria en Ecuador relacionada con el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Ecuador, Perú Colombia y la Unión Europea (TLC), después de casi cuatro años de su entrada en vigor, considerando los impactos de la crisis sanitaria y económica generada por la pandemia del coronavirus en el Ecuador, misma que ha desencadenado consecuencias importantes para los pequeños productores de alimentos, especialmente en términos de pobreza y desigualdad. Además,este artículo pretende realizar una revisión de las implicaciones que el TLC ha tenido en el régimen de soberanía alimentaria en Ecuador, a partir del análisis económico del derecho, analizando si este instrumento internacional reduce costos de transacción y resulta eficiente en términos de soberanía alimentaria, o si se debería aplicar una regla de inalienabilidad para contrarrestar las externalidades que genera en la producción sostenible de alimentos alineada con la soberanía alimentaria.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: N14, F02
RESUMEN:
Este artículo analiza la situación actual de la soberanía alimentaria en Ecuador relacionada con el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Ecuador, Perú Colombia y la Unión Europea (TLC), después de casi cuatro años de su entrada en vigor, considerando los impactos de la crisis sanitaria y económica generada por la pandemia del coronavirus en el Ecuador, misma que ha desencadenado consecuencias importantes para los pequeños productores de alimentos, especialmente en términos de pobreza y desigualdad. Además,este artículo pretende realizar una revisión de las implicaciones que el TLC ha tenido en el régimen de soberanía alimentaria en Ecuador, a partir del análisis económico del derecho, analizando si este instrumento internacional reduce costos de transacción y resulta eficiente en términos de soberanía alimentaria, o si se debería aplicar una regla de inalienabilidad para contrarrestar las externalidades que genera en la producción sostenible de alimentos alineada con la soberanía alimentaria.
PALABRAS CLAVE: tratado internacional, comercio, derecho a la alimentación, economía de mercado, agricultura.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: N14, F02
 
Denominações de origem e indicações geográficas como elemento de desenvolvimento econômico: o caso do Equador
No full textABSTRACT:
The denominations of origin and geographical indications, as distinctive signs, occupy a prominent place as an element of the impulse to the economic development of a given territory, since through them the development and marketing of high-quality products and differentiation, which in turn, allows reaching significant levels of commercial and tourist positioning for the place or region of its origin, as well as the generation of new sources of direct and indirect employment, increasing foreign exchange income from exports, the increase of State tax collection, among other socio-economic benefits. Thus, designations of origin and geographical indications are considered elements of economic development within the productive policy of a State. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the denominations of origin and geographical indications as a specialized category within the field of Trademark Law and Intellectual Property Law. It is relevant for a better understanding of how these concepts developed in Ecuadorian legislation. While for determining the options presented by the local legal framework promoting its development and use. Moreover, as those elements that the State should consider for taking advantage to promote national growth. Then the exegetical-critical method has been used, through is introduced a doctrinal and normative approach.
KEYWORDS: Designations of origin, geographical indications, intellectual property rights, trademarks.
JEL CODE: D23, O34
ABSTRACT:
The denominations of origin and geographical indications, as distinctive signs, occupy a prominent place as an element of the impulse to the economic development of a given territory, since through them the development and marketing of high-quality products and differentiation, which in turn, allows reaching significant levels of commercial and tourist positioning for the place or region of its origin, as well as the generation of new sources of direct and indirect employment, increasing foreign exchange income from exports, the increase of State tax collection, among other socio-economic benefits. Thus, designations of origin and geographical indications are considered elements of economic development within the productive policy of a State. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the denominations of origin and geographical indications as a specialized category within the field of Trademark Law and Intellectual Property Law. It is relevant for a better understanding of how these concepts developed in Ecuadorian legislation. While for determining the options presented by the local legal framework promoting its development and use. Moreover, as those elements that the State should consider for taking advantage to promote national growth. Then the exegetical-critical method has been used, through is introduced a doctrinal and normative approach.
KEYWORDS: Designations of origin, geographical indications, intellectual property rights, trademarks.
RESUMEN:
Las denominaciones de origen e indicaciones geográficas, en su calidad de signos distintivos, ocupan un lugar destacado como elemento de impulso al desarrollo económico de un territorio determinado, ya que por medio de los mismos se favorece la elaboración y comercialización de productos de alta calidad y diferenciación, lo que a su vez, permite alcanzar importantes niveles de posicionamiento comercial y turístico para el lugar o región de su procedencia, así como también la generación de nuevas fuentes de empleo directo e indirecto, crecientes ingresos por divisas por exportación, el incremento de la recaudación tributaria del Estado, entre otros beneficios socio-económicos. De esta forma, las denominaciones de origen y las indicaciones geográficas son consideradas elementos de desarrollo económico dentro de la política productiva de un Estado. En tal virtud, el propósito de este trabajo es analizar las denominaciones de origen e indicaciones geográficas como una categoría especializada dentro del campo del Derecho Marcario y del Derecho de la Propiedad Intelectual, con el objeto de comprender de qué manera se han desarrollado estos conceptos en la legislación ecuatoriana, a la vez de además determinar las opciones que presenta el marco jurídico vigente en el país para propiciar su desarrollo y utilización, así como también los elementos que el Estado deberá considerar para aprovechar de mejor manera estos elementos a favor del crecimiento nacional. Para hacerlo, se ha empleado el método exegético- crítico, a través del cual se realiza una aproximación doctrinaria y normativa del tema.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: D23, O34
 
A lei de propriedade industrial é um catalisador para a desigualdade? Instrumentos para o desenvolvimento jurídico-econômico holístico
No full textABSTRACT:
This note goes around the role of industrial property. Furthermore, it shows some arguments from the philosophical and socio-political perspective. The emerging questions seek to discuss whether or not the casuistic analysis determines if the Law denotes a hypotactic behaviour towards capital or whether it would be appropriate to define the Law (of Intellectual Property) as a new expression of capitalist servility.
KEYWORDS: Intellectual property, industry property, capitalism, capitalist systems, market economy, politics
JEL CODE: D63, O34
ABSTRACT:
This note goes around the role of industrial property. Furthermore, it shows some arguments from the philosophical and socio-political perspective. The emerging questions seek to discuss whether or not the casuistic analysis determines if the Law denotes a hypotactic behaviour towards capital or whether it would be appropriate to define the Law (of Intellectual Property) as a new expression of capitalist servility.
KEYWORDS: Intellectual property, industry property, capitalism, capitalist systems, market economy, politics
RESUMEN:
Esta miscelánea tiene como objetivo reflexionar entorno a las relaciones centrales entre el derecho de propiedad industrial y el desarrollo, entendido desde una acepción holística. En la primera sección se discuten algunas generalidades respecto a la propiedad intelectual que serán de gran utilidad instrumental a lo largo del escrito. En la segunda sección se explican los recursos metodológicos empleados, el alcance de la investigación, los usos de fuentes y las aproximaciones cognitivas que se pretenden alcanzar. En la tercera sección se presenta una síntesis de los resultados a los que se ha arribado mediante la investigación. A continuación, se discuten los resultados presentados y se reflexiona acerca del cumplimiento de la hipótesis. Finalmente, se esboza un corolario y el planteamiento de nuevas interrogantes derivadas de esta indagación preliminar.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: D63, O34
 
Ajuda pública no Equador: análise do mercado de comercialização de commodities agrícolas
No full textABSTRACT:The purpose of this paper is to determine if the regulatory measures implemented de facto by the Ecuadorian State for the commercialization of primary agricultural products, correctly, in products such as corn, raw milk and whey, and rice, comply with the objectives determined by the Organic Law for the Regulation and Control of Market Power and its Regulations. Furthermore, it can be determined as public aid. As analyzed, public aids can be conferred for reasons of social or public interest, or the benefit of consumers; and, in the Ecuadorian agricultural market in order to promote the production and transformation of food, aimed at guaranteeing food sovereignty and that are granted to small and mediumsized units of community production and of the famous and solidarity economy. It is concluded that the Superintendency of Control of Market Power is the public organism called to analyze the efficiency of the regulatory measures, taking into account that, since there is no clear competition policy, it cannot be determined whether these measures are indeed economically efficient; or on the contrary, the regulations harm the national economy.
KEYWORDS: Public aids, agricultural sector, ecuadorian primary products market, price-fixing.
JEL CODE: Q39, Q12
RESUMEN:El presente trabajo tiene por objeto determinar si las medidas regulatorias implementadas de facto por el Estado ecuatoriano en el mercado de comercialización de productos básicos agrícolas, específicamente, en productos como el maíz, la leche cruda y el suero de leche, y el arroz, cumplen con los objetivos determinados por la Ley de Control de Poder de Mercado y su Reglamento; y, por lo tanto, pueden ser determinadas como ayudas públicas. Conforme se analiza, las ayudas públicas se pueden conferir por razones de interés social o público, o en beneficio de los consumidores; y, en el sector agrícola, a efectos impulsar la producción y transformación de alimentos, destinadas a garantizar la soberanía alimentaria y que se otorguen a pequeñas y medianas unidades de producción comunitaria y de la economía popular y solidaria. Se concluye que la Superintendencia de Control del Poder de Mercado es el órgano llamado al análisis de la eficiencia de las medidas teniendo en cuenta que, al no existir una política clara de competencia, actualmente, no se puede determinar si efectivamente estas medidas son económicamente eficientes; o, si por el contrario, las políticas adoptadas en lugar de beneficiar a la economía nacional, la afectan negativamente.
ABSTRACT:The purpose of this paper is to determine if the regulatory measures implemented de facto by the Ecuadorian State for the commercialization of primary agricultural products, correctly, in products such as corn, raw milk and whey, and rice, comply with the objectives determined by the Organic Law for the Regulation and Control of Market Power and its Regulations. Furthermore, it can be determined as public aid. As analyzed, public aids can be conferred for reasons of social or public interest, or the benefit of consumers; and, in the Ecuadorian agricultural market in order to promote the production and transformation of food, aimed at guaranteeing food sovereignty and that are granted to small and mediumsized units of community production and of the famous and solidarity economy. It is concluded that the Superintendency of Control of Market Power is the public organism called to analyze the efficiency of the regulatory measures, taking into account that, since there is no clear competition policy, it cannot be determined whether these measures are indeed economically efficient; or on the contrary, the regulations harm the national economy.
KEYWORDS: Public aids, agricultural sector, ecuadorian primary products market, price-fixing.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: Q39, Q12
 
Regime de trabalho das empresas públicas equatorianas
No full textGovernment-Run companies are entities to which States have been attributing characteristics to the extent of turning them into a fundamental tool for the fulfillment of their objectives. Due to their usefulness, a particular legal framework has been established allowing them to assimilate their operation to private companies in order to compete on equal terms and produce social profitability.In the same matter, it has been suggested that their labor framework has to be different from those prevailing in the rest of the public sector. Through an explanatory methodology, this article aims to unveil the labor legal framework that the Ecuadorian legislation has instituted for public servants who work in these entities. From an analytical perspective, it intends to conclude that a mixed legal framework that does not agree with what is established by the legal doctrine and that it needs to be unified to avoid arbitrary interpretations.
KEYWORDS: Government-Run companies / State-owned enterprises, public servants, public sector, public administration.
JEL CODE: M54. M55
RESUMENLas empresas públicas son entidades a las cuales los Estados han ido atribuyéndoles características hasta convertirlas en una herramienta fundamental para el cumplimiento de sus objetivos. Debido a su utilidad, se ha previsto un régimen jurídico particular que les permita asimilar su funcionamiento a las empresas privadas para que puedan competir en igualdad de condiciones y producir rentabilidad social.En el mismo sentido, se ha sugerido que su régimen laboral diste de aquel que impera en el resto del sector púbico. A través de una metodología explicativa, el presente artículo pretende develar el régimen laboral que el legislador ecuatoriano ha previsto para los servidores públicos que trabajan en estas entidades. Desde una perspectiva analítica, se pretende concluir que se trata de un régimen mixto que no concuerda con lo establecido por la doctrina y que requiere ser unificado para evitar interpretaciones arbitrarias.
ABSTRACTGovernment-Run companies are entities to which States have been attributing characteristics to the extent of turning them into a fundamental tool for the fulfillment of their objectives. Due to their usefulness, a particular legal framework has been established allowing them to assimilate their operation to private companies in order to compete on equal terms and produce social profitability.In the same matter, it has been suggested that their labor framework has to be different from those prevailing in the rest of the public sector. Through an explanatory methodology, this article aims to unveil the labor legal framework that the Ecuadorian legislation has instituted for public servants who work in these entities. From an analytical perspective, it intends to conclude that a mixed legal framework that does not agree with what is established by the legal doctrine and that it needs to be unified to avoid arbitrary interpretations.
KEYWORDS: Government-Run companies / State-owned enterprises, public servants, public sector, public administration.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: M54. M55
 
As ideias oitocentistas do legislador equatoriano: política criminal e fraude na reforma da COIP
No full textFar away is the Ecuadorian criminal policy of complying with adequate standards of scientificity. Then as the politician on duty seems to legislate with yesterday’s newspaper in his hand. In this paper, two issues are criticized in particular. First, the contradictory criminal policy of the Ecuadorian legislator is highlighted by taking sides with one of the most guaranteed theories of men’s rea of intent. At the same time, in the same legal body Reform, the legislature is legislated to expose to public light, which has been apprehended in flagrant crime (fashion crimes), and thus the judge has validated. Secondly, that is, in the second chapter of the work, the failures of the theory of the will of men’s rea that was adopted by the legislator are analyzed critically, together with the critical analysis of the rest of theories that dominate the scientific discussion nowadays. Finally, it will be concluded that the legislator was openly contradictory in his criminal policy and that the theory of the will of men’s rea. However, it offers very high respect for the dignity of the human being, and that is why it constitutes the most guarantee theory, this does not mean that in theoretical or procedural terms, it is the most rational and suitable for which the Ecuadorian legislator could have inclined.
JEL CODE: K14RESUMENLejos se encuentra la política criminal ecuatoriana de cumplir con estándares adecuados de cientificidad, pues el político de turno parece legislar con el diario de ayer en la mano. En esta obra se critica dos cuestiones en especial: en primer lugar, se destaca la contradictoria política criminal del legislador ecuatoriano al decantarse sobre una de las teorías del dolo más garantistas que existen y al mismo tiempo, esto es, en el mismo cuerpo legal reformatorio, se legisla el adefesio legislativo de exponer a la luz pública a quien haya sido aprehendido en delito (los delitos de moda) flagrante y así el juez lo haya convalidado. En segundo lugar, es decir, en el capítulo segundo de la obra, se analiza críticamente las falencias de la teoría de la voluntad del dolo que fue adoptada por el legislador, en conjunto con el análisis crítico del resto de teorías que dominan la discusión científica en la actualidad. Finalmente, se concluirá que la teoría de la voluntad del dolo si bien ofrece un respeto altísimo a la dignidad del ser humano y por ello se constituye como la teoría más garantista, esto no significa que en términos teóricos, ni procesales, sea la teoría más racional e idónea por la que pudo haberse inclinado el legislador ecuatoriano.
ABSTRACT Far away is the Ecuadorian criminal policy of complying with adequate standards of scientificity. Then as the politician on duty seems to legislate with yesterday’s newspaper in his hand. In this paper, two issues are criticized in particular. First, the contradictory criminal policy of the Ecuadorian legislator is highlighted by taking sides with one of the most guaranteed theories of men’s rea of intent. At the same time, in the same legal body Reform, the legislature is legislated to expose to public light, which has been apprehended in flagrant crime (fashion crimes), and thus the judge has validated. Secondly, that is, in the second chapter of the work, the failures of the theory of the will of men’s rea that was adopted by the legislator are analyzed critically, together with the critical analysis of the rest of theories that dominate the scientific discussion nowadays. Finally, it will be concluded that the legislator was openly contradictory in his criminal policy and that the theory of the will of men’s rea. However, it offers very high respect for the dignity of the human being, and that is why it constitutes the most guarantee theory, this does not mean that in theoretical or procedural terms, it is the most rational and suitable for which the Ecuadorian legislator could have inclined.
KEYWORDS: Legislator, criminal policy, exposure to the public light, violation of the presumption of innocence, Thymus will theory, men’s rea.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K14
 
Marcas não tradicionais: novas perspectivas e velhos desafios
No full textThis article aims to analyze the development and treatment of non-traditional trademarks in different countries by using a comparative study method and a documentary technique. Thus, identifying the common motives and difficulties for their full use as a trademark. This is relevant to studying the different criteria that have been found and choosing the most appropriate and practical ones to reinforce their use in Ecuador.
KEYWORDS: Trademarks, non-traditional trademarks, graphic representation, functionality
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: O34, L24RESUMENEl artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el desarrollo y tratamiento de las marcas no tradicionales en distintos países empleando un método de estudio comparativo y una técnica documental. Logrando así identificar los motivos y dificultades comunes para su pleno uso como marca, con la finalidad de examinar los distintos criterios empleados y poder escoger los más adecuados y prácticos para reforzar su empleo en el Ecuador.
ABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze the development and treatment of non-traditional trademarks in different countries by using a comparative study method and a documentary technique. Thus, identifying the common motives and difficulties for their full use as a trademark. This is relevant to studying the different criteria that have been found and choosing the most appropriate and practical ones to reinforce their use in Ecuador.
KEYWORDS: Trademarks, non-traditional trademarks, graphic representation, functionality
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: O34, L24
 
Begriffsverdrängung e Freedom of Religion. Notas sobre interpretação em direito privado
No full textLa exención religiosa en los Estados Unidos es brevemente analizada por los efectos de su carencia conceptual, sobre el sistema y su ámbito operativo. La aplicación en el derecho privado, en cuanto fase de la interpretación que desarrolla el control sobre los efectos de las normas y la taxonomía de los ámbitos, aún más resalta estos efectos a nivel sistemático. El enfoque iuprivatístico permite evidenciar el desplazamiento conceptual que se genera por parte de la Primera Enmienda en relación a otros ámbitos aplicativos y la función de clasificación que, con respecto a la exención, puede ser desarrollado por medio del concepto de situación subjetiva.ABSTRACT:
Religious exemption in the United States is briefly analyzed by the effects of its conceptual lack on the system and its operational field. The application in private law, as a phase of the interpretation that develops control over the effects of the norm. Then the taxonomy of the fields further highlights these effects at a systematic level. The Private Law approach allows us to demonstrate the conceptual displacement that is generated by the First Amendment concerning other application fields and the classificatory function that, about the exemption, can be developed through the concept of the individual situation.
KEYWORDS: Religious exemption, fundamental rights, private law interpretation, subjective situation.
RESUMEN:
La exención religiosa en los Estados Unidos es brevemente analizada por los efectos de su carencia conceptual, sobre el sistema y su ámbito operativo. La aplicación
en el derecho privado, en cuanto fase de la interpretación que desarrolla el control sobre los efectos de las normas y la taxonomía de los ámbitos, aún más resalta estos efectos a nivel sistemático. El enfoque iuprivatístico permite evidenciar el desplazamiento conceptual que se genera por parte de la Primera Enmienda en relación a otros ámbitos aplicativos y la función de clasificación que, con respecto a la exención, puede ser desarrollado por medio del concepto de situación subjetiva.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: Z12
 
Regulação inteligente na época de COVID 19: Uma análise preliminar introspectiva para sua aplicação no Equador
No full textABSTRACT:Better regulation is a public policy that governments implement to improve the quality of life of their citizens. These policies bring significant benefits to all market players, among the most palpable are innovation, administrative simplification, a clear commitment by the government, and competitiveness. A fundamental entity for the development of this type of regulation is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), whose main objective is to create policies that improve the quality of life of citizens around the world. Among the members of this organization are first world countries such as the United States and Spain, as well as third world Latin American countries such as Mexico and Colombia, whose government administration serves as a model for the Ecuadorian people. It is because, without considering that their economies are not as large, developed, and stable, they have managed with the commitment, perseverance, and responsibility to be supported by this international institution. Nowadays, the problem of over and deregulation that has remained in Ecuador. Since the beginning of its history, it serves as an axis of study to propose the implementation of regulatory improvement within its political system. In order do this, it must be considering the principles of governance, proper preparation for its application, and the professionalism of all market players.
KEYWORDS: quality of life, law reform, development policy, cost reduction, development strategies.
JEL CODEL: O34, O33ABSTRACT:Better regulation is a public policy that governments implement to improve the quality of life of their citizens. These policies bring significant benefits to all market players, among the most palpable are innovation, administrative simplification, a clear commitment by the government, and competitiveness. A fundamental entity for the development of this type of regulation is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), whose main objective is to create policies that improve the quality of life of citizens around the world. Among the members of this organization are first world countries such as the United States and Spain, as well as third world Latin American countries such as Mexico and Colombia, whose government administration serves as a model for the Ecuadorian people. It is because, without considering that their economies are not as large, developed, and stable, they have managed with the commitment, perseverance, and responsibility to be supported by this international institution. Nowadays, the problem of over and deregulation that has remained in Ecuador. Since the beginning of its history, it serves as an axis of study to propose the implementation of regulatory improvement within its political system. In order do this, it must be considering the principles of governance, proper preparation for its application, and the professionalism of all market players.
KEYWORDS: quality of life, law reform, development policy, cost reduction, development strategies.
RESUMEN:
La mejora regulatoria es una política pública que los gobiernos implementan para mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. Esta política trae grandes beneficios hacia todos los agentes del mercado, entre los más palpables están la innovación, la simplificación administrativa, el compromiso transparente por parte del gobierno, y la competitividad. Una entidad fundamental para el desarrollo de este tipo de regulación es la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), la cual tiene como objetivo principal el crear políticas que mejoren la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos alrededor del mundo. Entre los miembros de esta organización se encuentran países de primer mundo tales como, Estados Unidos y España, así como también países latinoamericanos de tercer mundo como México y Colombia, cuya administración gubernamental sirven de modelo para el pueblo ecuatoriano. Esto se debe a que, sin considerar que sus economías no son igual de grandes, desarrolladas y estables, han logrado con el compromiso, perseverancia y responsabilidad ser respaldados por esta institución internacional. En la actualidad, la problemática de la sobre y desregulación que se ha mantenido en Ecuador desde el inicio de su historia sirve como un eje de estudio para proponer la implementación de la mejora regulatoria dentro de su sistema político. Para ello, deberá tomar en cuenta los principios de gobierno, una buena preparación para su aplicación, y el profesionalismo de todos los agentes del mercado.
JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: O34, O33