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Familias transnacionales desde el sur. Testimonios de la globalización en Chile. Javiera Cienfuegos Illanes (coord.). Ediciones Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano
Get PDFReseña: Familias transnacionales desde el sur. Testimonios de la globalización en Chile. Javiera Cienfuegos Illanes (coord.). Ediciones Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristian
Desempleo y flexibilización: Alemania Federal y Chile frente a las transformaciones del capitalismo (Décadas de 1970 y 1980)
Get PDFThis paper analyzes Chile’s and the Federal Republic of Germany’s responses to the 1970s and 1982 economic crises. These crises affected these two countries differently, given their positions in the world economy and their distinct political regimes. In both countries, political debates focused on unemployment and the changing character of work. In this context, in Chile, the global economic crisis was the context for the military’s violent reaction to the “Chilean road to socialism.” The military alliance with big business and neoliberal economists facilitated the development of neoliberal policies. The Federal Republic of Germany responded to the end of the post-war "economic miracle" with gradualist policies that preserved the welfare state. The Federal Republic of Germany’s coordinated market economy and the trade unions’ influence within the two major political parties delayed the implementation of neoliberal policies until the 2000s. This comparison demonstrates the importance of each country’s political configurations for explaining their economic and social policies in the context of a changing global economy. In this regard, politics is the key field for the development of diverse responses to global capitalist processes. Este artículo analiza las respuestas a la crisis de los 1970s y la de 1982, de Chile y Alemania Federal. Crisis que impactaron en contextos diferentes, tanto a nivel de posiciones en la economía capitalista, como en lo referente a los regímenes políticos. En ambos países se plantearon el desempleo y los cambios en los ámbitos del trabajo. En este contexto, en Chile, las turbulencias económicas mundiales, se ligaron a la reacción violenta de los militares a la “vía chilena al socialismo” que, en alianza con las grandes empresas y economistas neoliberales, permitieron el desarrollo de las políticas neoliberales. Alemania Federal respondió al final del “milagro económico” de la posguerra con políticas gradualistas que preservaron el Estado del bienestar. La economía coordinada de Alemania Federal y la influencia de los sindicatos dentro de los dos grandes partidos políticos postergaron la aplicación de estas políticas hasta los 2000. La comparación demuestra la importancia de las configuraciones políticas de cada país para explicar sus políticas económicas y sociales frente a cambios de la economía global. De esta forma, se evidencia que la política es el campo de construcción de las diversas alternativas frente a las dinámicas del capitalismo
Repensando las movilidades en el Archipiélago de Chiloé
Get PDFThis article presents a proposal to rethink mobility in the Chiloé Archipelago from an ethnographic perspective that integrates some ideas of the so-called "non-representational approach" to understand the mobility practices that occur in non-metropolitan territories. We are specifically located in spatio-temporal geographies in connection with the modern and urban world, but that develops in archipelagic and insular realities. From field work on the islands of this small archipelago, the daily mobility of these inhabitants is understood as a heterogeneous, contingent and assembled process and, the refore, the importance of rethinking different ways of approaching and understanding these realities.Se presenta en este artículo una propuesta para repensar la movilidad en el Archipiélago de Chiloé desde una perspectiva etnográfica que integra algunas ideas del llamado “enfoque no representacional” para comprender lasprácticas de movilidad que ocurren en territorios no metropolitanos. Nos situamos específicamente en geografías espacio-temporales en conexión con el mundo moderno y urbano, pero que se desarrollan en contextos archipelágicose insulares. A partir de un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en las islas de este pequeño archipiélago, se comprende la movilidad cotidiana de estos habitantes como un proceso heterogéneo, contingente y ensamblado y por lo mismo, la importancia de repensar distintas formas de acercarse y comprender estas realidades
Desencuentros entre el imaginario social occidental y el imaginario social indígena: elementos para una reflexión teórica sobre los imaginarios sociales nucleares en el marco del conflicto entre el estado-nación chileno y el pueblo mapuche
Get PDFThis theoretical work aims to make a diagnosis, by means of a synthetic method with an hypothetical-deductive emphasis, about which are the nuclear social imaginaries of the Chilean nation-state and the Mapuche people, in the context of the conflict between nation-state and Mapuche people. The theoretical approach links the social imaginaries with the construction of identity and otherness. The Castoriadis's contributions around the social imaginary and the theoretical updates by Manuel Antonio Baeza, are used, without detracting from other contributions. The analysis allows to identify and characterize a Western nuclear imaginary based on the idea of modernity-development and an indigenous nuclear imaginary based on the principle of renewal with a cyclical rather than linear time conception. El presente trabajo de orientación eminentemente teórica tiene por objetivo realizar un diagnóstico mediante un método sintético con énfasis hipotético-deductivo que dé cuenta de cuáles son los imaginarios nucleares del Estado nación chileno, por una parte, y del Pueblo mapuche por la otra, todo esto en el marco del conflicto entre Estado-nación y Pueblo mapuche. La aproximación teórica vincula los imaginarios sociales con la construcción de la identidad y la alteridad, para esto se utilizarán los aportes en torno a los imaginarios sociales desarrollados fundamentalmente por Castoriadis y actualizados por Manuel Antonio Baeza, sin desmedro de otros aportes. El análisis particular de los elementos constituyentes de los imaginarios en estudio permite identificar y caracterizar un imaginario nuclear occidental (del Estado-nación) basado en la idea de modernidad-desarrollo y un imaginario nuclear indígena (del Pueblo mapuche) basado en el principio de renovación con una concepción cíclica y no lineal del tiempo
La CUT y los clivajes sindicales en Chile. Entre la pretensión transformadora y la estrategia defensiva
Get PDFThis article states that, since the return to democracy in Chile, the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) has played a double role for unionism. On the one hand, it has sought to promote, with very few resources and little success, new legislation for the private sector and, on the other, it has defended, with many resources and much success, the autonomy and interests of the public sector. How has this dual role played by the CUT since the return to democracy impacted on the identities and organizational practices of Chilean unions? To answer this question,it is proposed the concept of union cleavages, which describes a division that is simultaneously structural, ideological and organizational within Chilean unionism. Based on a historical analysis, it is described how the actions of the CUT were politicizing the structural division between the public and private sectors of unionism, consolidating collective identities around that division. By means of a quantitative analysis of the alliance networks in labor strikes from 2010 to 2019, the differentiated behavior of the main federations is described, according to whether they belong to the public or private sector. The results show that the public sector federations are the ones that find the highest density of alliances between them, generating a cleavage that is clearly differentiated from the private sector unionism, which is socially and politically isolated. The importance of considering this fracture within Chilean trade unionism is highlighted as a highly explanatory element of the limitations and strengths of CUT's political capacity. Este artículo plantea que, desde el retorno a la democracia en Chile, la Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) ha desempeñado un doble papel para el sindicalismo. Por una parte, ha buscado promover, con muy pocos recursos y poco éxito, una nueva legislación para el sector privado del sindicalismo y; por otro, ha defendido, con muchos recursos y éxito, la autonomía y los intereses del sector público. ¿Cómo ha impactado en las identidades y prácticas organizacionales de los sindicatos chilenos este doble papel jugado por la CUT desde el retorno a la democracia? Para responder esta pregunta, se propone el concepto de clivajes sindicales, el que describe una división que es, simultáneamente, estructural, ideológica y organizativa dentro del sindicalismo chileno. A partir de un análisis histórico, se describe cómo el mismo accionar de la CUT fue politizando la división estructural entre el sector público y el privado del sindicalismo, consolidando identidades colectivas en torno a dicha división. Luego, con un análisis cuantitativo de las redes de alianzas en huelgas laborales desde el 2010 hasta el 2019, se describe el comportamiento diferenciado de las principales federaciones según su pertenencia al sector público o privado. Los resultados muestran que las federaciones del sector público son las que encuentran mayor densidad de alianzas entre ellas, generando un clivaje claramente diferenciado del sindicalismo del sector privado, el que se encuentra aislado social y políticamente. Se resalta la importancia de considerar esta fractura dentro del sindicalismo chileno como un elemento altamente explicativo de las limitaciones y fortalezas en la capacidad política de la Central
Productive and physiological responses of west african dwarf goats fed diets containing gmelia leaf meal
Get PDFWest African Dwarf (WAD) goat plays an important socio-economic role, hence the effect of 82 days of feeding Gmelina leaf meal (GLM) diets on feed intake, body weight change and blood indices of WAD goats were investigated. 36 WAD goats averaging 9.04kg in weight were randomly divided into four groups of nine goats each with three goats constituting a replicate. The groups were randomly assigned four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, and T4) in a completely randomized design. Results indicated significant (p<0.05) improvement for body weights and feed conversion ratio for T2, T3, and T4. There was significant difference (P<0.05) for all the haematological parameters except packed cell volume (PCV). White blood cells (WBC) was improved (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM in the diets. All the serum biochemical indices showed significant (p<0.05) difference with glucose and cholesterol concentration reduced (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM. It could be concluded that GLM can be included in the diets of goats up to 36% without deleterious effects on the performance of WAD goats.Keywords: blood chemistry, body weight changes, feed intake, haematology, leaf meal, phytogenic compounds and WAD goats
COVID -19 and its environmental impacts
Get PDFThis analysis aims to show the impact of COVID-19 on the environment, particularly in the countries, which are deadly affected by COVID-19, such countries include China, USA, Italy, and Spain. Our experiment suggested that there are significant contingency measures and improvements in air quality, clean beaches, rivers, and environmental noise reduction. However, on the other side, there are some negative effects of COVID -19 such as the reduction in cycling, large waste, fishing, unemployment. In order to build back, better UN has given six climate-related actions to shape the recovery for the future
Community composition, population structure and regeneration potential of tree species in Oak-dominated mixed forests of Rajouri district in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Get PDFThe study was carried out to explore the diversity and regeneration potential of trees species in mixed Oak forest of Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir (India). A total of 20 tree species were recorded from the area dominated by various species of oak particularly Quercus leuchotrichophora. Quercus leuchotrichophora shows maximum values of density, basal cover and IVI. In different localities, it has different groups of associates like Q. floribunda, Q. semecarpifolia, Q. glauca, Buxux wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Aesculus indica, Rhododendron arboreum, etc. Majority of the species show very poor regeneration, which is a matter of concern and demands for proper conservation strategies.
Keyword: forest, regeneration, oak, ecology, population dynamics
Role of microbes in bioremediation of hydrocarbon associated pollution
Get PDFAlmost two-thirds of the energy source of the world depends on petroleum and hydrocarbon production and there is an increase in demand. There are various reports about the spillage of crude oil around the world and is of major concern for our environment. The traditional methods of remediation of crude oil spilled areas are unconventional, expensive, and leave toxic intermediates that are harmful to the environment and other living creatures including human beings. Such problems can be overcome by the use of microbes for remediation of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons and drawing the attention of researchers to improve the current conditions. Biodegradation by microbes is significantly less expensive and posed little to no harmful effects on the environment. In this review paper, a clear insight of microbial bioremediation is expressed and the advantages of implementing the role of microbes in the bioremediation of crude oil and hydrocarbon related pollution. In addition, the interaction between the microbe and the environment are discussed and the necessary research and development regarding this field. The advancements in the genetic engineering field of bioremediation and introduction of GMOs in the controlled environments and the processes that hinder field trials.
Keywords: bioremediation, crude oil, biodegradation, microbial remediation, oil-spill
Extraction and characterization of fish visceral protease from Carangoides malabaricus and its potential application in detergent and pharmaceutical industries.
Get PDFFish viscera have innumerable potential applications being the rich source of digestive enzymes, especially proteases. In order to assess the bio prospecting of fish processing wastes as natural wealth to obtain value added bioactive compounds, the visceral wastes of Carangoides malabaricus were characterized. This study involves the characterization of crude visceral protease extract from C. malabaricus and its potential application as a destainer. The optimum activity and stability of the crude visceral protease was observed at pH 9.0 and 50°C. This alkaline proteolytic crude extract was then tested for its potential application as destainer and it showed better stain removing efficiency. Characterization studies revealed that metal ions like Calcium chloride, surfactants like Tween 20 and SDS, inhibitors like PMSF influenced the activity and stability of the crude Visceral Protease. The present study also inferred that, crude visceral protease enzyme from C. malabaricus along with shrimp shell hydrolysate displayed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (58.11%), Reducing activity (1.89 mg/ml) and Chelating ability (73.6%). As a whole, this study confirmed possible application of Visceral Protease from C. malabaricus in detergent and pharmaceutical industries