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Educación intercultural: Una Alternativa a la Educación Monocultural en Contexto Mapuche
Get PDFMonocultural education is presented as a dominating and reductive approach to the indigenous knowledge. Overcoming this approach requires a position of epistemological pluralism in education, which breaks the asymmetries inherited from the colonial matrix of power. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of intercultural education, as an alternative and decolonial approach to Western monocultural education in the Mapuche context. To achieve this, we carried out an international, Latin American and national literature, review. First, we describe the principles of indigenous Mapuche education as alternative epistemic principles for Western education. Second, we conceptualize monocultural education as the dominant approach to current schooling. Third, as a proposal, we suggest the need for a decolonial turn, moving from a monocultural education to an intercultural education based on three key ideas: the raising of a critical discourse on monocultural education; the promotion of an education based on a liberating philosophy; and the building of an intercultural education system from the South. We conclude that, although monocultural education is still valid and indigenous knowledge keeps in a subordinate condition, there is an urgent need for a decolonial turn in education, which implies the prompt adoption of a dialogue of knowledge between classes, ethnic groups and nationalities, through a Latin American project that transforms the hierarchical relationship of knowledge, in a pluralistic and contextualized, intercultural and inter epistemic vision.La educación monocultural se presenta como enfoque dominador y reductor del conocimiento indígena. Superar dicho enfoque, requiere una posición de pluralismo epistemológico en la educación, que rompa las asimetrías heredadas de la matriz colonial del poder. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir el rol de la educación intercultural, como enfoque alternativo y decolonial a la educación monocultural occidental en contexto mapuche. Efectuando una revisión de la literatura internacional, latinoamericana y nacional, desarrollamos los siguientes tópicos. Primero, describimos los principios de la educación indígena mapuche como principios epistémicos alternativos para la educación occidental. Segundo, conceptualizamos la educación monocultural como enfoque dominador de la actual escolarización. Tercero, como propuesta, planteamos la necesidad de un giro decolonial, transitando desde una educación monocultural hacia una educación intercultural a partir de tres ideas claves: levantar un discurso crítico sobre la educación monocultural; promover una educación basada en una filosofía liberadora; y construir una educación intercultural con y desde América Latina. Concluimos que, aunque la educación monocultural continúa vigente, y los conocimientos indígenas en condición subalterna, existe la necesidad urgente de un giro decolonial en la educación, el que implica, la pronta adopción de un diálogo de saberes entre clases, etnias y nacionalidades, mediante un proyecto latinoamericano que transforme la relación jerárquica de saberes, en una visión pluralista y contextualizada, intercultural e inter epistémica
Effect of trehalose on growth and stress tolerance in crops by using bioinoculants
Get PDFTrehalose biosynthetic is an an important pathway that linked to abiotic stress tolerance. Recent research findings showed that the trehalose metabolic pathway is important for the growth and development of the plant. In plants, trehalose production seemed to be exclusively reserved for stress resistant plants which living in extreme habitats. In variety of plant species to improve the stress tolerance and yield particularly under stress condition, several attempts to engineer plants that produce more trehalose. In many studies have observed the regulatory role of trehalose-6-phosphate, a precursor of trehalose, play an important role in sugar metabolism, growth and development in plants. Trehalose-6-phosphate influences the starch and sucrose accumulation in leaves during day time regulates starch degradation at night to demand for sucrose. It is necessary to understand about the potential role of trehalose as a metabolite in abiotic stress responses and interactions of plants with bacterial and fungal pathogens, rhizobia, mycorrhizae and non symbiotic rhizobacteria
Carbon sequestration and ecosystem analysis of semi-arid grazing lands at Sivagangai
Get PDFPresent study is focused on biomass, net primary production and system transfer functions and carbon sequestration of grazing lands in the Semi-arid regions of Sivagangai. climatic diagram was drawn based on the secondary data of Rainfall and Temperature collected from meterialogical department, Sivagangai. Study area is dominated by Heteropogon contortus at site I and Melochia corchorifolia at site II. Dry matter dynamics reflected in carbon sequestration study at site I and II. Even though above ground carbon fixation and total carbon input to the system were high at site II, Carbon output from the grazing land to soil was low due to over grazing. Monthly soil organic carbon study at site I and II also conform the low carbon output from the system to soil. Grazing land ecosystem at site I shows its stability and grazing land ecosystem at site II shows its degradation nature. Based on this study it is concluded that organic carbon is the major factor for soil nutrient bank and grazing land stability. It is very much affected at site II. Mild grazing isrecommended at site I and over grazing should be controlled at site II to maintain productive grazing lands at site I and II of semi-arid grazing lands at Sivagangai
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) studies on Radula of the Spider Conch Lambis lambis and Lambis adamii. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Strombidae) fromThondi Coast, Palk Bay- Tamil Nadu -South East Coast of India.
Get PDFThe present study describes the morphology of two species of radula using SEM technique. In both Lambis species the radula Lambis lambis and Lambis adamii is taenioglossate type consist of one median tooth flanked by one pair of lateral teeth withtwo pairs of marginals on each side (7 teeth per row). In taenioglossan the radular formula is 2+1+1+1+2. In most details the radula of Lambis adamii resembles that of Lambis lambis but few apparent differences occur. The base of the central teeth is broad in Lambis adamii whereas in Lambis lambis it was concave. Lambis adamii and Lambis lambis the subquadrate central tooth with middle six cusps and in Lambis adamii the base of the central teeth is concave while in the Lambis lambis it was straight. In Lambis adamii two to three cusps present in the lateral teeth and it was inclined radular central where as in Lambis lambis the inner cusp is longer and sli
Thermal performance of residential structure with respect to climate change: case - tropical climate
Get PDFResearch paper expresses analysis of current research involving a definite Urban expansion project for Mumbai city. The developers-builders enquired for technically supported information relating to the future microclimatic transformations in the growth area and their probabilities for the thermal behaviors of the proposed building. To deal with this inquiry, the structure’s thermal behaviors were calculated by using simulation techniques for the current and proposed climatic conditions i.e. extreme climatic conditions. Thereby, substitute structures design (exclusively, a range of façade design alternatives) were well thought-out in vision of their mitigation efficiency vis-à-vis environmental changes projections. The outcome helps in providing capable assessment of such structure design features. 
Finding a strategic approach for application of biomimicry in architecture.
Get PDFIn the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in bio mimicry worldwide and has led to its emergence as an important theory that looks up to nature as a mentor and model to find out innovative solutions for design. Through the concept of biomimicry, designers realize the organic structures in nature are not only beautiful but also durable, that can be applied to nature-inspired design interventions. As we are heading towards sustainability, biomimicry can be an innovative approach to achieve sustainable design. Here in this paper an attempt has been made to explore the concepts of bio-inspired design and its different methodologies, in order to derive at a systematic approach to design the built environment that mimics the techniques of nature into architecture.
Biomimicry has three levels: organism, behavior and ecosystem, in order to generate form, selection of material, construction process, and establishing it to function. From the literature, 5 aspects of each level of biomimicry were identified and compared with 5 areas of architectural interventions. Opinions of industry experts and academicians were recorded through questionnaire survey on a 5-point Likert-type scale which were then analyzed using t- test. The aspects of each level of biomimicry were then ranked according to their favorability of applications with respect to the area of architecture. This ranking system clearly explains the best suited aspect for each level of biomimicry in a concerned area of architecture as per the requirement.
 
La gente de la tierra sin tierra: migración, leyes chilenas y tensiones reduccionales en el siglo XX
Get PDFThe present work delves into the debate regarding the migratory processes experienced by the Mapuche population during the 20th centurysince its reductions in Chilean cities. The aim of this work is to analyze the Mapuche walk in the cities, in order to identify the routes of exodus and return to the ancient territory, in contexts of evident material impoverishment. This, from the connection of these wanderings and the debates regarding migration,indigenous laws, diaspora and Mapuche return, as a matrix of analysis; besides a methodological work, with a deep epistemological approach based on the contributions of oral history as investigative support is added.El presente trabajo se interna en el debate respecto de los procesos migratorios experimentados por la población mapuche durante el siglo XX desde sus reducciones a las ciudades chilenas. En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo es analizar el caminar mapuche en las urbes, con el fin de identificarlas rutas de éxodo y retorno al antiguo territorio, en contextos de evidente pauperización material. Lo anterior, a partir de la conexión de estas historias con los debates referidos a la migración, leyes indígenas, diáspora y retorno mapuche, como matriz de análisis; a lo que se suma un trabajo metodológico, con enfoque epistemológico de fondo, basado en los aportes de la historia oral como soporte investigativo
Justicia Juvenil. La mirada sociojuridica para pensar en la necesidad de las intervenciones interdisciplinarias
Get PDFThis article addresses issues related to the field of juvenile justice in relation to the disputes at stake regarding judicial and public policies, with various meanings and directionalities, that operate in relation to adolescents who have violated criminal laws. Reformist intentions are observed between the different legal positions, be they retributionist, restorative, etc., which challenge us to delve into their underlying epistemological matrices, given that the political consequences of these will affect institutional transformations and systems for the protection of the rights of children and adolescents. In Latin America, the idea of transforming the tutelary paradigm into juvenile criminal responsibility regimes has predominated. The consequences have not been the best, being possible to observe phenomena of adultization in the ways of approaching children and adolescents as well as high rates of incarceration. In this context, the orientations towards what is called restorative juvenile justice appear as a novelty for some, while for others they constitute a path that has already been traveled with conviction. There are, however, certain risks in its adoption, and one of them is to take the restorative juvenile justice as a model to apply. We do not share this position, but think, in the words of Howard Zehr, of restorative processes and continuums. Inquiring about the senses and directionalities at play in the different modes of approach adopted in juvenile justice is what is intended in this article, in order to insist on the need to carefully review their political and institutional consequences in order to ensure a differentiated approach for adolescent offenders of the criminal law. Reflecting from a socio-legal approach on interdisciplinary interventions, roles and functions in the administration of justice becomes inescapable.El presente artículo tiene carácter de ensayo y el objetivo es demostrar que, un abordaje integral y diferenciado de la justicia juvenil adolescente es posible desde una perspectiva sociojurídica y en el desarrollo de la justicia juvenil restaurativa. Para ello es necesario abordar cuestiones atinentes al campo de la justicia juvenil en relación con las disputas en juego respecto de las políticas judiciales y públicas, con diversos sentidos y direccionalidades, que operan en relación con las y los adolescentes que han infringido leyes penales. Se observan intencionalidades reformistas entre las distintas posiciones jurídicas, sean retribucionistas, restaurativas, etc., que nos desafían a ahondar en sus matrices epistemológicas subyacentes, dado que las consecuencias políticas de las mismas incidirán en las transformaciones institucionales y en los sistemas de protección de los derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes. En América Latina ha predominado la idea de transformar el paradigma tutelar en regímenes de responsabilidad penal juveniles. Las consecuencias no han sido las mejores, pudiéndose observar fenómenos de adultización en los modos de abordaje de niñas, niños y adolescentes y altas tasas de encarcelamiento. En este marco, las orientaciones hacia lo que se denomina justicia juvenil restaurativa aparecen como novedad para algunos, aunque para otros constituyan un camino que ya se viene transitando con convicción. Existen, no obstante, ciertos riesgos en su adopción, y uno de ellos es tomar lo restaurativo como modelo aplicar. No compartimos esta posición, sino que pensamos, al decir de Howard Zehr, en procesos y continuos restaurativos. Indagar sobre los sentidos y direccionalidades en juego en los distintos modos de abordaje adoptados en justicia juvenil es lo que se pretende en el presente ensayo, de modo de insistir en la necesidad de revisar atentamente sus consecuencias políticas e institucionales en pos de asegurar un abordaje diferenciado para las y los adolescentes infractores de la ley penal. Reflexionar desde un enfoque sociojurídico sobre las intervenciones interdisciplinarias, los roles y funciones en la administración de justicia se torna ineludible
Bandera(s) mapuche, diseño e historia: Entrevista a Jorge Weke a 30 años del “Wenüfoye”
Get PDFAd portas to the fifth centenary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the baptized American continent, the Mapuche communities associated with the Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam, or Council of All Lands, carried out several actions in order to reflect on the implications of this fact, along with advancing in what was called “ideological decolonization”. One of these actions was a creative and collective process that initially gave rise to five flags of the Mapuche Territorial Identities as a previous step of a "single flag", later called Wenüfoye. Years after its first exhibition, on October 6, 1992, the Wenüfoye has established itself as an automatic reference point for the Mapuche in the contemporary world.
The development of these flags was carried out in conjunction with various communities that gathered to talk and discuss the symbolism and configurations that the emblems could present. Jorge Weke, Mapuche-Williche graphic designer, was responsible for listening, annotating and materializing the voices and ideas of this process, outlining pre-designs and synthesizing the final proposals. Faced with the growing importance that the flag has acquired, dimly clarified aspects of its history, the appearance of other flags, and the potentialities of similar participatory processes, an interview with the designer responsible for it is presented. The diversity of ideas and designs that the process brought together, their collaborative quality, and some aspects of the conditions of possibility of contemporary Mapuche materialities emerge from the interview.Ad portas al quinto centenario de la llegada de Cristóbal Colón al bautizado continente americano las comunidades mapuche asociadas al Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam, o Consejo de Todas las Tierras, realizaban diversas acciones en pos de reflexionar sobre las implicancias de este hecho, junto con avanzar en lo que llamaban la “descolonización ideológica”. Una de estas acciones fue un proceso creativo y colectivo que dio origen, inicialmente, a cinco banderas de las Identidades Territoriales mapuche como paso previo de una “bandera única”, posteriormente denominada Wenüfoye. Años después de su primera exhibición, el 6 de octubre de 1992, el Wenüfoye se ha consagrado como referente automático de lo mapuche en el mundo contemporáneo.
El desarrollo de estas banderas fue realizado en conjunto a diversas comunidades que se reunían a conversar y discutir en torno a los simbolismos y configuraciones que los emblemas deberían presentar. Jorge Weke, diseñador gráfico mapuche-williche, fue el responsable de escuchar, anotar y materializar las voces e ideas de este proceso, delineando prediseños y sintetizando las propuestas finales. Frente a la creciente importancia que ha adquirido la bandera,aspectos de su historia tenuemente esclarecidos, la aparición de otras banderas, y las potencialidades de similares procesos participativos, se presenta una entrevista al diseñador responsable de esta. De la entrevista se desprende la diversidad de ideas y diseños que el proceso congregó, su cualidad colaborativa, y algunos aspectos de las condiciones de posibilidad de las materialidades mapuche contemporáneas