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LOS LÍMITES DEL PLURALISMO JURIDICO EN VENEZUELA: tensiones y horizontes del imaginario del Estado nación y la lucha por el reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas
Get PDFThe 1999 constitutional process in Venezuela yielded a new constitutional text that, at least formally, recognized indigenous peoples, established a robust catalog of rights and claimed to install legal pluralism. However, various factual and normative conditions have limited or rightly blocked this general framework of recognition and the development of legal pluralism. Twenty years after this political and normative opening, in the middle of a galloping social, political and humanitarian crisis, it is necessary to review the factual and normative conditions that allow us to understand the limits and possible projections of legal pluralism in Venezuela. Thus, in this work, it is verified that first, within the framework of the crisis that is going through Venezuela, there have been a set of transformations of the political imaginary of the nation state, which was being forged from the new Bolivarian Constitution of 1999, which today it has blurred to reconstitute a new form of national state hegemony, in a version that is not yet possible to project. Second, over the reasons for the crisis itself, the question arises as to whether, at the same time, this crisis and transformation process not yet resolved, will be able to open democratic and intercultural horizons, as presuppositions of an effective egalitarian legal pluralismEl proceso constituyente de 1999 en Venezuela arrojó un nuevo texto constitucional que, a lo menos formalmente, reconoció a los pueblos indígenas, les estableció un robusto catálogo de derechos y decía instalar el pluralismo jurídico. Sin embargo, diversos condicionantes fácticos y normativos han limitado o derechamente bloquearon dicho marco general de reconocimiento y el desarrollo del pluralismo jurídico. Veinte años después de esta apertura política y normativa, en medio de una crisis social, política y humanitaria galopante, se hace necesaria la revisión de los condicionantes fácticos y normativos que permitan comprender los límites y eventuales proyecciones del pluralismo jurídico en Venezuela. En este trabajo se constata, en primer lugar, que en el marco de la crisis que atraviesa Venezuela, han ocurrido un conjunto de transformaciones del imaginario político del estado nación, el cual se venía forjando a partir de la nueva Constitución Bolivariana de 1999 y que hoy se ha desdibujado para reconstituir una nueva forma de hegemonía estado nacional, en una versión que aún no es posible de proyectar. Segundo, por sobre las razones de la crisis en sí, se plantea la pregunta de si, al mismo tiempo, esta crisis y proceso de transformación 79 aún no resuelto, podrá abrir horizontes democráticos e interculturales, como presupuestos de un pluralismo jurídico igualitario efectivo
Evaluation of effect of pig production to the Environment in Enugu State, Nigeria.
Get PDFThe research was aimed at accessing the effect of pig production to the environmental effect in Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of sixty (60) farmers were selected using purposive and multi stage random sampling techniques. Structured questionnaire and oral interview were used to collect information on the objectives of the study. Percentages responses, probit analysis, multinomial logit models and factor analysis were used to capture the objectives of the study.. The results showed that most of the respondents were aged, educated, had large household size and member of organizations. The effect of pig production on the environment were odour, noise, flies, dust, mosquitoes and rodents. The pig management technologies adopted by the farmers were proper housing, proper manure disposal; precision feed management and proper disposal of animal carcass . The waste disposal methods employed by pig farmers were open lagoons, dumping in the farm, heap waste and burn and store in bag. The result of probit analysis of technologies adoption showed that in all the variables considered, only the coefficients of age, extension services, membership of organization and off – farm income activities that were positive. As well, the analysis of the choice of adopting of the management technologies against environmental hazards using multinomial logit regression, showed that only rearing experience and extension services were positive .Finally, poor access to credit, poor housing, extension services, disease problem, drug, high costs of labour and location of veterinary posts in the urban area were the major challenges faced by farmers in the study area. There is need to ensure farmers’ access to credit, extension services, membership of organization and off farm income activitiesKey words: Effect, PigProduction, Probit model, Environment, Multinomial logit Enug
Hospital Wastewater Sludge: An Unaddressed Environmental Reservoir for Emerging and Rare Nosocomial Pathogens
Get PDFNosocomial infections cause significant mortality and financial losses each year. Most of these infections are caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogens and therefore are difficult to treat by standard therapies. Though hospitals are considered as ecological niches for nosocomial pathogens, environmental reservoirs for the same are still underexplored. The present study addressed this issue by systematically profiling the pathogenic diversity of hospital wastewater sludge hypothesized as an important reservoir for nosocomial pathogens within a hospital setting using Illumina Miseq Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach. The NGS data showed that i) nosocomial pathogens dominated the hospital sludge bacterial profile and majority of them fell in the category of either emerging or rare pathogens ii) Majority of the pathogens formed part of the low abundant microbiota represented by 3.56% of the reads iii) Nearly 14% of the reads were represented by the unculturable bacteria iv) Of the 580 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in this study, 166 matched with potential human pathogens v) Enterobacter cloacae (56.45%) was the most dominant species followed by Pseudomonas putida (6.07%), Fusobacterium ulcerans (3.08%) Acidaminococcus fermentans (2.03%) respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pantoea agglomerans formed the less dominant species. This study points towards the catastrophic effect on public health and environment that may result from the co-treatment of hospital wastewater with domestic wastewater in municipal wastewater treatment plants and the use of resultant sludge in agriculture which is a common method of sludge disposal practiced in developing countries.
Keywords: Hospital sludge, Next Generation Sequencing, Nosocomial Pathogens, Emerging Pathogens, Rare Pathogens
 
Post Covid Complications: Aftermath of the covid pandemic on health: COVID-19: Therapy and Challenges
No full textThe most recent pandemic human race has faced is the covid pandemic. It is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or better known as SARS-CoV-2 virus. The death toll of the pandemic is estimated to be 6,636,721 as on November 28, 2022. The pandemic, originally started at the beginning of 2020, has left its mark on various aspects of our life. SARS-CoV-2 also had undergone several mutations during the period, making it more challenging to find a cure. Though some vaccines have been discovered during the time and are currently in use, no cure so far has been developed. This article sheds light on the mutation of the virus and emphasises on several post covid complications reported after the pandemic
Narrative Review on Role of Streptococcus mutans in Dental Caries and Homoeopathic Intervention
Get PDFThis study is to report on Streptococcus mutans, which is one of the important bacteria that cause dental caries. The prevalence of dental caries is very high and varied across India. Dental caries is a major public health problem, an urgent need of oral health educational programs. S. mutans play a central role in plaque formation. Its virulence factor can form a biofilm known as dental plaque on tooth surfaces. S. mutans is a gram-positive coccus; intake of easily fermentable carbohydrates (usually sucrose) stimulates oral bacterial growth. S. mutans Pathophysiology of dental decay focused on dynamic pH phenomena thatoccur between the plague and enamel surface. The review study is based on the review article and preclinical studies; in vitro studies, in vivo, clinical trials are documented that antibacterial medicines are used as an antibacterial agent against S. mutans. Calcarea phosphorica is one of the frequently prescribed Homoeopathic medicines for dental disease. The use of Homoeopathic intervention is elaborated in the present review. Databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane, Wiley, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, DOAJ were searched, and relevant articles were used for reviewing purposes. We recognised that further research is needed to prevent and treat dental caries with oral hygiene awareness based on the results
A review of soil and soft-scape material management as a sustainable intervention for the execution of landscape in residential projects of Pune
Get PDFLandscape is an integral part of today’s urban residential projects. As far as Pune is concerned, it has seen a rapid rise in the number of residential projects over the last decade. In many of these residential projects, landscape development is done either by landscape architects or by architects. Overall, development takes place over two to three years and landscape development is done at the end of projects.
Further investigation by interviews and field observations carried out during this research process pointed out many issues in the planning and execution stage of the project. Issues observed in the execution stage were mostly related to natural materials like soil, plants and water. These are precious resources for landscape projects and their loss is not measurable in terms of money. Also, they are difficult to replenish. Improper planning w.r.t. project timeline is also responsible for wastage of topsoil and plants. This identifies the need for management during the execution of landscape.
Thus this paper aims to review the need of Soil and soft scape material management-plan as a tool for sustainable, economic and season-wise scheduled landscape development in residential projects as per construction management principles. 
Modelling Architectural Interpretations of Indigenous Crafts: A compilation of ideas inculcated in an elective studio.
Get PDFCraft is a skill, which helps in achieving mastery in material and technique. Indigenous crafts can be rightly called “expressions” of a particular culture. Unfortunately, in today’s rapidly developing world, mass production is making them lose their essence as they require more time, resources and personalization. If these skillsets become obsolete, regional identities would become more anonymous. Architecture is already facing this challenge where one cannot distinguish between the urban skylines across the world due to design globalization. Indigenous crafts have the capacity to keep the local character of a place intact. This research intends to interpret and utilize various regional crafts through design interventions in the built environment. It was conducted as a part of an elective studio, where students studied various crafts, and tried to understand their most appropriate applications in design. The studio used a methodology of “reverse exploration”, which helped establish relevant relationships between craft and architecture. Students analyzed a particular craft, based on diverse parameters to understand its scope and feasibility in architecture design. Their study led to explorations and finally interpretations in their own design language. This research contributes in two ways: firstly, by developing interventions that preserve the identities of native crafts; and secondly, by developing a teaching methodology based on reverse exploration, that is applicative in nature and can be practiced in other disciplines of design andragogy as well. The outcomes of this research can be significant for students, designers and academicians who intend to explore the possible connections between craft and architecture
Walkable streets for functionality, liveability and sustainability: a case of Vadodara.
Get PDFWalkable streets in any urban setting are the epitome of public realm for social, cultural and economic interactions. These not only enable face to face meaningful interactions, but also promote informal activities. Streets have culturally been the living room for the community where people have an innate association with different parts of a street – be it in form of informal markets or tea breaks during the long office days or celebration of many festivals that are part of Indian culture. However, with rapid urbanization resulting in increasing migratory patterns and number of private vehicle ownership, streets are losing their essence as a public place as authorities are adopting a vehicle centric approach in their design. Today streets, with their haphazard design are neither functional nor are they liveable. Furthermore, increased traffic and reduced walkability results in greater environmental damage, rendering streets unsustainable.
Since aspects of functionality, liveability and sustainability of streets are interrelated and interdependent, this study explores the different factors, their inter-linkages and disparities as acknowledged through existing literature review and observation mapping through a pilot street stretch that evaluates the above mentioned aspects through content analysis of existing legislations and descriptive analysis of the interviews conducted. It is anticipated that the findings of the study will identify the dynamic nature of streets and initiate efforts towards effective planning and decision making for design of walkable streets towards more integrated functional, liveable and sustainable urban fabric
"Voy a salir de aquí y ya tengo que sobrevivir por las mías" Vivencias de ex residentes de programas residenciales en su transición hacia la vida independiente
Get PDFIn Chile, young people in residential programs run by the National Minors’ Service (SENAME) face egress as soon as they reach legal age. In this process, these young people face a series of challenges, as they find themselves in the context of the ceasing of support from the government and limited support networks. This study sought to explore and describe the experiences of transition to independent life and egress due to legal age, from the perspective of leavers' participation in the process. The participants were five residential program leavers from different boroughs of Santiago, whose ages ranged between 18 and 21. The methodology used to analyse the data was Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and the main findings were that the process of egress was perceived by interviewees as abrupt, hasty, and lonely, noting a lack of robust support networks and scarce meaningful bonds. An absence of preparation for independent life by residential program staff was noted, as well as a scarce participation and impact regarding decisions related to these young people’s future. Interviewees qualified egress as a signifier of greater freedom, nevertheless they experienced some anxiety related to self-sufficiency. Leavers highlighted their autonomy and resilience in this adverse context.En Chile, los/as jóvenes de programas residenciales del Servicio Nacional de Menores (SENAME), al cumplir la mayoría de edad se enfrentan a su egreso, en el cual vivencian una serie de desafíos, pues se ven insertos/as en un contexto de cese de protección del Estado, y limitadas redes de apoyo. Este estudio buscó explorar y describir las vivencias de la transición a la vida independiente y egreso por mayoría de edad, desde la perspectiva de la participación de los/as jóvenes en dicho proceso. Participaron cinco egresados/as de residencias de distintas comunas de Santiago, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 18 y 21 años. La metodología utilizada fue el Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo (AFI) y los principales hallazgos indicaron que los/as entrevistados/as caracterizaron el proceso de egreso como abrupto, rápido y solitario, denotando escasas redes de apoyo y vínculos significativos. Se destacó una ausencia de preparación para la vida independiente desde las residencias, y una escasa participación en las decisiones relacionadas con su futuro. Adicionalmente significaron el egreso como una ganancia de mayor libertad, no obstante, experimentaron inquietud respecto a la subsistencia por sí mismos/as. Los/as jóvenes destacaron su autonomía y resiliencia en este contexto adverso
Salud mental detrás de las rejas: el arte como herramienta terapéutica con jóvenes infractores de ley en Chile
Get PDFThis article aims to reflect on the current mental health situation of children, adolescents and young people (NNAJ by its abreviation in Spanish) who are deprived of their liberty in Chile and identify the main obstacles and facilitators that appear at the frontline intervention with this population. In addition, from a critical and situated perspective, the systematization of a practice that proposes art therapy as an intervention tool that facilitates thetherapeutic bond between the operators and the NNAJ is presented, and that, in addition, becomes an element of meeting and expression of emotions in agiven context and space. The methodological perspective used was qualitative in nature and different techniques of the ethnographic method were used, such as participant observation, field notes and conversations in the context of participant observation. In conclusion, art therapy in prison contexts becomes a tool that favors personal development and emotional expression, achieving greater well-being in young people. In addition, it allows to alleviate certain discomforts associated with the life stories of adolescents, which have been marked by structural violence, precariousness, institutionalization and social stigmatization.El presente artículo tiene por objetivo reflexionar en torno a la situación actual de salud mental de los niños, niñas, adolescentes y jóvenes (NNAJ) que se encuentran privados de libertad en Chile y levantar los principales obstaculizadores y facilitadores que aparecen en la intervención en primera línea con esta población. Además, desde una perspectiva crítica y situada, se presenta la sistematización de una práctica que propone el arte terapia como una herramienta de intervención que facilita el vínculo terapéutico entre los operadores y los niños, niñas, adolescentes y Jóvenes (NNAJ), y que, además, se transforma en un elemento de encuentro y de expresión de emociones en un contexto y espacio determinado. La perspectiva metodológica utilizada fue de carácter cualitativa y se manejaron distintas técnicas del método etnográfico, como la observación participante, las notas de campo y conversaciones en el contexto de la intervención. Como conclusión, el arte terapia en contexto