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REPRESENTATION OF CHARITY, EXEMPLARY CATHOLICS, OR MODEL NOBLEMEN? THE “SCHNEIDHAUS”, A SURGICAL FUGGER HOSPITAL IN AUGSBURG
Full text linkThe Schneidhaus was a hospital foundation of the counts Fugger specialized in surgery of hernia and bladder-stones and characterized by a number of apparently unique features, which allow to trace aspects of how the counts Fugger represented themselves during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. An allusion to charity covers just one functional aspect. During major confessional crises the hospital, including its localization(s) in Augsburg, also served to represent the Fugger as exemplary Catholic citizens. Moreover, evasive traces of several buildings designated as Schneidhaus and singular hints at their architecture point to additional functions: the hospital also was a means to support the efforts of the Counts Fugger to establish themselves among the German (and European) noblemen by displaying model behavior as rulers and humanists. A recently acquired illustrated manuscript in the German Museum of the History of Medicine in Ingolstadt was a further tool to assist these functions. The manuscript transferred practices inside the Schneidhaus into transportable evidence, thus allowing the counts Fugger to display, wherever necessary, their practice as models for Catholic charitable citizens and rulers of territories in combination with hints at their noble engagement for revealing wonders and marvels while also encouraging accountability of medical personnel and advancement of medical knowledge.The Schneidhaus was a hospital foundation of the counts Fugger specialized in surgery of hernia and bladder-stones and characterized by a number of apparently unique features, which allow to trace aspects of how the counts Fugger represented themselves during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. An allusion to charity covers just one functional aspect. During major confessional crises the hospital, including its localization(s) in Augsburg, also served to represent the Fugger as exemplary Catholic citizens. Moreover, evasive traces of several buildings designated as Schneidhaus and singular hints at their architecture point to additional functions: the hospital also was a means to support the efforts of the Counts Fugger to establish themselves among the German (and European) noblemen by displaying model behavior as rulers and humanists. A recently acquired illustrated manuscript in the German Museum of the History of Medicine in Ingolstadt was a further tool to assist these functions. The manuscript transferred practices inside the Schneidhaus into transportable evidence, thus allowing the counts Fugger to display, wherever necessary, their practice as models for Catholic charitable citizens and rulers of territories in combination with hints at their noble engagement for revealing wonders and marvels while also encouraging accountability of medical personnel and advancement of medical knowledge
NOSSA SENHORA DO DESTERRO DE LISBOA: DEPOIS DE CONVENTO E HOSPITAL, QUE FUTURO?
Full text linkThe Hospital of Desterro, located on the Colina de Santana, in Lisbon, was closed in 2007, after having been a hospital of reference for more than 150 years in the area of venereal diseases and dermatology.The building, constructed at the end of the 16th century, as a monastery of the Cistercian order, carries within its walls various centuries of history, consequence of multiple occupations and reuses that tended to dilute the architectural coherence of the old monastery. The object of a recent architectural project providing for multifunctional uses, that include housing, tourism, leisure and health, after a decades long debate about the inadequacy of the building for use as a hospital. Today, the focus of the debate is on safeguarding the building, with new functions, and the defence of its historical and heritage values.This study aims to present new historical data and new readings of the ancient Royal Monastery of Nossa Senhora do Desterro, particularly as regards the last two centuries, while the work on the building remains suspended and its future remains open.O Hospital do Desterro, situado na Colina de Santana, em Lisboa, foi desativado em 2007, depois de ter sido um hospital de referência no domínio das doenças venéreas e da dermatologia durante mais de 150 anos. O edifício, concebido como mosteiro da ordem de Cister, em fi nais do século XVI, transporta consigo vários séculos de história, mas cuja coerência arquitetónica, as suas múltiplas utilizações tenderam a diluir. Alvo de um recente projeto de reutilização multifuncional de habitação, turismo, lazer e saúde, depois de largas décadas de discussão sobre a inadequabilidade das instalações para uso hospitalar, o debate voltou-se para a salvaguarda do edifício, com novas funções, e para a defesa dos seus valores históricos e patrimoniais. O presente estudo procura trazer novos dados históricos e novas leituras sobre o edifício do antigo Real Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora do Desterro, em particular para as duas últimas centúrias, enquanto as obras se mantêm suspensas e o seu futuro em aberto
UM NOVO RETRATO DO PADRE ANTÓNIO VIEIRA
Full text linkOver the centuries, the iconography related to Father António Vieira has remained very consistent in the way it portrayed the Jesuit missionary. The Portrait of Padre António Vieira, now presented, introduces, however, some interesting elements that, in this context, make it distinct. In this research note we propose, in addition to the stylistic analysis of the portrait, a more comprehensive view of its integration within the scope of Vieira’s international fame and of the reception of his work. Far from being closed, it is a topic on which multiple questions prevail.Ao longo dos séculos, a iconografi a alusiva ao Padre António Vieira manteve-se muito coerente na forma como retratou o missionário jesuíta. O Retrato do Padre António Vieira agora apresentado introduz, no entanto, alguns elementos interessantes que, neste contexto, o tornam distinto. Na presente nota de investigação propomos, para além da análise estilística ao retrato, uma visão mais abrangente da sua integração no âmbito da fama internacional de Vieira e da receção da sua obra. Longe de estar encerrado, trata-se de um tema a propósito do qual prevalecem múltiplas interrogações
MONUMENTAL WRITINGS AND HOSPITAL ARCHITECTURES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (15th-16th CENTURIES)
Full text linkEste artículo analiza la evolución y relación de diferentes elementos comunicativos en fachadas hospitalarias de la península ibérica durante los siglos XV y XVI. La iconografía estuvo presente para la identifi cación de estas instituciones dentro del entramado urbano, mientras que la heráldica se utilizó como una extensión representativa de los patrocinadores. A ello se añadió la utilización de escrituras monumentales con grafías góticas y humanísticas y funciones identifi cativas y conmemorativas. Este proceso de integración y diálogo de la escritura junto a la heráldica y la iconografía derivó en la incorporación de emblemas por parte de los hospitales, un símbolo propio que aglutinó múltiples signifi cados.This article analyzes the evolution and relationship of different communicative elements in hospital facades of the Iberian Peninsula during the fi fteenth and sixteenth centuries. Iconography was present for the identifi cation of these institutions within the urban framework, while heraldry was used as a representative extension of the sponsors. To this was added the use of monumental writings which employed gothic and humanistic letters as well as identifying and commemorative functions. This process of integration and dialogue of writing together with heraldry and iconography resulted in the incorporation of emblems by hospitals, a symbol that brought together multiple meanings
O HOSPITAL TERMAL DAS CALDAS DA RAINHA: MODERNIDADE (1485) E PATRIMÓNIO (2019) – PROPOSTA DE CLASSIFICAÇÃO PELA UNESCO, PORQUE NÃO?
Full text linkThe founding of a hospital, in 1485, by Queen D. Leonor, the wife of King D. João II, was a complex political operation, aimed at creating out a settlement and a pioneering, world-first enterprise, where the finest artistic and technical resources were employed at the service of the Realm’s strategic objective, bringing about one of the earliest manifestations of European Humanism. From that moment on, and throughout its many modifications, the Thermal Hospital has remained an element of scientifi c and historical interest, both as a piece of thermal architecture and hydraulic engineering and as a structuring element in urban development. At the same time, we underline its connection to the cult of water and the assistance support to the most disadvantaged, which gives it an immaterial value with great signifi cance through the ages. This text presents the uniqueness, authenticity and historical exceptionality of the Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha, as well as the intention to defi ne a network of hospitals to support a joint application to UNESCO.A fundação de um hospital, em 1485, pela rainha D. Leonor, mulher do rei D. João II, foi uma complexa operação política de fazer surgir uma povoação e um empreendimento pioneiro em todo o mundo, em que os melhores recursos artísticos e técnicos serviram o objetivo estratégico do Reino e permitiram a origem de uma das mais antigas manifestações de Humanismo da Europa. O Hospital Termal constituiu, a partir desse momento, um elemento de interesse científi co e histórico, enquanto obra de arquitetura termal e engenharia hidráulica, e elemento estruturante do urbanismo. Simultaneamente, sublinhamos a sua ligação ao culto da água e ao apoio assistencial aos mais desfavorecidos, que lhe dá um valor imaterial com grande significado através dos tempos. Este texto apresenta a singularidade, autenticidade e excecionalidade histórica do Hospital Termal das Caldas da Rainha, bem como a intenção de definir uma rede de hospitais como suporte para uma candidatura conjunta à UNESCO
SANATÓRIO DOMINGOS FREIRE: APAGAMENTO DE UM TESTEMUNHO MATERIAL DA ARQUITETURA ASSISTENCIAL EM BELÉM, PARÁ, BRASIL
Full text linkArchitecture, in the history of humanity, is linked to the life trajectory of human beings. The architectural typology of care institutions represent, in this way, documents, material testimonies of the social coexistence of cultures in distinct eras, which, when erased, contribute to the silencing of important testimonials. In the case of isolated hospitals, their destruction also buried unheard voices that could have narrated the experiences of pain experienced in these local areas. This is the case with Sanatorium Domingos Freire, the first sanatorium of the city of Belém, inaugurated in 1901 and demolished in 1959. Silenced material testimony, the space of “certain death” represented not only an environment of separation, but also the hygienist disposition between “clean and dirty”, which carried in its architectural outline important sources of understanding about assistance architecture. This study aims to bring to light the written documents and iconography and provide the understanding of their function and role in epidemic care in the city of Belem.A arquitetura, na história da humanidade, apresenta-se vinculada à trajetória de vida dos seres humanos. A tipologia arquitetônica das instituições assistenciais, representam, nesse viés, documentos, testemunhos materiais dos convívios sociais de culturas e épocas distintas, cujo apagamento conduz ao silenciamento de importantes testemunhos. No caso dos hospitais de isolamento, sua destruição enterra também as vozes nunca ouvidas, que poderiam narrar as experiências de dor vividas nestes locais. Este é o caso do Sanatório Domingos Freire, primeiro sanatório da cidade de Belém, inaugurado em 1901 e demolido em 1959. Testemunho material silenciado, o espaço de “morte certa” representou, não só um ambiente de separação, como a disposição higienista entre “limpo e sujo”, carregando em seu traçado arquitetônico, importantes fontes de compreensão da arquitetura assistencial. Neste estudo, busca-se trazer à tona os documentos escritos e iconográfi cos que proporcionem o entendimento de seus funcionamentos e o papel deste para a assistência às epidemias na cidade de Belém
THE HOSPITAL OF SAN MATTEO IN PAVIA IN THE LOMBARD HEALTH CARE NETWORK. A UNIQUE CASE IN RENAISSANCE ITALY IN ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATIVE CYCLES
Full text linkThe example of the Hospital of San Matteo in Lombard Pavia, founded right at the turn from the Visconti to the Sforza Dukes dominion in 1448, in one of the most learned cities of Lombardy, presents a very experimental assistential building for the historical period in which it was conceived. Its foundation has also been related to the Dominicans of the region, since it was the local monk Domenico de Catalogna, who took initiative to plan it and obtain the necessary permissions. On one hand, San Matteo was influenced by the exemplary hospital of Santa Maria Nova in Florence, whose foundation went back as early as 1288 and which had obviously enjoyed a strong impact already in the Late Middle Ages from the Islamic skills in building this kind of structures. In fact, Tuscany continuously developed intense trades via Pisa with the Mediterranean neighbors, the Iberian states, Syria and Egypt in the first place. But there were more influences in Pavia: the transfer from Padua of the entire scientific library to Pavia in 1388 had surely enriched the latter’s university with a wealth of information from the Orient. For these numerous reasons San Matteo can obviously not be considered separately from a high number of parallel experiences, not only in Upper Italy, but also in the rest of the Mediterranean area and especially it can not be seen as independent from the innovations of the Arab scholars. It becomes therefore inevitable to consider the addressed topics in a global and highly learned perspective.The example of the Hospital of San Matteo in Lombard Pavia, founded right at the turn from the Visconti to the Sforza Dukes dominion in 1448, in one of the most learned cities of Lombardy, presents a very experimental assistential building for the historical period in which it was conceived. Its foundation has also been related to the Dominicans of the region, since it was the local monk Domenico de Catalogna, who took initiative to plan it and obtain the necessary permissions. On one hand, San Matteo was influenced by the exemplary hospital of Santa Maria Nova in Florence, whose foundation went back as early as 1288 and which had obviously enjoyed a strong impact already in the Late Middle Ages from the Islamic skills in building this kind of structures. In fact, Tuscany continuously developed intense trades via Pisa with the Mediterranean neighbors, the Iberian states, Syria and Egypt in the first place. But there were more influences in Pavia: the transfer from Padua of the entire scientific library to Pavia in 1388 had surely enriched the latter’s university with a wealth of information from the Orient. For these numerous reasons San Matteo can obviously not be considered separately from a high number of parallel experiences, not only in Upper Italy, but also in the rest of the Mediterranean area and especially it can not be seen as independent from the innovations of the Arab scholars. It becomes therefore inevitable to consider the addressed topics in a global and highly learned perspective
UMA CASA NO LARGO DA SÉ: DISSENSÕES ACERCA DO VALOR ARQUITETÔNICO DO HOSPITAL DA CARIDADE EM BELÉM, PARÁ, BRASIL
Full text linkThe Good Jesus of the Poor Infi rm Hospital was built by Friar Caetano Brandão, in view of the need to receive the underprivileged population. The Charity Hospital had a simple architecture in contrast to the contemporary models, but performed its function effectively, it is noteworthy that although it was built to be a hospital, the Good Jesus Hospital did not have a typical typology of these establishments, and can be compared to Portuguese Mercy Houses, which rarely erected buildings from scratch, as they settled in pre-existing buildings. During the period it was under various possessions, the building underwent several modifi cations, which, together with the scarcity of documentation, contributed to its disappearance. In order to contribute to the activation of the social memory about the care buildings, it is proposed a graphic reconstruction of the hospital façade, as well as its neighbors, stimulating their understanding as a health and city heritage.O Hospital Bom Jesus dos Pobres Enfermos foi erigido pelo Frei Caetano Brandão, tendo em vista a necessidade de acolhimento da população desvalida. O Hospital de Caridade possuía estrutura simples em contraste aos modelos coetâneos, mas realizava o cumprimento eficaz de sua função. Apesar de ter sido construído para ser um hospital, o Bom Jesus não possuía tipologia típica destes estabelecimentos, podendo ser equiparado às Misericórdias portuguesas, as quais raramente erigiram construções de raiz, pois instalavam-se em prédios preexistentes. Durante o período em que esteve sob diversas posses, o edifício passou por significativas modificações, o que, em conjunto com a escassez de documentação, contribuiu para o seu desaparecimento. Com o intuito de contribuir para a ativação da memória social a respeito dos edifícios assistenciais, propõe-se uma reconstituição gráfica da fachada do hospital, bem como de seus vizinhos, estimulando o entendimento destes enquanto patrimônio da saúde e da cidade de Belém
NOTAS SOBRE O HOSPITAL COMO DISPOSITIVO BIOPOLÍTICO EM FOUCAULT
Full text linkIn Michel Foucault’s work, the institution hospital is presented as a biopolitical apparatus (dispositif) illustrating the nexus between knowledge (savoir) and power. This conference addresses the link between the medicalization of hospital and the hospitalization of medicine. By the end of the 18th century, at the same time that hospital turns from a place where people come to die (mouroir) to a curing machine (machine à guérir), medicine turns from a general health technique to a clinical practice. This science-becoming of medicine fi nds its correlate in an organization of the hospital space marked by a spatial distribution of elements, both architectonical and of its interior space, which criterion is the optimization of processes and results – the disease control and life’s maximization. On the other hand, the seizure of power by the doctor that Foucault points out in the hospital can also show the way in which the doctor, at the top of the hospital hierarchy, is after all one more subject of the power he represents.Na obra de Michel Foucault, a instituição hospital constitui-se como um dispositivo biopolítico exemplar do nexo entre saber e poder. Esta comunicação abordará o laço entre medicalização do hospital e a hospitalização da medicina. No fi nal do séc. XVIII, ao mesmo tempo que o hospital passa de morredouro a máquina de curar, a medicina deixa de ser uma técnica geral de saúde para se assumir como prática clínica. O devir-ciência da medicina tem como correlato uma organização do espaço hospitalar caracterizada por uma distribuição espacial dos elementos, desde a arquitectura ao interior hospitalar, cujo critério é a optimização dos processos e dos resultados – o controlo da doença e a maximização da vida. Por outro lado, a tomada de poder pelo médico que Foucault aí denota pode também dar a ver o modo como o médico, no topo da hierarquia hospitalar, é afi nal assujeitado pelo poder que representa