Revista Científica INGENIAR - Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación
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Tecnología blockchain como mecanismo disruptivo y modernización en los sistemas de control electoral de Ecuador
Get PDFNational elections, especially in developing countries, were characterized by limitations in the transparency of these processes, leading to trust issues in the results. In response, it became crucial to find tools that could strengthen democracy. Blockchain emerged as an innovative technology with the potential to address these problems. Numerous studies have been conducted on electoral systems based on this technology; however, it has not yet fully solidified as a completely reliable tool. To address this, a review of 43 studies was undertaken with the aim of identifying the factors to consider and the techniques employed to make blockchain functional for voting. Simultaneously, the benefits and disadvantages of implementing this idea in Ecuador were explored. It was found that, while blockchain contributes elements such as voter authentication, anonymity, and information privacy, it presents substantial challenges that could complicate its implementation. These challenges are primarily linked to technological infrastructure, digital divides, and social acceptance. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that a blockchain-based voting system may not currently be applicable in Ecuador. However, there is the possibility of gradually adapting the benefits offered by this tool in future efforts until the desired results are achieved.
Keywords: blockchain, voting system, e-voting, traditional electoral system, contributions, challenges.Las elecciones nacionales, principalmente en los países en vías de desarrollo, se caracterizan por tener limitaciones en la transparencia de estos procesos, y por ende existen problemas de confianza en los resultados; ante esto, es importante encontrar herramientas que ayuden a fortalecer la democracia. Blockchain es una tecnología novedosa con el potencial de solventar estos problemas, por lo que se han desarrollado numerosos estudios sobre sistemas electorales basados en esta tecnología, no obstante, esta aún no se ha consolidado como una herramienta totalmente fiable. Por tal motivo, se conduce a una revisión de 43 estudios con el objetivo de identificar los factores a considerar y las técnicas que se emplean para hacer que blockchain sea funcional para las votaciones, a la vez que se señalan los beneficios y las desventajas que se pueden presentar al llevar a cabo esta idea en Ecuador. Encontrando que, aunque brinda aportes como la autenticación de los votantes, el anonimato y la privacidad de la información, presenta desafíos sustanciales que pueden complicar su implementación, ligados principalmente a la infraestructura tecnológica, las brechas digitales y a la aceptación social. Con base en esto, se infiere que actualmente en Ecuador no se podría aplicar un sistema de votaciones basado en blockchain, pero existe posibilidad de adaptar los beneficios que aporta esta herramienta gradualmente en trabajos futuros hasta conseguir los resultados deseados.
Palabras clave: blockchain, sistema de votaciones, e-voting, sistema electoral tradicional, aportes, desafíos.
Abstract
National elections, especially in developing countries, were characterized by limitations in the transparency of these processes, leading to trust issues in the results. In response, it became crucial to find tools that could strengthen democracy. Blockchain emerged as an innovative technology with the potential to address these problems. Numerous studies have been conducted on electoral systems based on this technology; however, it has not yet fully solidified as a completely reliable tool. To address this, a review of 43 studies was undertaken with the aim of identifying the factors to consider and the techniques employed to make blockchain functional for voting. Simultaneously, the benefits and disadvantages of implementing this idea in Ecuador were explored. It was found that, while blockchain contributes elements such as voter authentication, anonymity, and information privacy, it presents substantial challenges that could complicate its implementation. These challenges are primarily linked to technological infrastructure, digital divides, and social acceptance. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that a blockchain-based voting system may not currently be applicable in Ecuador. However, there is the possibility of gradually adapting the benefits offered by this tool in future efforts until the desired results are achieved.
Keywords: blockchain, voting system, e-voting, traditional electoral system, contributions, challenges.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 19 de diciembre de 2023.Fecha de aceptación: 13 de febrero de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 26 de marzo de 2024
Análisis de Macro Textura, Señalización Horizontal y Vertical para la Seguridad en el Tramo Jipijapa – Andil
Get PDFThis study explored road safety on the Jipijapa - Andil route, focusing on the macrotexture of the pavement and the effectiveness of horizontal and vertical signaling. Essential for water drainage and slip resistance, the macrotexture, together with proper signaling, is crucial for driver safety. The research used measurement techniques to assess these features and improve both safety and the driving experience. Employing a non-experimental and quantitative design, the study included vehicle counts and used the sand patch method to classify pavement texture according to the standards of the World Road Association (PIARC). Data collection involved direct field observations and the analysis of secondary data to contextualize findings with previous studies and current regulations. Traffic counts indicated a consistent flow, with a notable presence of heavy vehicles, highlighting the importance of this section as a freight route. Light vehicles generally complied with speed limits, while heavy vehicles often exceeded them, indicating the need for improved signage and speed control measures. Additionally, the study of pavement macrotexture showed variability, with areas requiring improvements to meet safety standards. The study emphasizes the need for effective signage to manage the diversity and volume of traffic, and interventions in pavement texture to enhance safety.
Keywords: pavement analysis, traffic management, macrotexture, road safety, vertical signage.Este estudio exploró la seguridad vial en la ruta Jipijapa - Andil, enfocándose en la macrotextura del pavimento y la efectividad de la señalización horizontal y vertical. Esencial para el drenaje de agua y la resistencia al deslizamiento, la macrotextura, junto con una señalización adecuada, es importante para la seguridad de los conductores. La investigación utilizó técnicas de medición para evaluar estas características y mejorar la seguridad y la experiencia de conducción. Empleando un diseño no experimental y cuantitativo, el estudio incluyó conteos vehiculares y utilizó el método de la mancha de arena para clasificar la textura del pavimento según los estándares de la Asociación Mundial de Carreteras (PIARC). La recolección de datos implicó observaciones directas en el campo y el análisis de datos secundarios para contextualizar los hallazgos con estudios previos y normativas actuales. Los conteos de tráfico indicaron un flujo consistente, con una notable presencia de vehículos pesados, destacando la importancia de este tramo como ruta de carga. Los vehículos ligeros generalmente cumplían con los límites de velocidad, mientras que los pesados a menudo los excedían, señalando la necesidad de mejorar la señalización y las medidas de control de velocidad. Además, el estudio de la macrotextura del pavimento mostró variabilidad, con áreas que requerían mejoras para cumplir con los estándares de seguridad. El estudio recalca la necesidad de señalizaciones efectivas para manejar la diversidad y el volumen del tráfico, y de intervenciones en la textura del pavimento para mejorar la seguridad.
Palabras clave: análisis del pavimento, gestión del tráfico, macrotextura, seguridad vial, señalización vertical.
Abstract
This study explored road safety on the Jipijapa - Andil route, focusing on the macrotexture of the pavement and the effectiveness of horizontal and vertical signaling. Essential for water drainage and slip resistance, the macrotexture, together with proper signaling, is crucial for driver safety. The research used measurement techniques to assess these features and improve both safety and the driving experience. Employing a non-experimental and quantitative design, the study included vehicle counts and used the sand patch method to classify pavement texture according to the standards of the World Road Association (PIARC). Data collection involved direct field observations and the analysis of secondary data to contextualize findings with previous studies and current regulations. Traffic counts indicated a consistent flow, with a notable presence of heavy vehicles, highlighting the importance of this section as a freight route. Light vehicles generally complied with speed limits, while heavy vehicles often exceeded them, indicating the need for improved signage and speed control measures. Additionally, the study of pavement macrotexture showed variability, with areas requiring improvements to meet safety standards. The study emphasizes the need for effective signage to manage the diversity and volume of traffic, and interventions in pavement texture to enhance safety.
Keywords: pavement analysis, traffic management, macrotexture, road safety, vertical signage.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de enero de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 08 de marzo de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 29 de abril de 2024
Importancia del Coeficiente de Fricción para el Análisis de Seguridad Vial, en el tramo de carretera Jipijapa - La Pila de la provincia de Manabí
Get PDFRoad safety is a global challenge, and the use of tools such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the analysis of the Longitudinal Friction Coefficient (CFL) are essential for assessing and improving road conditions. This study focused on the Jipijapa - La Pila segment in Ecuador, using a quantitative approach to analyze the CFL through descriptive and comparative techniques, including the sand patch test to assess the pavement's surface texture. The results highlight the direct correlation between pavement quality and road safety, underscoring the importance of maintaining adequate levels of friction and texture to prevent accidents. The study demonstrated that road maintenance is fundamental to ensuring the safety and efficiency of road networks, suggesting the need to integrate more regular and standardized road safety audit practices into pavement management. Comparing the data with international standards validates the methodology used and highlights the effectiveness of the proposed interventions to improve road infrastructure in the specific context of Manabí.
Keywords: Sand Patch, Longitudinal Friction Coefficient, Road Safety, Pavement Texture, Road Maintenance.La seguridad vial es un desafío global, y el uso de herramientas como el análisis del coeficiente de fricción longitudinal (CFL) son esenciales para evaluar y mejorar las condiciones de las carreteras. Este estudio se centró en el tramo Jipijapa - La Pila en Ecuador, utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo para analizar el CFL mediante técnicas descriptivas y comparativas, incluyendo el ensayo de mancha de arena para evaluar la textura superficial del pavimento. Los resultados destacan la correlación directa entre la calidad del pavimento y la seguridad vial, mostrando la importancia de mantener adecuados niveles de fricción y textura para prevenir accidentes. El estudio mostró que el mantenimiento de las vías es fundamental para garantizar la seguridad y eficiencia de las redes viales, sugiriendo la necesidad de integrar prácticas de auditoría de seguridad vial más regulares y normativas en la gestión del pavimento. La comparación de los datos con normativas internacionales valida la metodología utilizada y resalta la eficacia de las intervenciones propuestas para mejorar la infraestructura vial en el contexto específico de Manabí.
Palabras clave: Mancha de Arena, Coeficiente de Fricción Longitudinal, Seguridad Vial, Textura del Pavimento, Mantenimiento Vial.
Abstract
Road safety is a global challenge, and the use of tools such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the analysis of the Longitudinal Friction Coefficient (CFL) are essential for assessing and improving road conditions. This study focused on the Jipijapa - La Pila segment in Ecuador, using a quantitative approach to analyze the CFL through descriptive and comparative techniques, including the sand patch test to assess the pavement's surface texture. The results highlight the direct correlation between pavement quality and road safety, underscoring the importance of maintaining adequate levels of friction and texture to prevent accidents. The study demonstrated that road maintenance is fundamental to ensuring the safety and efficiency of road networks, suggesting the need to integrate more regular and standardized road safety audit practices into pavement management. Comparing the data with international standards validates the methodology used and highlights the effectiveness of the proposed interventions to improve road infrastructure in the specific context of Manabí.
Keywords: Sand Patch, Longitudinal Friction Coefficient, Road Safety, Pavement Texture, Road Maintenance.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de enero de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 08 de marzo de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 29 de abril de 2024
Evaluación de Modelos de Aprendizaje Automático en la Predicción de la Radiación Solar para el diseño de un Sistema Fotovoltaico
Get PDFThis research evaluates machine learning models in predicting solar radiation, crucial for designing photovoltaic systems. Accuracy in solar forecasting is key to mitigating climate change and meeting energy demand. Advanced machine learning techniques were applied, surpassing traditional models in precision and efficiency, including SARIMA, Random Forests, SVM, ANN, and LSTM, assessed with metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, precision, NME, R², and execution time. After normalization, the SVM model achieved the highest overall score of 5.86. A photovoltaic system was sized using an SVM model with solar radiation data (2017-2020). Predictions calculated an average daily consumption of 4.89 kWh, a total daily energy of 109.88 kWh, and a solar panel area of 4.42 m². The system's peak power is 0.86 kWp, and the inverter power with a safety margin is 1.04 kW.
Keywords: Solar radiation, machine learning techniques.Esta investigación evalúa modelos de aprendizaje automático en la predicción de radiación solar, crucial para diseñar sistemas fotovoltaicos. La precisión en pronósticos solares es clave para mitigar el cambio climático y satisfacer la demanda energética. Se aplicaron técnicas avanzadas de aprendizaje automático, superando modelos tradicionales en precisión y eficiencia, como SARIMA, Random Forests, SVM, ANN y LSTM, evaluados con métricas como precisión, sensibilidad, exactitud, NME, R² y tiempo de ejecución. Tras la normalización, el modelo SVM obtuvo el puntaje total más alto de 5.86. Se dimensionó un sistema fotovoltaico con un modelo SVM usando datos de radiación solar (2017-2020). Las predicciones calcularon un consumo diario promedio de 4.89 kWh, energía diaria total de 109.88 kWh, y un área de paneles solares de 4.42 m². La potencia pico del sistema es de 0.86 kWp y la potencia del inversor con margen de seguridad es de 1.04 kW.
Palabras clave: radiación solar, técnicas de aprendizaje automático.
Abstract
This research evaluates machine learning models in predicting solar radiation, crucial for designing photovoltaic systems. Accuracy in solar forecasting is key to mitigating climate change and meeting energy demand. Advanced machine learning techniques were applied, surpassing traditional models in precision and efficiency, including SARIMA, Random Forests, SVM, ANN, and LSTM, assessed with metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, precision, NME, R², and execution time. After normalization, the SVM model achieved the highest overall score of 5.86. A photovoltaic system was sized using an SVM model with solar radiation data (2017-2020). Predictions calculated an average daily consumption of 4.89 kWh, a total daily energy of 109.88 kWh, and a solar panel area of 4.42 m². The system's peak power is 0.86 kWp, and the inverter power with a safety margin is 1.04 kW.
Keywords: Solar radiation, machine learning techniques.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de julio de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 05 de septiembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 07 de octubre de 2024
Asignación eficiente de unidades de generación en regiones múltiples aplicando optimización multiobjetivo
Get PDFThe economic planning process for the generation of electric power, known as economic dispatch, has been studied and managed throughout history using various methodologies based on mathematical models, in order to minimize the total operating costs of the energy system and ensure that the consumption of energy demand is met. At present, power systems have evolved to integrate a variety of generators from both conventional and renewable energy sources, which not only allows for more effective energy generation, but also plays a crucial role in reducing polluting emissions, which is currently a global focus. In this context, this article presents a multi-objective optimization model for the dispatch problem, applicable to supplying demand in various areas and with the ability to integrate two objective functions, namely costs and emissions. The resulting optimization achieves a significant reduction of 27% in CO2 emissions, which is equivalent to a decrease of 93.06 tons of CO2 and an annual saving in operating costs of approximately 308 million dollars. The suggested model, structured as a non-linear programming problem, has been addressed by using a high-level software for mathematical modeling called GAMS, ensuring compliance with the technical restrictions and the optimization of the two established objective functions..
Keywords: Economic dispatch, renewable energy sources, GHG, power generation, power grid interconnection, multi-objective optimization.El proceso de planificación económica para la generación de energía eléctrica, que se conoce como despacho económico, ha sido objeto de estudio y gestión a lo largo de la historia mediante diversas metodologías fundamentadas en modelos matemáticos, con el fin de reducir al mínimo los costos operativos totales del sistema energético, y garantizar que se satisfaga el consumo de la demanda de energía. Al presente, los sistemas de potencia han evolucionado para integrar una variedad de generadores tanto provenientes de fuentes de energía convencionales, como renovables, lo que no solo permite una generación de energía más efectiva, desempeña además un papel crucial en la reducción de emisiones contaminantes, que actualmente es un enfoque mundial. En este contexto este artículo presenta un modelo multiobjetivo de optimización para el problema de despacho, aplicable al abastecimiento de la demanda en diversas zonas y con la capacidad de integrar dos funciones objetivo siendo los costos y emisiones. La optimización resultante logra una reducción significativa del 27% en las emisiones de CO2, lo que equivale a una disminución de 93.06 toneladas de CO2 y un ahorro anual en los costos operativos de aproximadamente de 308 millones de dólares. El modelo sugerido, estructurado como un problema de programación no lineal, ha sido abordado mediante el uso de un de software de alto nivel para el modelado matemático denominado GAMS, garantizando el cumplimiento de las restricciones técnicas y la optimización de las dos funciones objetivo establecidas.
Palabras clave: Despacho económico, fuentes de energía renovables, GEI, generación de energía, interconexión de redes eléctricas, optimización multiobjetivo.
Abstract
The economic planning process for the generation of electric power, known as economic dispatch, has been studied and managed throughout history using various methodologies based on mathematical models, in order to minimize the total operating costs of the energy system and ensure that the consumption of energy demand is met. At present, power systems have evolved to integrate a variety of generators from both conventional and renewable energy sources, which not only allows for more effective energy generation, but also plays a crucial role in reducing polluting emissions, which is currently a global focus. In this context, this article presents a multi-objective optimization model for the dispatch problem, applicable to supplying demand in various areas and with the ability to integrate two objective functions, namely costs and emissions. The resulting optimization achieves a significant reduction of 27% in CO2 emissions, which is equivalent to a decrease of 93.06 tons of CO2 and an annual saving in operating costs of approximately 308 million dollars. The suggested model, structured as a non-linear programming problem, has been addressed by using a high-level software for mathematical modeling called GAMS, ensuring compliance with the technical restrictions and the optimization of the two established objective functions..
Keywords: Economic dispatch, renewable energy sources, GHG, power generation, power grid interconnection, multi-objective optimization.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de julio de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 05 de septiembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 07 de octubre de 2024
Las matemáticas en la inferencia estadística: Un enfoque integral
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v7i14edespdic.0251
This study explores the mathematical foundations of statistical inference, highlighting its essential role in analysis and decision making within various disciplines, such as engineering, economics, and social sciences. In a world increasingly driven by data analysis, the need for accurate and reliable predictive models has driven the demand for advanced statistical techniques. Statistical inference, based on sound mathematical principles, has established itself as a key tool for interpreting and drawing meaningful conclusions from observational data. The objective of this work is to examine how mathematics, particularly estimation techniques, hypothesis testing, and regression models, support statistical inference processes, improving the validity of the conclusions obtained. Through a systematic review of the literature, the impact of mathematics on each of these components and its contribution to the development of more robust predictive models is analyzed. Among the main findings, it is highlighted that the accuracy in parameter estimation directly depends on the correct application of mathematical methods, especially in large sample contexts. This translates into lower variance and greater stability in the results obtained. In addition, the implementation of advanced mathematical algorithms strengthens the capacity of inferential models, optimizing the prediction of future behaviors. The results of this study show that the rigorous use of mathematics not only improves statistical procedures, but also opens up new possibilities to address complex problems more effectively. The implications of this work underline the need to continue strengthening the training and application of mathematics in statistical processes, in order to guarantee more rigorous analysis and more informed decision-making.
Keywords: parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, mathematical algorithms, predictive models, data rigor.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v7i14edespdic.0251
Resumen
El presente estudio explora los fundamentos matemáticos en la inferencia estadística, destacando su rol esencial en el análisis y la toma de decisiones dentro de diversas disciplinas, como la ingeniería, la economía y las ciencias sociales. En un mundo cada vez más impulsado por el análisis de datos, la necesidad de contar con modelos predictivos precisos y confiables ha impulsado la demanda de técnicas estadísticas avanzadas. La inferencia estadística, fundamentada en principios matemáticos sólidos, se ha consolidado como una herramienta clave para interpretar y extraer conclusiones significativas a partir de datos observacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar cómo las matemáticas, particularmente las técnicas de estimación, contrastes de hipótesis y modelos de regresión, sustentan los procesos de inferencia estadística, mejorando la validez de las conclusiones obtenidas. A través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, se analiza el impacto de las matemáticas en cada uno de estos componentes y su contribución al desarrollo de modelos predictivos más robustos. Entre los principales hallazgos, se resalta que la precisión en la estimación de parámetros depende directamente de la correcta aplicación de métodos matemáticos, especialmente en contextos de muestras grandes. Esto se traduce en una menor varianza y una mayor estabilidad en los resultados obtenidos. Además, la implementación de algoritmos matemáticos avanzados fortalece la capacidad de los modelos inferenciales, optimizando la predicción de comportamientos futuros. Los resultados de este estudio evidencian que el uso riguroso de las matemáticas no solo mejora los procedimientos estadísticos, sino que también abre nuevas posibilidades para abordar problemas complejos de manera más efectiva. Las implicaciones de este trabajo subrayan la necesidad de continuar fortaleciendo la formación y aplicación de las matemáticas en los procesos estadísticos, con el fin de garantizar un análisis más riguroso y una toma de decisiones más fundamentada.
Palabras clave: estimación de parámetros, contrastes de hipótesis, algoritmos matemáticos, modelos predictivos, rigor de datos.
Abstract
This study explores the mathematical foundations of statistical inference, highlighting its essential role in analysis and decision making within various disciplines, such as engineering, economics, and social sciences. In a world increasingly driven by data analysis, the need for accurate and reliable predictive models has driven the demand for advanced statistical techniques. Statistical inference, based on sound mathematical principles, has established itself as a key tool for interpreting and drawing meaningful conclusions from observational data. The objective of this work is to examine how mathematics, particularly estimation techniques, hypothesis testing, and regression models, support statistical inference processes, improving the validity of the conclusions obtained. Through a systematic review of the literature, the impact of mathematics on each of these components and its contribution to the development of more robust predictive models is analyzed. Among the main findings, it is highlighted that the accuracy in parameter estimation directly depends on the correct application of mathematical methods, especially in large sample contexts. This translates into lower variance and greater stability in the results obtained. In addition, the implementation of advanced mathematical algorithms strengthens the capacity of inferential models, optimizing the prediction of future behaviors. The results of this study show that the rigorous use of mathematics not only improves statistical procedures, but also opens up new possibilities to address complex problems more effectively. The implications of this work underline the need to continue strengthening the training and application of mathematics in statistical processes, in order to guarantee more rigorous analysis and more informed decision-making.
Keywords: parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, mathematical algorithms, predictive models, data rigor.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de septiembre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 15 de noviembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 01 de diciembre de 2024
Estrategias de liberación de Diglyphus isaea Walker y Coenosia attenuata Stein en el control de minador (Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard), Imbabura-Ecuador
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v7i14edespdic.0253
Liriomyza huidobrensis B. is an economically important pest in vegetable and ornamental crops, which has developed resistance due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides for its control. However, research has shown that various parasitoids and predators contribute to reducing the population of this species. The objective of this research focuses on searching for strategies to release natural enemies. Using a completely randomized design, entomological boxes were located with PVC cylinders covered with meshes of varying hole sizes (1, 0.96, and 0.65 mm²). Insect populations were collected using a vacuum machine from a crop of Gypsophila paniculata L. Insect sample were placed in PVC cylinders within each box. After 48 hours, the number of individuals of Diglyphus isaea, Coenosia attenuata, and Liriomyza huidobrensis was counted in each chamber. The results showed that 96% of the leafminers, 3% of D. isaea, and less than 1% of C. attenuata exhibited a difference in the release of parasitoids through various types of mesh. In the study, 90% of the D. isaea population was released using the 1 mm² and 0.96 mm² mesh, while 94% was released with the 0.65 mm² mesh. In contrast, between 58% and 75% of Liriomyza remained trapped in the PVC cylinder. This research suggests that using a vacuum machine to control leaf miners can be an effective strategy for biological control. However, it is important to consider the appropriate mesh sizes and the optimal timing for the release of natural enemies.
Keywords: parasitoids, predators, biological control, vacuum machine, mesh.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v7i14edespdic.0253
Resumen
Liriomyza huidobrensis B. es una plaga económicamente importante en cultivos de vegetales y ornamentales, que ha desarrollado resistencia por el indiscriminado uso de pesticidas para su control, sin embargo, investigaciones han mostrado que existen diversos parasitoides y predadores que contribuyen a reducir su población. El objetivo de esta investigación se enfoca en buscar estrategias de liberación de enemigos naturales. A través de un diseño completamente al azar se implementaron cajas entomológicas de tela tul, dentro de las cuales se ubicaron cilindros PVC cubiertos de mallas con diferentes tamaños de orificio (1, 0.96 y 0.65 mm2). Los insectos se colectaron con una máquina aspiradora del cultivo de Gypsophila paniculata L, los cuales se colocaron en los cilindros PVC de cada caja, luego de 48 horas se contabilizaron el número de individuos de Diglyphus isaea W., Coenosia attenuata S. y Liriomyza huidobrensis B. en cada cámara. Los resultados mostraron que existe 96% de minadores, 3% de D. isaea, y menos del 1% de C. attenuata, mostrando diferencia en la liberación de parasitoides en los distintos tipos de mallas. En la malla de 1 y 0.96 mm2, se liberó el 90%, mientras que en la malla de 0.65 mm2, el 94% del total de D. isaea; a diferencia de Liriomyza que permaneció en el cilindro PVC entre el 58 y 75%. Esta investigación sugiere que la estrategia del uso de la aspiradora para control de minador es una herramienta eficiente para el manejo de control biológico, sin embargo, se debe considerar las mallas adecuadas y el tiempo indicado para la liberación de enemigos naturales.
Palabras clave: parasitoides, predadores, control biológico, aspiradora, malla.
Abstract
Liriomyza huidobrensis B. is an economically important pest in vegetable and ornamental crops, which has developed resistance due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides for its control. However, research has shown that various parasitoids and predators contribute to reducing the population of this species. The objective of this research focuses on searching for strategies to release natural enemies. Using a completely randomized design, entomological boxes were located with PVC cylinders covered with meshes of varying hole sizes (1, 0.96, and 0.65 mm²). Insect populations were collected using a vacuum machine from a crop of Gypsophila paniculata L. Insect sample were placed in PVC cylinders within each box. After 48 hours, the number of individuals of Diglyphus isaea, Coenosia attenuata, and Liriomyza huidobrensis was counted in each chamber. The results showed that 96% of the leafminers, 3% of D. isaea, and less than 1% of C. attenuata exhibited a difference in the release of parasitoids through various types of mesh. In the study, 90% of the D. isaea population was released using the 1 mm² and 0.96 mm² mesh, while 94% was released with the 0.65 mm² mesh. In contrast, between 58% and 75% of Liriomyza remained trapped in the PVC cylinder. This research suggests that using a vacuum machine to control leaf miners can be an effective strategy for biological control. However, it is important to consider the appropriate mesh sizes and the optimal timing for the release of natural enemies.
Keywords: parasitoids, predators, biological control, vacuum machine, mesh.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de septiembre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 15 de noviembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de diciembre de 2024
Estabilización de suelos arcillosos con el empleo de las cenizas de cáscara de arroz combinada con cal
Get PDFTo stabilize the submarine, material was collected from the Guayabal-La Pila site and subjected to test conditions where tests were performed according to the following standards: Atterberg Limits (AASHTO-T.89. 2021), Proctor revised. (AASHTO T-180. 2021) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR), (AASHTO T-193. 2021). The lime reaction was analyzed in different proportions; 1%, 3% and 5%. Then, a mixture of lime and rice husk ash (RHA) is used in the ratio: 1%, 3%, 5% lime plus 15% RHA to determine the appropriate ratio. Regarding the lime ratio, it was found that when adding 5%, the soil will react accordingly, turning into non-plastic soil (NP) with a maximum dry density (MDS) of 1540 kg/cm3, which is the optimal level. Lime ratio. Moisture (POH) 19%, CBR - 233%, making it an excellent subterranean weed. Research has shown that the optimal combination is 5% lime and 15% CC, in Atterberg soil marked NP, Proctor test, DMS of 1360 kg/cm, and POH of 26%. Thanks to CBR, this bond increased the soil's load-bearing capacity by 54.27% compared to natural soil.
Keywords: Subgrade stabilization, lime and rice husk ash (RHA), soil bearing capacity.Con el fin de estabilizar una subrasante, se extrajo material del sitio Guayabal-La Pila, para someterlo a condiciones experimentales donde se realizaron ensayos según las normas: Límites de Atterberg (AASHTO-T.89. 2021), Proctor Modificado (AASHTO T-180. 2021) y California Bearing Ratio (CBR), (AASHTO T-193. 2021). Se analizó la reacción de la cal con distintos porcentajes; 1%, 3%, y 5%. Luego de la combinación de cal y ceniza de cascara de arroz (CCA), se utilizaron los siguientes porcentajes: 1%, 3%, 5% de cal más 15% de CCA para así determinar un porcentaje adecuado. Para el porcentaje de cal, se encontró que añadiendo 5% el suelo reacciona de manera adecuada, convirtiendo el suelo en No Plástico (NP), teniendo una densidad máxima seca (DMS) de 1540 kg/cm³, el porcentaje óptimo de humedad (POH) de 19%. El CBR fue de 233%, convirtiéndolo en una subrasante excelente. Se determinó mediante los ensayos que la combinación 5% de cal+15% CCA es óptima, en los límites de Atterberg se denota un suelo NP, el ensayo Proctor la DMS fue de 1360 kg/cm³ y un POH de 26%. Mediante el CBR, esta combinación incrementó la capacidad de soporte del suelo en un 54,27% en comparación con el suelo natural.
Palabras clave: estabilización de subrasante, cal y ceniza de cáscara de arroz (CCA), capacidad de soporte del suelo.
Abstract
To stabilize the submarine, material was collected from the Guayabal-La Pila site and subjected to test conditions where tests were performed according to the following standards: Atterberg Limits (AASHTO-T.89. 2021), Proctor revised. (AASHTO T-180. 2021) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR), (AASHTO T-193. 2021). The lime reaction was analyzed in different proportions; 1%, 3% and 5%. Then, a mixture of lime and rice husk ash (RHA) is used in the ratio: 1%, 3%, 5% lime plus 15% RHA to determine the appropriate ratio. Regarding the lime ratio, it was found that when adding 5%, the soil will react accordingly, turning into non-plastic soil (NP) with a maximum dry density (MDS) of 1540 kg/cm3, which is the optimal level. Lime ratio. Moisture (POH) 19%, CBR - 233%, making it an excellent subterranean weed. Research has shown that the optimal combination is 5% lime and 15% CC, in Atterberg soil marked NP, Proctor test, DMS of 1360 kg/cm, and POH of 26%. Thanks to CBR, this bond increased the soil's load-bearing capacity by 54.27% compared to natural soil.
Keywords: Subgrade stabilization, lime and rice husk ash (RHA), soil bearing capacity.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de abril de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 25 de junio de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2024
Modelización matemática para obtener el rendimiento volumétrico de una bomba de paletas compensada a partir de las características proporcionadas por el fabricante
Get PDFAbout hydraulic pumps, volumetric performance is defined as the relationship between the actual flow rate of liquid to be moved with respect to the theoretical flow rate that should be moved based on the dimensions of the equipment. In the case of rotary vane pumps, this performance is due to the lack of filling of the internal cavities due to factors such as rotational speed, play between the moving parts, inertia and viscosity of the liquid, shape and dimension of the liquid inlet. to the pump cavities. This work provides a methodology to determine the volumetric performance through an equation obtained with the flow data that the manufacturer provides in operating catalogs, the flow versus pressure graphs is linearized, finding a general formula to obtain the volumetric performance of a model. of pump, equation with two variables that are the working pressure and the rotation frequency. The results show that the relative error of the results does not exceed 3%, which makes the procedure usable for any group of data obtained from the information catalogs of vane pump manufacturers.
Keywords: hydraulics, vane pump, volumetric performance.Sobre bombas hidráulicas se define el rendimiento volumétrico como la relación entre el caudal real de líquido a mover con respecto al caudal teórico que debiera mover en función de las dimensiones del equipo. Para el caso de bombas rotativas de paletas, este rendimiento se da por la falta de llenado de las cavidades internas debido a factores como velocidad de giro, juegos entre las partes móviles, inercia y viscosidad del líquido, forma y dimensión de la entrada del líquido a las cavidades de la bomba. Este trabajo da una metodología para determinar el rendimiento volumétrico a través de una ecuación obtenida con los datos de caudal que el fabricante provee en catálogos de funcionamiento, se linealiza las gráficas de caudal versus presión encontrando una fórmula general para obtener el rendimiento volumétrico de un modelo de bomba, ecuación con dos variables que son la presión de trabajo y la frecuencia de giro. Los resultados muestran que el error relativo de los resultados no supera el 3% lo que hace utilizable el procedimiento para cualquier grupo de datos obtenidos de los catálogos informativos de fabricantes de bombas de paletas.
Palabras clave: hidráulica, bomba de paletas, rendimiento volumétrico.
Abstract
About hydraulic pumps, volumetric performance is defined as the relationship between the actual flow rate of liquid to be moved with respect to the theoretical flow rate that should be moved based on the dimensions of the equipment. In the case of rotary vane pumps, this performance is due to the lack of filling of the internal cavities due to factors such as rotational speed, play between the moving parts, inertia and viscosity of the liquid, shape and dimension of the liquid inlet. to the pump cavities. This work provides a methodology to determine the volumetric performance through an equation obtained with the flow data that the manufacturer provides in operating catalogs, the flow versus pressure graphs is linearized, finding a general formula to obtain the volumetric performance of a model. of pump, equation with two variables that are the working pressure and the rotation frequency. The results show that the relative error of the results does not exceed 3%, which makes the procedure usable for any group of data obtained from the information catalogs of vane pump manufacturers.
Keywords: hydraulics, vane pump, volumetric performance.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 18 de octubre de 2023.Fecha de aceptación: 19 de diciembre de 2023.Fecha de publicación: 10 de enero de 2024
Evolución histórica de las normativas de diseño sismo resistente en América Latina. Casos de estudio: Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Chile
Get PDFColombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, face a high seismic hazard. In response to this, earthquake-resistant building standards were implemented in the mid-20th century. This study analyzes the historical evolution of these standards in each country, including their motivations, updates, and the calculation of seismic forces. Information was collected from official documents and scientific articles to create a chronological matrix of changes in the standards. The number of updates, the reasons for the reforms, and the evolution of the calculation of seismic loads were analyzed. A variable number of updates was identified in each country, with different motivations. The evolution of the calculation of seismic loads shows significant progress, from simple models to more complex methods that consider local seismicity and structural characteristics. The results highlight the importance of continuous updating of earthquake-resistant standards to reflect scientific knowledge and accumulated experience. The main challenges and updates necessary for the development of new standards are discussed. The evolution of earthquake-resistant standards in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile has been an ongoing process of learning and adaptation to the seismic context of each country.
Keywords: earthquake-resistant standards, seismic hazard, earthquake-resistant design, base shear, reaction load, floor drifts.Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Chile, ubicados en el Cinturón de Fuego del Pacífico, enfrentan una alta amenaza sísmica. En respuesta a esto, a mediados del siglo XX, se implementaron normas de construcción sismo resistentes. Este estudio analiza la evolución histórica de estas normas en cada país, incluyendo sus motivaciones, actualizaciones y el cálculo de las fuerzas sísmicas. Se recopiló información de documentos oficiales y artículos científicos para crear una matriz cronológica de los cambios en las normas. Se analizó el número de actualizaciones, los motivos de las reformas y la evolución del cálculo de cargas sísmicas. Se identificó un número variable de actualizaciones en cada país, con diferentes motivaciones. La evolución del cálculo de cargas sísmicas muestra un avance significativo, desde modelos simples hasta métodos más complejos que consideran la sismicidad local y las características de las estructuras. Los resultados destacan la importancia de la actualización continua de las normas sismo resistentes para reflejar el conocimiento científico y la experiencia acumulada. Se discuten los principales retos y las actualizaciones necesarias para el desarrollo de nuevas normas. La evolución de las normas sismo resistentes en Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Chile ha sido un proceso continuo de aprendizaje y adaptación al contexto sísmico de cada país.
Palabras clave: normas sismo resistentes, amenaza sísmica, diseño sismo resistente, cortante basal, carga reactiva, derivas de piso.
Abstract
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, face a high seismic hazard. In response to this, earthquake-resistant building standards were implemented in the mid-20th century. This study analyzes the historical evolution of these standards in each country, including their motivations, updates, and the calculation of seismic forces. Information was collected from official documents and scientific articles to create a chronological matrix of changes in the standards. The number of updates, the reasons for the reforms, and the evolution of the calculation of seismic loads were analyzed. A variable number of updates was identified in each country, with different motivations. The evolution of the calculation of seismic loads shows significant progress, from simple models to more complex methods that consider local seismicity and structural characteristics. The results highlight the importance of continuous updating of earthquake-resistant standards to reflect scientific knowledge and accumulated experience. The main challenges and updates necessary for the development of new standards are discussed. The evolution of earthquake-resistant standards in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile has been an ongoing process of learning and adaptation to the seismic context of each country.
Keywords: earthquake-resistant standards, seismic hazard, earthquake-resistant design, base shear, reaction load, floor drifts.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 25 de marzo de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de mayo de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 25 de junio de 2024