Revista Científica INGENIAR - Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación
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Evaluar las propiedades de los áridos de tres canteras de la provincia de Manabí, y su influencia en la resistencia a la compresión del hormigón
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0265
For decades, concrete designs that do not meet the compressive strength due to low quality materials have been one of the main problems in the construction industry. In order to improve the quality of concrete, it is essential to carry out experimental technological research that supports how the improvement of the properties of fine and coarse aggregates significantly influences the increase of its strength. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of aggregates extracted from three quarries located in the province of Manabí, Ecuador, and to analyze how they influence the compressive strength of concrete. The methodology used is quantitative, with an experimental approach, based on current regulations. For this study, fine and coarse aggregates from the quarries of Portoviejo, Jaramijó and Montecristi were used. Three mix designs were made for the concrete, with a specified compressive strength of f¨c= 210 kg/cm2, and a required average compressive strength of f¨cr= 247.64 kg/cm2 was established, with a water/cement ratio of 0.55, and a super plasticizing additive (MasterGlenium 7971) was used. Twenty-seven concrete cores were prepared, analyzing every three cores at 7, 14 and 28 days, according to NTE INEN 1573. From the results obtained in this research in relation to the characterization, it could be determined that all aggregates from the three quarries comply with Ecuadorian regulations; in relation to the specified compressive strength it could be demonstrated that the properties of the aggregates do influence the concrete strength, since the mix design obtained with aggregates from the Portoviejo quarry obtained a value of 224. 00 kg/cm2, the Jaramijó quarry 250.08 kg/cm2 and the Montecristi quarry 268.84 kg/cm2; while in the required medium compression design, the Portoviejo quarry is the only one that does not comply. The results provide key information to improve the selection of aggregates for concrete production and will contribute to the development of local regulations for quality control in the construction industry in Manabí-Ecuador.
Keywords: Concrete design, compressive strength, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, physical and mechanical properties.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0265
Resumen
Durante décadas los diseños de hormigón que no cumplen con la resistencia a la compresión, debido a la baja calidad de los materiales ha sido una de las principales problemáticas en la industria de la construcción. Con el propósito mejorar la calidad del hormigón, resulta fundamental llevar a cabo investigaciones tecnológicas de carácter experimental que respalden cómo el mejoramiento de las propiedades de los áridos finos y gruesos influye significativamente en el aumento de su resistencia. Esta investigación tiene como propósito evaluar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los áridos extraídos de tres canteras ubicadas en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador, y analizar cómo influyen en la resistencia a la compresión del hormigón. La metodología utilizada es de tipo cuantitativa, con enfoque experimental, basada en las normativas vigente. Para este estudio se utilizaron áridos finos y gruesos de las canteras de Portoviejo, Jaramijó y Montecristi. Se realizaron tres diseños de mezclas para el hormigón, con resistencia a compresión especificada de f¨c= 210 kg/cm2, y se estableció una resistencia media a la compresión requerida de f¨cr= 247.64 kg/cm2, con una relación agua/cemento de 0.55, y se empleó un aditivo súper plastificante (MasterGlenium 7971). Se elaboraron 27 testigos de hormigón, analizando cada tres testigos a los 7, 14 y 28 días, de acuerdo a lo establecido en la NTE INEN 1573. De los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación en relación a la caracterización, se pudo determinar que todos los agregados provenientes de las tres canteras, cumplen con la normativa ecuatoriana; en relación a la resistencia a la compresión especificada se pudo demostrar que las propiedades de los áridos si influyen en la resistencia al hormigón, ya que el diseño de mezcla obtenido con los agregados de la cantera de Portoviejo obtuvo un valor de 224.00 kg/cm2, la cantera de Jaramijó 250.08 Kg/cm2 y la cantera de Montecristi 268.84 kg/cm2; mientras que en el diseño a compresión media requerida la de Portoviejo es la única que no cumple. Los resultados proporcionan información clave para mejorar la selección de áridos en la producción de hormigón y contribuirán al desarrollo de normativas locales para el control de calidad en la industria de la construcción en Manabí-Ecuador.
Palabras clave: Diseño de hormigón, resistencia a la compresión, áridos finos, áridos gruesos, propiedades físicas y mecánicas.
Abstract
For decades, concrete designs that do not meet the compressive strength due to low quality materials have been one of the main problems in the construction industry. In order to improve the quality of concrete, it is essential to carry out experimental technological research that supports how the improvement of the properties of fine and coarse aggregates significantly influences the increase of its strength. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of aggregates extracted from three quarries located in the province of Manabí, Ecuador, and to analyze how they influence the compressive strength of concrete. The methodology used is quantitative, with an experimental approach, based on current regulations. For this study, fine and coarse aggregates from the quarries of Portoviejo, Jaramijó and Montecristi were used. Three mix designs were made for the concrete, with a specified compressive strength of f¨c= 210 kg/cm2, and a required average compressive strength of f¨cr= 247.64 kg/cm2 was established, with a water/cement ratio of 0.55, and a super plasticizing additive (MasterGlenium 7971) was used. Twenty-seven concrete cores were prepared, analyzing every three cores at 7, 14 and 28 days, according to NTE INEN 1573. From the results obtained in this research in relation to the characterization, it could be determined that all aggregates from the three quarries comply with Ecuadorian regulations; in relation to the specified compressive strength it could be demonstrated that the properties of the aggregates do influence the concrete strength, since the mix design obtained with aggregates from the Portoviejo quarry obtained a value of 224. 00 kg/cm2, the Jaramijó quarry 250.08 kg/cm2 and the Montecristi quarry 268.84 kg/cm2; while in the required medium compression design, the Portoviejo quarry is the only one that does not comply. The results provide key information to improve the selection of aggregates for concrete production and will contribute to the development of local regulations for quality control in the construction industry in Manabí-Ecuador.
Keywords: Concrete design, compressive strength, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, physical and mechanical properties.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de febrero de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 23 de abril de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 10 de mayo de 2025
Aplicación de Métricas OEE para la Mejora de la Productividad en Industria Cárnica
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0267
Industrial companies must improve their efficiency to remain competitive, especially in a context of globalization and technological advances. In the meat industry, productivity metrics such as OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) are essential for diagnosing and improving the performance of production processes. The implementation of efficiency measurement tools, such as OEE, allows for more effective management, identifying critical areas and opportunities for improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of OEE metrics in the sausage production plant of an Ecuadorian company, seeking to improve productivity and optimize processes by analyzing equipment availability, performance and quality. The study was based on a quantitative and descriptive approach, taking real-time data during a 10-day production period. SPSS software was used to analyze the OEE metrics of five phases of the chorizo production process, such as slicing, grinding and stuffing. The results showed that none of the machinery evaluated exceeded an OEE of 60%, indicating suboptimal performance. The main causes of inefficiency included maintenance problems, lack of automation and personnel training. OEE proved to be an effective tool for identifying areas for improvement in the meat industry. It is recommended that advanced Industry 4.0 technologies be adopted to improve productivity and competitiveness in the sector.
Keywords: Automation, Quality, Industry 4.0, OEE, Productivity.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0267
Resumen
Las empresas industriales deben mejorar su eficiencia para mantenerse competitivas, especialmente en un contexto de globalización y avances tecnológicos. En la industria cárnica, las métricas de productividad como el OEE (Eficiencia Global de Equipos Productivos) son esenciales para diagnosticar y mejorar el desempeño de los procesos productivos. La implementación de herramientas de medición de eficiencia, como el OEE, permite una gestión más efectiva, identificando áreas críticas y oportunidades de mejora. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la aplicación de la métrica OEE en la planta de producción de embutidos de una empresa ecuatoriana, buscando mejorar la productividad y optimizar los procesos mediante el análisis de la disponibilidad, el rendimiento y la calidad de los equipos. El estudio se basó en un enfoque cuantitativo y descriptivo, tomando datos en tiempo real durante un período de 10 días de producción. Se utilizó el software SPSS para analizar las métricas OEE de cinco fases del proceso de producción del chorizo, como el troceado, molido, embutido y atado. Los resultados se mostraron, que ninguna de las maquinarias evaluadas superó un OEE del 60%, lo que indicaba un rendimiento subóptimo. Las principales causas de ineficiencia incluyeron problemas de mantenimiento, falta de automatización y formación del personal. El OEE demostró ser una herramienta eficaz para identificar áreas de mejora en la industria cárnica. Se recomienda adoptar tecnologías avanzadas de la Industria 4.0 para mejorar la productividad y la competitividad del sector.
Palabras clave: Automatización, Calidad, Industria 4.0, OEE, Productividad.
Abstract
Industrial companies must improve their efficiency to remain competitive, especially in a context of globalization and technological advances. In the meat industry, productivity metrics such as OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) are essential for diagnosing and improving the performance of production processes. The implementation of efficiency measurement tools, such as OEE, allows for more effective management, identifying critical areas and opportunities for improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of OEE metrics in the sausage production plant of an Ecuadorian company, seeking to improve productivity and optimize processes by analyzing equipment availability, performance and quality. The study was based on a quantitative and descriptive approach, taking real-time data during a 10-day production period. SPSS software was used to analyze the OEE metrics of five phases of the chorizo production process, such as slicing, grinding and stuffing. The results showed that none of the machinery evaluated exceeded an OEE of 60%, indicating suboptimal performance. The main causes of inefficiency included maintenance problems, lack of automation and personnel training. OEE proved to be an effective tool for identifying areas for improvement in the meat industry. It is recommended that advanced Industry 4.0 technologies be adopted to improve productivity and competitiveness in the sector.
Keywords: Automation, Quality, Industry 4.0, OEE, Productivity.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de febrero de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 24 de abril de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 10 de mayo de 2025
Estudio de seguridad industrial y Empresarial para proyectos de economía circular
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i16.0284
Abstract
This study evaluates the conditions of the industrial safety and business management variables in the implementation of circular economy projects to determine risks, possible improvements, and their impact on the organization's sustainability. To this end, the study was implemented using a quantitative approach, using a non-experimental design, a cross-sectional approach, and a descriptive scope. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to a sample of 81 workers from a company in the city of Manta. A Likert scale was also used, assessing three dimensions of interest: knowledge and application of industrial safety standards; perception of the implementation of circular economy practices; and organizational culture oriented toward sustainability and industrial safety. The results show a percentage of workers with a medium to high level of training in safety standards for circular processes, but a significant percentage still lacks sufficient training in this topic. The identification of organizational relationships in the circular economy is positively reflected in the company's practice, but differences are observed between departments. The organizational culture dimension was the most compelling of all, highlighting that employees identify with the company's culture of sustainability values and workplace safety.
Keywords: industrial safety, circular economy, sustainability, business management, organizational culture.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i16.0284
Resumen
En este estudio se evalúan las condiciones de las variables seguridad industrial y gestión empresarial en la implantación de proyectos de economía circular para constatar los riesgos, las mejoras que pueden hacerse e impacto en la sostenibilidad de la organización. Para tal fin, el estudio fue implementado bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, además, usó como diseño no experimental, el tipo transversal y alcance descriptivo. Se aplicó cuestionario estructurado de encuesta a una población muestral de 81 trabajadores pertenecientes a una empresa de la ciudad de Manta, también se utilizó escala Likert, habiéndose valorado tres dimensiones de interés: Conocimiento y aplicación de normas de seguridad industrial; Percepción de la implantación de prácticas para la economía circular; y Cultura organizacional orientada a la sostenibilidad y a la seguridad industrial. En los resultados, se refleja un porcentaje de los trabajadores que poseen un nivel de formación medio y alto sobre las normas de seguridad de los procesos circulares, pero aún queda un porcentaje apreciable de sujetos que carecen de formación suficiente en esta temática. En la práctica de la empresa se manifiesta de forma positiva la identificación de las relaciones organizacionales en la economía circular, pero se observan diferencias entre departamentos. La dimensión de la cultura organizacional fue la más contundente entre las todas, siendo necesario indicar que los trabajadores se identifican con la cultura de los valores de sostenibilidad y de la seguridad laboral que la empresa promueve.
Palabras clave: seguridad industrial, economía circular, sostenibilidad, gestión empresarial, cultura organizacional.
Abstract
This study evaluates the conditions of the industrial safety and business management variables in the implementation of circular economy projects to determine risks, possible improvements, and their impact on the organization's sustainability. To this end, the study was implemented using a quantitative approach, using a non-experimental design, a cross-sectional approach, and a descriptive scope. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to a sample of 81 workers from a company in the city of Manta. A Likert scale was also used, assessing three dimensions of interest: knowledge and application of industrial safety standards; perception of the implementation of circular economy practices; and organizational culture oriented toward sustainability and industrial safety. The results show a percentage of workers with a medium to high level of training in safety standards for circular processes, but a significant percentage still lacks sufficient training in this topic. The identification of organizational relationships in the circular economy is positively reflected in the company's practice, but differences are observed between departments. The organizational culture dimension was the most compelling of all, highlighting that employees identify with the company's culture of sustainability values and workplace safety.
Keywords: industrial safety, circular economy, sustainability, business management, organizational culture.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 15 de abril de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 05 de junio de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2025
Diagnóstico de la Infraestructura de Vivienda y Servicios Básicos en la Comunidad de Sancán, Cantón Jipijapa
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0272
Abstract
This research analyzes the conditions of housing infrastructure and access to basic services in the rural community of Sancán, Jipijapa canton (Ecuador), as part of the structural challenges faced by rural areas in the country. The main objective was to diagnose the current situation of habitability and service provision, including potable water, sanitation, electricity, waste management, and household socioeconomic conditions, to provide technical data useful for territorial planning and equitable public policy design. A mixed descriptive-participatory methodology was applied, based on a household census survey of 142 dwellings and community workshops using participatory tools. The results reveal significant deficits: 49.3% of homes are in precarious condition, 37% lack piped water, 41% lack adequate sanitation systems, and 76% report economic limitations for housing maintenance or improvement. Additionally, a high rate of land tenure informality (28.9%) and low educational attainment among household heads were identified. The conclusions emphasize the need for differentiated territorial policies, with an equity and sustainability approach, linking institutional and community actions to reduce infrastructure gaps in historically excluded rural contexts.
Keywords: rural infrastructure, housing, basic services, territorial exclusion, local development.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0272
Resumen
La presente investigación analiza las condiciones de la infraestructura de vivienda y el acceso a servicios básicos en la comunidad rural de Sancán, cantón Jipijapa (Ecuador), como parte de los desafíos estructurales que enfrentan las zonas rurales del país. El objetivo principal fue diagnosticar la situación actual de habitabilidad y provisión de servicios como agua potable, saneamiento, electricidad, gestión de residuos y condiciones socioeconómicas del hogar, con el fin de aportar información técnica útil para la planificación territorial y el diseño de políticas públicas equitativas. Se aplicó una metodología mixta de tipo descriptivo-participativo, basada en el levantamiento censal de 142 hogares mediante encuestas estructuradas y la realización de talleres comunitarios con herramientas participativas. Los resultados revelan déficits significativos: el 49,3 % de las viviendas presenta condiciones precarias, el 37 % de los hogares no accede a agua por red pública, el 41 % no cuenta con sistemas adecuados de saneamiento y el 76 % reporta dificultades económicas para mantener o mejorar su vivienda. Asimismo, se identificó una alta proporción de informalidad en la tenencia del suelo (28,9 %) y bajos niveles de escolaridad en los jefes de hogar. Las conclusiones destacan la necesidad de políticas territoriales diferenciadas, con enfoque de equidad y sostenibilidad, que articulen acciones institucionales y comunitarias para reducir las brechas de infraestructura en contextos rurales históricamente excluidos.
Palabras clave: infraestructura rural, vivienda, servicios básicos, exclusión territorial, desarrollo local.
Abstract
This research analyzes the conditions of housing infrastructure and access to basic services in the rural community of Sancán, Jipijapa canton (Ecuador), as part of the structural challenges faced by rural areas in the country. The main objective was to diagnose the current situation of habitability and service provision, including potable water, sanitation, electricity, waste management, and household socioeconomic conditions, to provide technical data useful for territorial planning and equitable public policy design. A mixed descriptive-participatory methodology was applied, based on a household census survey of 142 dwellings and community workshops using participatory tools. The results reveal significant deficits: 49.3% of homes are in precarious condition, 37% lack piped water, 41% lack adequate sanitation systems, and 76% report economic limitations for housing maintenance or improvement. Additionally, a high rate of land tenure informality (28.9%) and low educational attainment among household heads were identified. The conclusions emphasize the need for differentiated territorial policies, with an equity and sustainability approach, linking institutional and community actions to reduce infrastructure gaps in historically excluded rural contexts.
Keywords: rural infrastructure, housing, basic services, territorial exclusion, local development.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de octubre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 27 de diciembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 16 de junio de 2025
Pensamiento creativo y su relación con el éxito académico
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i16.0300
Abstract
Creative thinking is present in all aspects of daily life, allowing us to constantly generate new ideas by combining familiar elements with original and innovative proposals, as well as offering original approaches, especially in the educational and work contexts. The main purpose of this research was to promote creative thinking within the educational environment. To this end, a mixed methodology was implemented, with a descriptive and non-experimental design. Various methods, instruments, and techniques were used to analyze the modalities of creative thinking in correspondence with the participants' aptitudes. The study population consisted of 1,199 students and 10 teachers. For the sample, 88 students were selected using stratified probability sampling, while the entire teaching staff was included. The results show that 60% of people develop creative thinking in adulthood or after reaching a fourth level of academic training, while 40% manifest it at the end of their studies. It is concluded that creative thinking must be developed in the early stages of education, must be constantly practiced in adulthood, and must be strengthened in the professional sphere, which is immersed in the individual.
Keywords: Active learning; knowledge; teacher competencies; interactive communication; pedagogical skills.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i16.0300
Resumen
El pensamiento creativo está presente en todos los aspectos de la vida diaria, permite generar constantemente nuevas ideas, al combinar elementos conocidos con propuestas originales e innovadoras, además de ofrecer enfoques originales, especialmente en el contexto educativo y laboral. El propósito central de la presente investigación fue fomentar el pensamiento creativo dentro del entorno educativo. Para este fin, se implementó una metodología mixta, con un diseño descriptivo y de carácter no experimental. Se emplearon diversos métodos, instrumentos y técnicas con el propósito de analizar las modalidades de pensamiento creativo en correspondencia con las aptitudes de los participantes. La población del estudio estuvo conformada por 1,199 estudiantes y 10 docentes. Para la muestra se seleccionaron 88 estudiantes que se eligieron mediante un muestreo probabilístico estratificado, mientras que se incluyó a la totalidad del personal docente. Los resultados deducen que el 60 % de las personas desarrollan el pensamiento creativo en la edad adulta o tras alcanzar un cuarto nivel de formación académica, mientras que el 40 % lo manifiesta al finalizar los estudios. Se concluye que, el pensamiento creativo debe desarrollarse en las primeras etapas educativas, debe estar en constante práctica en la edad adulta y fortalecerse en el ámbito profesional, que este inmerso en el individuo.
Palabras clave: Aprendizaje activo; conocimiento, Competencias del docente; Comunicación interactiva; Habilidad pedagógica.
Abstract
Creative thinking is present in all aspects of daily life, allowing us to constantly generate new ideas by combining familiar elements with original and innovative proposals, as well as offering original approaches, especially in the educational and work contexts. The main purpose of this research was to promote creative thinking within the educational environment. To this end, a mixed methodology was implemented, with a descriptive and non-experimental design. Various methods, instruments, and techniques were used to analyze the modalities of creative thinking in correspondence with the participants' aptitudes. The study population consisted of 1,199 students and 10 teachers. For the sample, 88 students were selected using stratified probability sampling, while the entire teaching staff was included. The results show that 60% of people develop creative thinking in adulthood or after reaching a fourth level of academic training, while 40% manifest it at the end of their studies. It is concluded that creative thinking must be developed in the early stages of education, must be constantly practiced in adulthood, and must be strengthened in the professional sphere, which is immersed in the individual.
Keywords: Active learning; knowledge; teacher competencies; interactive communication; pedagogical skills.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 08 de julio de 2025.Fecha de aceptación: 20 de septiembre de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 20 de octubre de 2025
Optimal location of regulating transformer taps to minimize losses in the electrical system
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0232
The electric power system have lines, reactor, regulator voltage, transformer regulator and other elements. These are necessary to carry the energy towards demand electric. The system operate with dispatch economic (DE) where it has the objective function and constrains. However, they DE do not necessary include the minimization power losses that are very import because reduce operation cost. Therefore, in this paper it is realize an optimal location of regulating transformer taps to minimize losses in the electrical system using convex optimization in power flow equations. For this suppose, it take account the bus injection model where it obtain all equations necessary. Then, the model propose are implemented with IEEE 14 bust system test as validation between Digsilent Power Factory and the model implement is of the system electric of Quito city in Ecuador. The result of minimizing lose in optimization process is 0.11 MW.
Palabras clave: Optimization, nonlinear, power flow, loss electric, transformer, regulator.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0232
Abstract
The electric power system have lines, reactor, regulator voltage, transformer regulator and other elements. These are necessary to carry the energy towards demand electric. The system operate with dispatch economic (DE) where it has the objective function and constrains. However, they DE do not necessary include the minimization power losses that are very import because reduce operation cost. Therefore, in this paper it is realize an optimal location of regulating transformer taps to minimize losses in the electrical system using convex optimization in power flow equations. For this suppose, it take account the bus injection model where it obtain all equations necessary. Then, the model propose are implemented with IEEE 14 bust system test as validation between Digsilent Power Factory and the model implement is of the system electric of Quito city in Ecuador. The result of minimizing lose in optimization process is 0.11 MW.
Palabras clave: Optimization, nonlinear, power flow, loss electric, transformer, regulator.
Resumen
El sistema eléctrico de potencia cuenta con líneas, reactancia, regulador de voltaje, transformador regulador y otros elementos. Estos son necesarios para llevar la energía hacia la demanda eléctrica. El sistema opera con despacho económico (DE) donde tiene la función objetivo y restricciones. Sin embargo, los DE no necesariamente incluyen la minimización de pérdidas de potencia que son muy importantes porque reducen el costo de operación. Por lo tanto, en este documento se realiza una ubicación óptima de las tomas de regulación del transformador para minimizar las pérdidas en el sistema eléctrico utilizando la optimización convexa en las ecuaciones de flujo de potencia. Para este supuesto, se toma en cuenta el modelo de inyección de bus donde se obtienen todas las ecuaciones necesarias. Luego, el modelo propuesto se implementa con la prueba del sistema de bus IEEE 14 como validación entre Digsilent Power Factory y el modelo implementado es del sistema eléctrico de la ciudad de Quito en Ecuador. El resultado de minimizar la pérdida en el proceso de optimización es de 0,11 MW.
Keywords: Optimización, no lineal, flujo de potencia, pérdida eléctrica, transformador, regulador.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 03 de octubre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 19 de diciembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de enero de 2025
Sistema Automatizado para la purificación de agua utilizando energía solar, reflexión y luz ultravioleta
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0237
This article describes the design, implementation, and testing process of an automatic water purification system using solar energy and ultraviolet radiation. The prototype consists of a Solar Distiller, which receives contaminated and impure water via an electric pump. Inside the distiller, the water evaporates and condenses due to temperature differences, and is subsequently directed to UV radiation, which emits a wavelength of 254nm to eliminate viruses, bacteria, or any microorganisms present, completely purifying the sample and making it suitable for human consumption. To enhance the prototype's performance, a Cylindrical Parabolic Collector (CPC) was added, allowing for higher temperatures inside the distiller, along with a complete automation system with its respective sensors and actuators based on an Atmega 16 microcontroller. This setup enables the equipment's control and timely intervention in case of malfunctions or issues in the purification system, all powered by an off-grid photovoltaic system, giving the device full autonomy.
Keywords: Water purification, solar energy, solar still, UV light, Atmega 16.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0237
Resumen
En el presente artículo se describe el proceso de diseño, implementación y pruebas de un sistema automático de purificación de agua por medio de energía solar y radiación ultravioleta. El prototipo está conformado por un Destilador Solar, al cual llega el agua contaminada e impura por medio de una electrobomba, en el cual por diferencia de temperatura en su interior el agua se evapora y condensa para su posterior traslado hacia la luz de radiación UV, la cual emite una longitud de onda de 254nm para eliminar virus, bacterias o cualquier tipo de microorganismo presente, purificando completamente la muestra y haciéndola apta para consumo humano, con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento del prototipo se adjuntó un Colector Cilíndrico Parabólico CCP, permitiendo mayores y elevadas temperatura en el interior del destilador, además de un completo sistema de automatización con sus respectivos sensores y actuadores basados en un microcontrolador Atmega 16, que permita el control del equipo y una intervención oportuna en caso de fallas o inconvenientes en el sistema purificador, todo esto alimentado por medio de un sistema fotovoltaico aislado, dándole al equipo completa autonomía.
Palabras clave: Purificación de agua, energía solar, destilador solar, luz UV, Atmega 16.
Abstract
This article describes the design, implementation, and testing process of an automatic water purification system using solar energy and ultraviolet radiation. The prototype consists of a Solar Distiller, which receives contaminated and impure water via an electric pump. Inside the distiller, the water evaporates and condenses due to temperature differences, and is subsequently directed to UV radiation, which emits a wavelength of 254nm to eliminate viruses, bacteria, or any microorganisms present, completely purifying the sample and making it suitable for human consumption. To enhance the prototype's performance, a Cylindrical Parabolic Collector (CPC) was added, allowing for higher temperatures inside the distiller, along with a complete automation system with its respective sensors and actuators based on an Atmega 16 microcontroller. This setup enables the equipment's control and timely intervention in case of malfunctions or issues in the purification system, all powered by an off-grid photovoltaic system, giving the device full autonomy.
Keywords: Water purification, solar energy, solar still, UV light, Atmega 16.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 07 de agosto de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 15 de octubre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de enero de 2025
Planificación presupuestaria y mantenimiento de obras: Desafíos y estrategias
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0238
Budget planning is fundamental for the efficient maintenance of infrastructure as it ensures adequate resource allocation and mitigates financial risks. This narrative review examines key challenges associated with poor planning, identifying factors such as cost underestimation, lack of initial diagnostics, and limited adoption of advanced technologies. Globally, methodologies like risk management and Building Information Modeling (BIM) have proven effective, while in Latin America, financial constraints and weak interinstitutional coordination remain critical barriers. In Ecuador, issues such as cost overruns, the absence of preventive plans, and limited technical oversight are prominent. The review suggests that strategies like continuous training, preventive maintenance, optimization methodologies such as PERT and CPM, and the integration of advanced technologies can significantly enhance resource management efficiency and ensure infrastructure sustainability. This multidimensional approach is essential to addressing current challenges and optimizing the functionality and longevity of civil works.
Keywords: risk management, sustainability, optimization methodologies, technical oversight, infrastructure.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0238
Resumen
La planificación presupuestaria es clave para el mantenimiento eficiente de obras, ya que permite una adecuada distribución de recursos y la mitigación de riesgos financieros. Este análisis narrativo revisa las principales problemáticas asociadas a la falta de planificación, identificando factores como la subestimación de costos, la ausencia de diagnósticos iniciales y la limitada implementación de tecnologías avanzadas. A nivel global, metodologías como la gestión de riesgos y el uso de Building Information Modeling (BIM) han demostrado ser efectivas, mientras que en América Latina, las restricciones financieras y la débil articulación interinstitucional persisten como barreras críticas. En Ecuador, los problemas incluyen sobrecostos, falta de planes preventivos y limitada supervisión técnica. La revisión sugiere que estrategias como la capacitación continua, el mantenimiento preventivo, el uso de metodologías de optimización como PERT y CPM, y la integración de tecnologías avanzadas pueden mejorar significativamente la eficiencia en la gestión de recursos y garantizar la sostenibilidad de las infraestructuras. Este enfoque multidimensional es clave para enfrentar los desafíos actuales y optimizar la funcionalidad y longevidad de las obras civiles.
Palabras clave: gestión de riesgos, sostenibilidad, metodologías de optimización, supervisión técnica, infraestructura.
Abstract
Budget planning is fundamental for the efficient maintenance of infrastructure as it ensures adequate resource allocation and mitigates financial risks. This narrative review examines key challenges associated with poor planning, identifying factors such as cost underestimation, lack of initial diagnostics, and limited adoption of advanced technologies. Globally, methodologies like risk management and Building Information Modeling (BIM) have proven effective, while in Latin America, financial constraints and weak interinstitutional coordination remain critical barriers. In Ecuador, issues such as cost overruns, the absence of preventive plans, and limited technical oversight are prominent. The review suggests that strategies like continuous training, preventive maintenance, optimization methodologies such as PERT and CPM, and the integration of advanced technologies can significantly enhance resource management efficiency and ensure infrastructure sustainability. This multidimensional approach is essential to addressing current challenges and optimizing the functionality and longevity of civil works.
Keywords: risk management, sustainability, optimization methodologies, technical oversight, infrastructure.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de octubre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 19 de diciembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de enero de 2025
Estudio de la crisis energética en el Ecuador por la dependencia en la generación de energía hidráulica
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0240
The global energy crisis has impacted the economy and political stability of several countries, including Ecuador, where dependence on hydroelectricity (approximately 80% of its energy matrix) makes it vulnerable to climatic phenomena such as droughts. Despite having significant natural resources, Ecuador faces challenges in infrastructure and energy diversification, which has led to supply problems and high fossil fuel import costs. The situation in South America is complex, with countries such as Argentina and Brazil experiencing energy instability due to lack of investment and fluctuations in hydrocarbon prices. Climate change has also affected the availability of water resources, impacting power generation in hydroelectric plants. Faced with these challenges, Ecuador has explored solutions such as the expansion of hydroelectric projects and the promotion of non-conventional renewable energies, although these efforts have been limited by high costs and technological barriers. This project seeks to analyze Ecuador's energy crisis in depth, assessing the risks associated with its high dependence on hydropower and proposing diversification alternatives to improve the resilience of the energy system. An analysis of the Ecuadorian energy system will be carried out, reviewing the historical evolution of the energy matrix and the importance of hydropower in the context of the energy crisis.
Keywords: Energy crisis, hydroelectricity, energy diversification, energy system, energy matrix.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0240
Resumen
La crisis energética mundial ha impactado la economía y la estabilidad política de varios países, entre ellos Ecuador, donde la dependencia de la hidroelectricidad (aproximadamente el 80% de su matriz energética) lo hace vulnerable a fenómenos climáticos como las sequías. A pesar de contar con importantes recursos naturales, Ecuador enfrenta desafíos en infraestructura y diversificación energética, lo que ha derivado en problemas de abastecimiento y altos costos de importación de combustibles fósiles. La situación en América del Sur es compleja, con países como Argentina y Brasil experimentando inestabilidad energética debido a la falta de inversión y las fluctuaciones en los precios de los hidrocarburos. El cambio climático también ha afectado la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico, impactando la generación de energía en centrales hidroeléctricas. Frente a estos desafíos, Ecuador ha explorado soluciones como la expansión de proyectos hidroeléctricos y la promoción de energías renovables no convencionales, aunque estos esfuerzos se han visto limitados por los altos costos y barreras tecnológicas. Este proyecto busca analizar a profundidad la crisis energética de Ecuador, evaluando los riesgos asociados a su alta dependencia de la hidroelectricidad y proponiendo alternativas de diversificación para mejorar la resiliencia del sistema energético. Se realizará un análisis del sistema energético ecuatoriano, revisando la evolución histórica de la matriz energética y la importancia de la energía hidroeléctrica en el contexto de la crisis energética.
Palabras clave: Crisis energética, hidroelectricidad, diversificación energética, sistema energético, matriz energética.
Abstract
The global energy crisis has impacted the economy and political stability of several countries, including Ecuador, where dependence on hydroelectricity (approximately 80% of its energy matrix) makes it vulnerable to climatic phenomena such as droughts. Despite having significant natural resources, Ecuador faces challenges in infrastructure and energy diversification, which has led to supply problems and high fossil fuel import costs. The situation in South America is complex, with countries such as Argentina and Brazil experiencing energy instability due to lack of investment and fluctuations in hydrocarbon prices. Climate change has also affected the availability of water resources, impacting power generation in hydroelectric plants. Faced with these challenges, Ecuador has explored solutions such as the expansion of hydroelectric projects and the promotion of non-conventional renewable energies, although these efforts have been limited by high costs and technological barriers. This project seeks to analyze Ecuador's energy crisis in depth, assessing the risks associated with its high dependence on hydropower and proposing diversification alternatives to improve the resilience of the energy system. An analysis of the Ecuadorian energy system will be carried out, reviewing the historical evolution of the energy matrix and the importance of hydropower in the context of the energy crisis.
Keywords: Energy crisis, hydroelectricity, energy diversification, energy system, energy matrix.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 16 de octubre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 19 de diciembre de 2024.Fecha de publicación: 10 de enero de 2025
Evaluación de deterioros de los pavimentos en vías principales de acceso a Portoviejo mediante el método de índice de condición del pavimento “PCI”
Get PDFDOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0248
The present study evaluates the condition of the pavements on the main access roads to Portoviejo (Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita and Portoviejo-Santa Ana) using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methodology, this being a more complete methodology through visual inspection, for the evaluation and qualification of flexible and rigid pavements in road management models, to determine the factors of damage class, level of severity and density. 1 km of length was evaluated in the section with the greatest deterioration of each road under study and the Average Daily Traffic (APD) of each of these roads was calculated, which could be an indicator that indirectly influences the PCI value. The results of the PCI of the sections analyzed on the Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita and Portoviejo-Santa Ana roads are 79 (Very Good), 76 (Very Good) and 54 (Fair), respectively. Through this method, procedures show that there are 8 types of failures in the sample units analyzed, which were Crocodile Skin, Exudation, Block Cracking, Longitudinal and Transverse Cracks, Patching, Polishing of aggregates, Holes and Rutting, in minor cases Bulging and subsidence, Swelling and Detachment of aggregates were also found. Regarding the type of intervention according to the PCI, the Manta and Crucita roads require routine maintenance because the pavement is in good functional and structural conditions; and the Santa Ana road does require Rehabilitation, being the one of the three that requires priority intervention to avoid further deterioration.
Keywords: Pavement status, failures, Pavement Condition Index (PCI), visual inspection, intervention, severity level.DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0248
Resumen
El presente estudio evalúa el estado de los pavimentos en las principales vías de acceso a Portoviejo (Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita y Portoviejo-Santa Ana) empleando la metodología del Índice de Condición de Pavimento (PCI) siendo esta una metodología más completa mediante la inspección visual, para la evaluación y calificación de pavimentos flexibles y rígidos en los modelos de gestión vial, para determinar los factores de clase de daño, nivel de severidad y densidad. Se evaluó 1 km de longitud en el tramo con mayor deterioro de cada vía en estudio y se determinó el Tráfico Promedio Diario (TPD) de cada una de estas vías, lo que podría ser un indicador que influya indirectamente en el valor del PCI. Como resultados del PCI de los tramos analizados en las vías Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita y Portoviejo-Santa Ana son de 79 (Muy bueno), 76 (Muy bueno) y 54 (Regular), respectivamente. A través de este método se determinó que existen 8 tipos de fallas en las unidades de muestras analizadas que fueron Piel de cocodrilo, Exudación, Agrietamiento en bloque, Grietas longitudinales y transversales, Parcheo, Pulimiento de agregados, Huecos y Ahuellamiento, en caso menores también se encontraron Abultamientos y hundimientos, Hinchamiento y Desprendimiento de agregados. Con respecto al tipo de intervención según el PCI, las vías Manta y Crucita requieren un mantenimiento rutinario debido a que el pavimento está en buenas condiciones funcionales y estructurales; y la vía Santa Ana si requiere Rehabilitación, siendo de las tres la que requiere una intervención prioritaria para evitar un mayor deterioro.
Palabras clave: Estado de pavimentos, fallas, Índice de Condición del Pavimento (PCI), inspección visual, intervención, nivel de severidad.
Abstract
The present study evaluates the condition of the pavements on the main access roads to Portoviejo (Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita and Portoviejo-Santa Ana) using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methodology, this being a more complete methodology through visual inspection, for the evaluation and qualification of flexible and rigid pavements in road management models, to determine the factors of damage class, level of severity and density. 1 km of length was evaluated in the section with the greatest deterioration of each road under study and the Average Daily Traffic (APD) of each of these roads was calculated, which could be an indicator that indirectly influences the PCI value. The results of the PCI of the sections analyzed on the Portoviejo-Manta, Portoviejo-Crucita and Portoviejo-Santa Ana roads are 79 (Very Good), 76 (Very Good) and 54 (Fair), respectively. Through this method, procedures show that there are 8 types of failures in the sample units analyzed, which were Crocodile Skin, Exudation, Block Cracking, Longitudinal and Transverse Cracks, Patching, Polishing of aggregates, Holes and Rutting, in minor cases Bulging and subsidence, Swelling and Detachment of aggregates were also found. Regarding the type of intervention according to the PCI, the Manta and Crucita roads require routine maintenance because the pavement is in good functional and structural conditions; and the Santa Ana road does require Rehabilitation, being the one of the three that requires priority intervention to avoid further deterioration.
Keywords: Pavement status, failures, Pavement Condition Index (PCI), visual inspection, intervention, severity level.
Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 10 de diciembre de 2024.Fecha de aceptación: 24 de febrero de 2025.Fecha de publicación: 11 de marzo de 2025