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    Basamaklı Dalgakıranların Kronman Duvarları Üzerindeki Dalga Kaynaklı Kuvvetlerin HAD ile Modellemesi

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    In the literature there is no formulation focuses on the wave induced forces on a berm breakwater crown wall. To gather a practical approach focusing on hardly reshaping berm breakwaters, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out using IHFOAM solver based on OpenFOAM CFD library considering different wave and geometric characteristics such as berm width, recession, crest height, crown wall height and crown wall elevation. Initially, numerical model is validated against the only available physical model study (Torum et al., 2012) in the literature. Model cross-sections are designed utilizing the well-established methodology by Van der Meer and Sigurdarson (2016). Various wave series are generated by JONSWAP spectrum with minimum 1000 number of waves satisfying shallow water conditions. The wave-induced pressures along the front wall and the horizontal base slab of the crown-wall are outputted with desired sampling rates and these pressures are integrated to capture forces and moments acting on the crown wall in both vertical and horizontal directions. The variations in the wave-induced loading with respect to wave and geometrical characteristics are presented and discussed. Moreover, non-linear regression analysis is performed considering the parameters affecting the force and moments acting on the crown walls based on the non-dimensional analysis to establish a methodology to predict wave loading. Finally, the loading estimations using the newly generated formulation are compared to the available methodologies that are used to estimate wave-induced loading on the crown walls of single-sloped mound breakwaters.Literatürde, basamaklı dalgakıran kronman duvarı üzerindeki dalga kaynaklı kuvvetlere odaklanan herhangi bir formülasyon bulunmamaktadır. Zor şekillenen basamaklı dalgakıranlara yönelik pratik bir yaklaşım elde edebilmek için, farklı dalga ve geometrik özellikler (örneğin basamak genişliği, gerileme, kronman kotu, kronman duvarı yüksekliği ve kronman taban kotu) dikkate alınarak OpenFOAM kütüphanesine dayalı IHFOAM çözücüsü ile Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (HAD) çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Başlangıçta, sayısal model literatürde mevcut olan tek fiziksel model çalışması (Torum ve ark., 2012) ile doğrulanmıştır. Model kesitleri, Van der Meer ve Sigurdarson (2016) tarafından önerilen metodoloji kullanılarak tasarlanmıştır. Sığ su koşullarını sağlayan en az 1000 dalgadan oluşan çeşitli dalga serileri JONSWAP spektrumu ile üretilmiştir. Kronman duvarının ön yüzü ve yatay tabanı boyunca dalga kaynaklı basınçlar istenilen örnekleme hızlarıyla elde edilmiş, ardından bu basınçlar dikey ve yatay doğrultularda kronman duvarı üzerine etkiyen kuvvet ve momentleri belirlemek amacıyla integre edilmiştir. Dalga kaynaklı yüklerin dalga ve geometrik özelliklere bağlı olarak nasıl değiştiği sunulmuş ve tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, kronman duvarları üzerindeki kuvvet ve momentleri etkileyen parametreler dikkate alınarak boyutsuz analiz temelli doğrusal olmayan regresyon analizi yapılmış ve dalga yüklerinin öngörülmesine yönelik bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Son olarak, yeni elde edilen formülasyon ile hesaplanan yük tahminleri, tek eğimli dalgakıran kronman duvarları üzerindeki dalga kaynaklı yükleri tahmin etmek için kullanılan mevcut yöntemlerle karşılaştırılmıştır.M.S. - Master of Scienc

    Issue 2

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    Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run

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    We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15-350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10(-3) Hz, we compute the GW-BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers

    İLKOKUL MATEMATİK DERS KİTAPLARINDAKİ ARİTMETİK SÖZEL PROBLEMLERİN ULUSLARARASI KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ, SİNGAPUR VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

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    The purpose of this study is to compare the number and characteristics of arithmetic word problems in mathematics textbooks from the United States, Singapore, and Türkiye. The analysis was conducted based on five key elements: (1) the number of problems, (2) semantic-mathematical structure, (3) level of complexity, (4) real-life contexts, and (5) the number and types of visuals. In all three countries, problems with an “unknown result” structure are common. However, more complex structures, such as “unknown start” and “unknown part,” are rarely used. The variety of structures is greater in U.S. and Singaporean textbooks, while it is limited in Turkish textbooks. In terms of complexity, low-level problems dominate in the textbooks of the United States and Türkiye. In Singaporean textbooks, however, the distribution of complexity levels is more balanced. Although real-life contexts are frequently used in all three countries, themes related to science, technology, nature, and the environment are rarely included. Regarding the use of visuals, many problems in U.S. and Singaporean textbooks are presented without visuals. In contrast, almost all problems in Turkish textbooks are supported with visuals. While schematic visuals are common in Singaporean textbooks, figurative and explanatory visuals are more prevalent in textbooks from Türkiye and the United States. These differences may influence each country's approach to mathematics education and students' problem-solving skills.Bu çalışmanın amacı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Singapur ve Türkiye’deki matematik ders kitaplarında yer alan aritmetik sözel problemlerin sayısını ve özelliklerini karşılaştırmaktır. Analizler beş temel unsur üzerinden yapılmıştır: (1) problem sayısı, (2) anlamsal-matematiksel yapı, (3) karmaşıklık düzeyi, (4) gerçek yaşam bağlamları ve (5) görsellerin sayısı ve türü. Her üç ülkede de “sonuç bilinmeyen” yapısındaki problemler yaygındır. Ancak daha karmaşık yapılar, örneğin “başlangıç bilinmeyen” ve “parça bilinmeyen” türleri nadiren kullanılmıştır. Yapı çeşitliliği ABD ve Singapur kitaplarında daha fazlayken, Türkiye’de sınırlıdır. Karmaşıklık açısından, ABD ve Türkiye kitaplarında düşük düzeyli problemler baskındır. Singapur kitaplarında ise karmaşıklık düzeyleri daha dengelidir. Günlük yaşam bağlamları her üç ülkede de sıkça kullanılsa da bilim, teknoloji, doğa ve çevre temalarına nadiren yer verilmiştir. Görsel kullanımında ABD ve Singapur kitaplarında birçok problem görselsizdir. Türkiye’de ise neredeyse tüm problemler görselle desteklenmiştir. Singapur’da şematik görseller yaygınken, Türkiye ve ABD kitaplarında figüratif ve açıklayıcı görseller yaygındır. Bu farklılıklar, ülkelerin matematik eğitim yaklaşımlarını ve öğrencilerin problem çözme becerilerini etkileyebilir.M.S. - Master of Scienc

    AÇIYA BAĞLI SAÇILMA YÖNTEMİYLE MİKROYAPILI YÜZEY DOKULARININ KARAKTERİZASYONU

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    Accurate characterization of microstructured surfaces is essential for evaluating their optical performance, particularly in applications involving light scattering, sensing, and anti-reflective engineering. This study presents a systematic investigation of angularly resolved scattering (ARS) from laser-textured silicon surfaces to extract structural information at the microscale. A custom-built ARS measurement setup was employed to record the intensity distribution of reflected light as a function of scattering angle, with the illumination fixed at 45° incidence. The samples comprised both periodic (grating-like) and aperiodic (rough) surface morphologies, fabricated by varying femtosecond laser processing parameters. To validate and interpret the scattering profiles, two complementary approaches were utilized: frequency-domain analysis of surface topography via 2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on SEM and AFM images, and angular-domain analysis of optical scattering patterns. Periodic samples exhibited distinct diffraction orders, and the extracted peak positions were used to estimate spatial periods via the grating equation, which closely matched FFT results. In contrast, rougher surfaces fabricated at higher laser powers displayed broadened angular profiles, increased diffuse background levels, and the absence of well-defined diffraction orders. Extended scans over 10°–120°, centered around the specular reflection angle, revealed how increasing surface irregularity leads to loss of angular coherence and redistribution of scattered intensity. The combined optical and morphological analyses confirm that ARS provides a sensitive, non-destructive tool for quantifying both periodicity and surface roughness. The findings also highlight the strong correlation between laser processing conditions and the evolution of surface texture, bridging the gap between fabrication parameters and optical functionality.Mikroyapılı yüzeylerin doğru bir şekilde karakterize edilmesi, özellikle ışık saçılması, algılama ve yansıtma önleyici mühendislik gibi uygulamalarda optik performansın değerlendirilmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, mikroskobik ölçekte yapısal bilgi elde etmek amacıyla, lazerle işlenmiş silisyum yüzeylerden alınan açısal çözünürlüklü saçılma (ARS) verileri sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. 45° sabit gelme açısıyla aydınlatılan özel tasarlanmış bir ARS sistemi kullanılarak, yansıyan ışığın saçılma açısına bağlı olarak şiddet dağılımı ölçülmüştür. Numuneler, femtosaniye lazerle farklı işleme parametreleri uygulanarak üretilmiş periyodik (ızgara benzeri) ve düzensiz (pürüzlü) yüzey morfolojilerinden oluşmaktadır. Saçılma profillerini doğrulamak ve yorumlamak amacıyla iki tamamlayıcı yaklaşım kullanılmıştır: SEM ve AFM görüntüleri üzerinde uygulanan 2B Hızlı Fourier Dönüşümü (FFT) ile yapılan frekans domeni analizi ve optik saçılma desenlerinin açısal analizleri. Periyodik numunelerde belirgin kırınım basamakları gözlenmiş ve bu tepe noktalarının konumları, ızgara denklemi kullanılarak yüzey periyotlarının tahmin edilmesinde kullanılmış; elde edilen sonuçlar FFT ile elde edilen değerlerle yüksek uyum göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, daha yüksek lazer güçleriyle üretilen pürüzlü yüzeyler, daha geniş açılı saçılma profilleri, artmış yayılma seviyesi ve belirgin kırınım basamaklarının yokluğu ile karakterize edilmiştir. Speküler yansıma açısı etrafında (10°–120°) yapılan geniş açılı taramalar, artan yüzey düzensizliğinin açısal koherensi nasıl bozduğunu ve saçılan ışığın nasıl yeniden dağıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen optik ve morfolojik analizler, ARS yönteminin hem periyodiklik hem de yüzey pürüzlülüğünü nicel olarak belirleyebilen duyarlı ve tahribatsız bir yöntem olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Ayrıca bulgular, lazerle işleme koşulları ile yüzey dokusunun evrimi arasındaki güçlü ilişkiyi vurgulayarak, üretim parametreleri ile optik işlevsellik arasındaki bağı güçlendirmektedir.M.S. - Master of Scienc

    Validation of Turkish Versions of Intrusive Visual Imagery and Verbal Thought Questionnaires and Differential Prediction of Anxiety Symptoms

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    Although the definition of intrusive thoughts (ITs) includes visual imagery and verbal thoughts, most of the existing ITs measures do not distinguish between intrusive visual imagery (IVI) and verbal thoughts (IVT). The Intrusive Visual Imagery and Verbal Thought Questionnaires (IVIVTQs) can assess IVI and IVT separately. The aim of the present study was to adapt the IVIVTQs to Turkish. The data was collected from 651 participants (65.28% female; Mage = 28.09 ± 14.00). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on randomly split samples (63.50% and 67.08% female; Mage1 = 28.56 ± 14.11, Mage2 = 27.63 ± 13.89). Concurrent validities, internal consistency reliabilities, and the differential powers of IVI and IVT in prediction of anxiety symptoms were examined in a sub-sample of 556 participants (62.77% female; Mage3 = 29.25 ± 14.81), while a separate third sample of 88 participants (80.68% female; Mage4 = 22.19 ± 4.98) was used to assess test–retest reliabilities. The factor analyses yielded and supported one-factor structures for the IVIVTQs. The associations of IVIVTQs with the measures of visual imagery ability, ruminative thought style, depression, anxiety, and stress provided support for good concurrent validities. IVIQ and IVTQ scores significantly differed between the participants having moderate to extremely severe symptoms and normal to moderate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The IVIVTQs had satisfactory internal consistency coefficients (ω =.93 and.94, respectively) and three-week test–retest reliabilities (ICC =.70 and.83, respectively). Finally, IVI (β =.29) was a stronger predictor of anxiety symptoms than IVT (β =.25). Overall, the findings indicated that the Turkish IVIVTQs are valid and reliable measures of IVI and IVT. The IVIVTQs can be utilized to understand cognitive mechanisms of ITs, compare their roles in mental disorders, examine theories in different contexts, personalize psychotherapies based on IT modality, and monitor treatment progress

    NOHUT SUYUNDAN (AQUAFABA) TOZ EMÜLGATÖR ELDESİ VE FİZİKOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

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    Aquafaba, the viscous cooking water from chickpeas, has gained attention as a plant-based emulsifier and foaming agent due to its protein and saponin content. Objective of this dissertation is to investigate how different production and processing methods influence the composition, structure, and functionality of aquafaba, with emphasis on its application as a plant-based emulsifier and foaming agent. This dissertation was conducted in four main stages. First, aquafaba was produced using different techniques (microwave and microwave–infrared) and conventional pressure cooking, followed by spray drying. Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) and conventional physicochemical analyses were used to evaluate the effects of processing on powder properties. Second, detailed compositional characterization, including protein, saponin, and amino acid profiling via LC–MS/MS, was performed to elucidate the relationship between molecular composition and functional performance. Third, aquafaba powders were incorporated into vegan and gluten-free cake formulations with psyllium powder to investigate their ability to replace eggs while maintaining desirable texture, volume, and stability. Finally, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing was applied as an alternative chickpea water production method, and its impact on foaming, emulsifying, and molecular mobility was assessed in both liquid and powder forms. Results showed that microwave-assisted methods enhanced foaming and emulsifying performance despite lower protein and saponin levels compared to conventional cooking, saponins played a dominant role in emulsification, and both proteins and saponins contributed to foaming. HHP-treated samples demonstrated distinct molecular mobility and functional profiles. Aquafaba combined with psyllium successfully acted as a clean-label emulsifier in cake recipes, replicating egg functions.Aquafaba, baklagillerin pişirilmesi sırasında oluşan viskoz bir yan ürün olup, içerdiği protein ve saponinler sayesinde yumurta akının fonksiyonel özelliklerini taklit edebilme yeteneği ile önemli ölçüde dikkat çekmiştir. Bu tez dört ana aşamada yürütülmüştür. Birinci aşamada, aquafaba; mikrodalga ve mikrodalga–kızılötesi teknikleri ile geleneksel düdüklü tencere yöntemi kullanılarak üretilmiş, ardından sprey kurutma uygulanmıştır. Üretilen tozların özellikleri zaman alanı nükleer manyetik rezonans (TD-NMR) ve geleneksel fizikokimyasal analizlerle değerlendirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada, LC–MS/MS yöntemi ile protein, saponin ve amino asit profilleri belirlenmiş; moleküler bileşim ile fonksiyonel performans arasındaki ilişkiler ortaya konmuştur. Üçüncü aşamada, aquafaba tozları karnıyarık otu tozu ile birlikte vegan ve glutensiz kek formülasyonlarına eklenerek, yumurta yerine kullanıldığında yapı, özgül hacim ve stabilite gibi kalite özelliklerini koruma yetenekleri araştırılmıştır. Son aşamada, alternatif bir nohut suyu üretim yöntemi olarak yüksek hidrostatik basınç (YHB) uygulanmış; sıvı ve toz örneklerde köpürme, emülsifiye etme ve moleküler hareketlilik üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bulgular, mikrodalga destekli yöntemlerin, protein ve saponin seviyeleri geleneksel yönteme göre daha düşük olmasına rağmen, köpürme ve emülsifiye etme performansını artırdığını; saponinlerin emülsifikasyonda baskın, protein ve saponinlerin ise köpürmede birlikte etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. YHB ile işlenen örnekler, farklı moleküler hareketlilik ve fonksiyonel özellikler sergilemiştir. Kek sistemlerinde aquafaba–karnıyarık otu kombinasyonları yumurta işlevini başarıyla taklit etmiş ve temiz etiketli bir emülgatör olarak potansiyelini ortaya koymuştur.Ph.D. - Doctoral ProgramTUBITA

    A Novel Design Technique for Ultrawideband Shared Aperture Connected Dipole Arrays

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    This paper presents comprehensive circuit models for the design and analysis of ultrawideband shared aperture antenna arrays. A novel semi-analytical approach is developed by modifying the previous equivalent circuit model to enable the calculation of the electromagnetic (EM) transparency of dipole array unit cells. Based on the EM transmission characteristics of the low-band dipole, an accurate circuit-based method is introduced for calculating the input impedance of a shared aperture antenna. Notably, the only full-wave simulation required is that of the standalone high-band antenna. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, two distinct shared aperture dipole array designs are presented. In both cases, the high-band antennas are implemented using tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) elements. The first design achieves a 26.2:1 impedance bandwidth with active VSWR < 2.3 and a low-profile height of (Formula presented.), where (Formula presented.) denotes the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency. The second design achieves a 33.3:1 bandwidth with active VSWR < 3 and a profile height of just (Formula presented.). The average total efficiencies of the two designs are 0.86 and 0.85, respectively

    Detecting Misinformation on Social Media using Community Insights and Contrastive Learning

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    Social media users are more likely to be exposed to similar views and tend to avoid contrasting views, especially when they are part of a community of social media users. In this study, we investigate the presence of user communities and leverage them as a tool to detect misinformation on social media, specifically on X (formerly known as Twitter). We propose a misinformation detection framework, namely Similarity-based Misinformation Detection (SiMiD) that employs microblogs and utilizes user-follower interactions within a social network. Our approach extracts important textual features of social media posts using a transformer-based language model. We use contrastive learning and pseudo-labeling to fine-tune the language model. Then, we measure the similarity for each social media post based on its relevance to each user in the communities. Finally, we train a machine learning model to identify the truthfulness of social media posts using these similarity scores. We evaluate our approach on three social media datasets, compare our method with twelve state-of-the-art approaches, and answer five research questions. The experimental results, supported by statistical tests, show that contrastive learning and user communities can enhance the detection of misinformation on social media. Our model can identify misinformation content by achieving a consistently high weighted F1 score of over 90% across all datasets, even employing only a small number of users in communities. We make our implementations publicly available and provide all details that are necessary for the reproducibility of experiments.

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