eJournal MAPEKI (Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia)
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Study of Provenance and Site Variability on Calorific Value and Other Fuel Properties of Teak Stem
No full textCurrently Perum Perhutani has conducted efforts to improve the productivity of teak forest by provenance trial. However, only a few studies have so far considered the variation of these main fuel properties of wood under the influence of external factors such as location and provenance. On the other side, the huge amount of waste was regularly generated from primary and secondary wood processings. Therefore, in this research, the calorific value and other fuel properties were investigated and related to provenance and growth site. This research used the stem wood and bark of five provenances (1 to 5) of teaks that were planted at three sites of Perhutani stand (Bojonegoro, Ngawi, Ciamis). The fuel characterisctics of bark were only evaluated at Ciamis site. Compared to bark, wood generally had lower values in ash content, volatile matter content, and density, but had higher values in fixed carbon content, calorific value, and Fuelwood Value Index levels. The caloric values of teak wood and bark were 4,191~4,520 cal/g and 3,545~3,939 cal/g, respectively. Provenance and site interaction had significant effect to the ash content, density, and calorific value in wood. The samples from Ciamis site (code Ft) had the highest level in calorific value. However, the relation between calorific value and density is not clear in this experiment. With regard to bark, provenance 3 (Ft) showed the best energy properties
The Characterization of Black-streaked Heartwood in Teak: Inter-tree Variation
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate the variation in the color and chemical characteristics of black-streaked heartwood of teak and explore the relationship of these chemical properties with the degree of blackening. The samples used were outer heartwood parts from 11 trees with black streaks both thin and thick and 7 trees with normal heartwoods for comparison. The colorimetric analysis in CIEL*a*b* system was used to determine the brightness values (L*) of black- streaked heartwood of teak ranging from 40~49 and a thick portion produced appreciably higher average values of extractive contents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and total extractive content as well as tectoquinone contents and pH values but lower squalene content compared to those in normal wood. The degree of blackening in the black-streaked heartwood was highly correlated to its extractive contents, especially the ethyl acetate soluble extractive content (r = −0.94) while moderate correlations were measured between the brightness index and tectoquinone content (negative) and squalene (positive). Moreover, no significant difference was found in the ash and individual inorganic elements contents between the group. The increase in pH values was observed to have corresponded with a decrease in brightness (r = -0.75). Therefore, the blackening was assumed to be due to the polymerization of quinones in weakly acidic condition
Measurement of Microfibril Angle Using X-Ray Diffraction and Light Microscope on 5-year-old Super and Conventional Teak Wood
No full textThe long harvest time causes the processing industry manufactured from teak wood (Tectona grandis L. f.) has experienced a lot of declines. To overcome this problem, currently, in Indonesia many types of fast-growing teak have been developed, one of which is Jati Unggul Nusantara (JUN). Trees that are accelerated in growth, are likely to cause changes in their anatomical structure. The anatomical structure of wood is one of the basic properties that greatly influences the use of wood as a raw material. Even small changes in cell shape and size can change the properties of wood as a raw material. One of the anatomical structures of wood, namely the ultramicroscopic structure that affects the quality of wood, is the microfibril angle (MFA). The purpose of this study is to determine the MFA of JUN at the planned cutting age of 5 years, compared to conventional teak at the same age. There are two methods used, namely using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and measuring the elongation of the pit apertures slope of the fiber cells using a light microscope, which was obtained from the maceration process. As a result, JUN's MFA is 22.09°, smaller than the conventional teak of 25.29°. This is because JUN was developed from top cuttings so although still young, it already reflects the characteristics of mature teak. The results of the MFA measurements on JUN using two methods (XRD and light microscope), resulted different values. It is different from the MFA measurement results on conventional teak. It is recommended to measure the MFA in JUN wood by using XRD, because possibly, due to accelerated growth, simple pits with an oval shape turn into circular. This difference causes the results of the JUN MFA measurement using a light microscope based on the pit apertures slope to be inconsistent, subjective, and different results in other pits contained in the fiber even though they are closely associated. However, in conventional teak, measurements using a light microscope are possible because the shape of the pit is oval so that the slope of the elongation of the pit aperture can be determined easily, and is more consistent with more uniform values in the same individual fibe
The Effectiveness of Boron Preservatives to Prevent Dry-wood Termite Attack on Mahogany Sapwood
No full textMahogany wood is utilized for many furniture products and construction purposes. The objective of this experiment was to prevent wood-destroying insects by using boron preservatives such as boric acid and borax. Materials used were mahogany sapwood planks (19 years) obtained from community forest in Kali Bawang District, Kulon Progo. Two preservation methods, i.e., hot-soaking (1, 2, and 3 hours) and the cold-soaking (12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) in 5% concentration, were used. The drywood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) were used for observation. The result showed that the retention value ranges were 4.25 to 12.99 kg/m3 for cold-soaking method and 3.09 to 9.53 kg/m3 for heat- soaking method. Mortaliy rate and mass loss due to termite attacks ranged from 56.0 to 80.6 % (control values : 43.3%) and 850 to 1370 mg (control values : 1930 mg). Significant interaction between soaking time and the type of preservative was observed to discover its effect on the levels of retention (cold soaking) and mortality rate of termites (hot soaking). Boron preservatives tended to enhance the repellent properties than its toxicity
Characteristics of Carbon from Oil Palm Shell Activated by Low Concentration of Zinc Chloride Activator
No full textCurrently, a large amount of oil palm shell has been dumped as waste from palm oil processing in Indonesia. Using a low concentration of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), thermal treatment during pre-carbonization was applied in the preparation of activated carbon from oil palm shells at various temperatures and reaction durations. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon prepared. Oil palm shells collected from a plantation in Palembang were carbonized by two methods, one-stage carbonization (at 300°C for 3 hours) and two-stage carbonization (at 300°C for 3 hours, then at 600°C for an hour) before chemical activation using ZnCl2, at a concentration of 10 and 15%wt. Activation of oil palm shell charcoal was conducted at 600, 700, and 800°C and reaction times of 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The results showed two-stage carbonization, high temperature, and prolonged reaction time is bound to increase burn-off as well as methylene blue adsorption, and decrease the yield and volatile matter content of the activated carbon prepared. Meanwhile, high ZnCl2 concentration increased the ash content and the methylene blue adsorption. In addition, the two-stage carbonization had higher iodine adsorption compared to the one-stage carbonization. The activated carbon with high iodine (769.3 mg/g) and methylene blue adsorption (133.7 mL/g) levels was obtained by two-stage carbonization using 15%wt ZnCl2 at a temperature and reaction time of 800°C and 180 minutes, respectively
The Natural Durability and Drying Properties of Ganitri Wood (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum)
No full textGanitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.) is a fast-growing species that was majority planted in community-based forets in Java. This research aimed to evaluate the natural durability and drying properties of ganitri wood, hence the best uses of the wood can be achieved. The wood durability was tested in laboratory and field scales based on SNI 7207:2014 and ASTM D 1758-02 standards respectively, while the wood treatibilty evaluation used soaking method with 5% borax preservative. The wood drying property was assessed through oven drying at 100°C temperature based on Terazawa method. The resistance of the wood against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus is classified as durability class IV. Ganitri wood was very easy to be preserved with the cold soaking method. Boron retention in ganitri was 22.87 kg.m-³, while its penetration was 27.80 mm or 94.24%. Ganitri had rather poor drying properties, which was prone to surface check. The proper drying for ganitri wood was suggested using initial and final temperatures 53°C and 83°C, respectively, while the initial and final relative humidity were 85% and 30%
Distribusi, Retensi, dan Penetrasi Bahan Pengawet Ekstrak Daun Tuba (Derris elliptica Benth) pada Kayu Kemiri dan Kayu Agathis (Distribution, Retention, and Penetration of Tuba Leaves Extract (Derris elliptica Benth) on Aleurites moluccana and Agathis Wood)
Get PDFWood preservation is carried out to increase the service life of wood with low natural durability. Factors such as wood structure, preservatives, and methods of preservation influence the preservation processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate retention, penetration, and distribution of tuba (Derris elliptica) leaves extract into the candlenut wood (Aleurites molluccana) and agathis (Agathis sp.) wood structures. The wood samples were treated with hot and cold soaking. The duration of hot soaking were 3, 5, and 7 hours, while for cold soaking were 3, 5, and 7 days. The result showed that the highest retention of extract was achieved by cold soaking for 7 days at 9.4 kg m-3, and the lowest retention was achieved by hot soaking for 3 hours at 1.9 kg m‑3. The highest penetration occured by cold soaking for 7 days at 8.08 mm and the lowest was that with hot soaking for 3 hours at 2.81 mm. However, the distribution of the extract in the agathis wood structures could not be detected by stereo microscope. In the the case of the candlenut wood, the extract was distributed in the parenchyma cell
Identifikasi Senyawa Ekstraktif Kayu Cendana Papua dan Potensinya Sebagai Pengusir Nyamuk
Get PDFPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi komponen kimia dari kayu cendana Papua (Flindersia sp.) dan menganalisa potensi pemanfaatannya sebagai pengusir nyamuk. Metode eksperimen yang dilakukan adalah analisis fitokimia kualitatif, analisis GCMS Pirolisis, dan uji mortalitas nyamuk untuk menginvestigasi sifat anti-nyamuk dari jenis kayu ini berdasarkan SNI 06-3566-1994. Hasil analisis fitokimia menunjukkan adanya komponen fitokimia seperti alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, terpenoid, glikosida dan fenolik. Analisis GCMS pirolisis mengindikasikan bahwa diantara 43 senyawa kimia, butylated hydroxyanisole (5,37%), carbamic acid (5,30%), 2,4 imidazolidinedione (2,13%) and hydrazin (1,23%) adalah senyawa yang berperan dalam mengusir nyamuk. Uji mortalitas nyamuk menggunakan sampel uji dengan komposisi serbuk cendana Papua dan tempurung kelapa sebesar 50:50 menunjukkan tingkat kematian nyamuk tertinggi (55,6%). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa jenis kayu ini berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan kimia alami pengusir nyamuk
Sifat-Sifat Arang Aktif Kulit Batang Sagu Hasil Karbonisasi Hidrotermal
No full textKulit batang sagu merupakan salah satu limbah padat pengolahan tepung sagu (Metroxylon sp) yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku arang aktif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat arang aktif kulit batang sagu yang dibuat melalui metode karbonisasi hidrotermal dan aktivasi steam. Pembuatan arang aktif didahului dengan pembuatan prekursor (bahan awal pembuatan arang aktif) melalui metode hidrotermal pada suhu 250 °C dan dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi pada suhu 800 °C selama 0, 60, 80, dan 100 menit. Pengujian proximat dan daya jerap iodin menggunakan standar SNI dan pengamatan struktur arang aktif menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen 45,90-55,70%, kadar air 5,82-7,06%, zat terbang 5,66-9,40%, kadar abu 12,24-14,54%, karbon terikat 78,36-79,80%, daya jerap iodin 455,59-759,86 mg.g-1, dan derajat kristalinitas 31,66-38,81%. Arang aktif terbaik adalah arang aktif kulit sagu perlakuan steaming 80 menit yang memiliki daya jerap iodin sesuai dengan SNI 06-3730-1995 yaitu ≥750 mg.g-1.
Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Lipophilic Compounds from Swietenia mahagoni (l.) Jacq. Leaves
No full textThe investigation on the n-hexane lipophilic extractives of Swietenia mahagoni, alongside the antifungal and antioxidant properties was conducted. The leaf sample was collected from 2- and 3-years-old trees in Perhutani enterprise of Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. In addition, the antifungal activity was tested using the white-rot of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, while the antioxidant property involved the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results show antifungal of 28.6% and 37.5% growth inhibition in 2- and 3 -years-old leaf, respectively, while 21.7% and 25.4% antioxidant activity were also recorded. Furthermore, the GC-MS results showed the domination of S. mahagoni leaf by fatty acids and hydo-carbons, while the terpenoids and steroids were in minor quantities. These components possibly exhibit growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects against P. chrysosporium and DPPH radicals, respectively