eJournal MAPEKI (Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia)
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Perubahan Kadar Komponen Kimia Bambu Andong akibat Perlakuan Steam (Change of Chemical Components Content in Andong Bamboo due to Steam Treatment)
No full textSteam and rinsing treatment with water and 1% NaOH solution of andong bamboo strands have been known to improve physical and mechanical properties of its oriented strand board (OSB). The improvement of bamboo OSB properties might be caused by the change of chemical components content during steam and rinsing process. This study aims to measure the changes of chemical components content in andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) due to steam treatment and rinsing with water or sodium hydroxide solution. Samples was taken from andong bamboo stem without bark and node part. The treatments of samples were steam at 126 ° C for 1 hour, steam and rinsing with water, and, steam and rinsing with 1% NaOH, respectively. Air-dried samples were, then, subjected to mill in order to get 40-60 mesh particles size, which was used for chemical components analyses. The results showed that steam and rinsing with water or 1% NaOH solution treatment reduced hemicellulose and extractive contents (dissolved in cold water, hot water, ethanol-benzene and NaOH 1% solution), whereas alpha-cellulose and lignin were relatively stable. Steam and rinsing treatment generally increased the pH value of bamboo samples
Karakteristik Kimia Biomassa untuk Energi (Chemical Characteristics of Biomass for Energy)
No full textThe chemical components of biomass were composed mainly by three elements, i.e. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These elements composition may contribute to proximate properties and calorific value of biomass. Characterization of wood, wood bark, and bamboos biomass and its relation to biomass quality for energy were carried out based on their chemical components contents. The analyses of chemical components of biomass were performed according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standard and proximate analysis was carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The characteristics of biomass for energy could be evaluated based on its chemical components; especially by cellulose/lignin ratio (C/L) and hemicellulose/lignin ratio (H/L). Generally, appropriate quality of lignocellulose biomass for energy tend to exhibit low C/L and H/L ratios, that is due to obtain low volatile content and high calorific value. Lignin seems to be the most responsible chemical component for high calorific value of biomass. The classification of biomass based on the chemical components ratios would be applicable for biomass with less heterogeneity in ash content and in the quite similar extractives content
Evaluasi terhadap Stimulan Ethephon dalam Penyadapan Pinus merkusii (Evaluation on Ethephon Stimulant to Pinus merkusii Tapping)
No full textThe aim of this study was to find out the effect of Ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, in a combination with sulfuric acid resin production Pinus merkusii. The tested stimulants were ETRAT; SR4; 20% sulfuric acid; 20% sulfuric acid - Ethephon 2%; 3.3% sulfuric acid – 4.1% Ethephon; and sulfuric acid – 8.3% Ethephon. Trees without stimulant spraying were the controls. The results showed that for daily production, the first-day observation gave the highest value but decreased drastically after second-day observation in a varied degree depent on the stimulants. On the basis of accumulated production, the addition of Ethephon in a high or low level of sulfuric acid concentration exhibited significantly higher resin production compared to that of ETRAT; SR4; and 20% sulfuric acid stimulants as well as control trees. It increased resin production by 98.0-150.6% compared to control trees in class age of VII and increased by 140.9-227.1% in class age of IV stands. Moderate significant correlations (r=0.65) were observed between the values of resin production and tree diameter (controls) as well as between the values of resin production and tree diameter of trees treated by sulfuric acid stimulants (r=0.65-0.82)
Sifat Dasar Tanaman Mengkuang (Pandanus artocarpus Griff) Basic Properties of Mengkuang Plant (Pandanus artocarpus Griff)
No full textThe aim of this research were to determine the extractive, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and sugar composition of hemicelluose for raw materials and pulp of mengkuang (Pandanus artocarpus Griff) leave and stem. Delignification was carried out by alkaline process with NaOH 20% and 25% at 170 oC for 4 h. The chemical and physical analyses were done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The leaves and stem of mengkuang containing extracts of 6.99% and 4.80%, cellulose 35.02% and 40.29%, hemicellulose 33.12% and 31.19%, lignin 29.10% and 26.84%, respectively. The syringyl, guaiacyl, and p-hydroxyphenil composition in mengkuang leaves and steam were 40.00%, 41.82%, 19.24% and 39.81%, 41.82%, 18.37%. The hemicellulose in the leaves and stem consisted of glucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose. The highest pulp yield (41.71%) was obtained from pretreatment of 20% NaOH in the stem. Pulp of leaves and stem contained α cellulose, hemicellulose, and total lignin content of 88.19%, 7.95%, 14.36%, and 88.27%, 10.17%, 13.83%. The highest crystallinity of pulp (70.00%) was obtained from the stem at a concentration of 25% NaOH, and the lowest (58.18%) was obtained from the leaves at a concentration of 25% NaOH.
Natural Resistance of Rattan Species from Sumatra Against Subterranean Termite and Its Relation to Chemical Properties (Ketahanan Alami Rotan Asal Sumatra terhadap Rayap Tanah dan Hubungannya dengan Sifat Kimia)
Get PDFThe main problem of rattan utilization was the ravages of destructive organisms attack. The objective of this study was to determine the natural resistance of rattan species from Sumatra against subterranean termites and its relation with the chemical characteristics of rattan. All samples were tested for resistance to subterranean termite and its chemical characteristics according to the Indonesian National Standard. Observations, percentage weight loss, termite survival and degree of attack were determined. Results showed that Calamus insignis, C. holttumii, Daemonorps verticillaris, and D. longipes included in very resistant (Class I). Korthalsia flagellaris, C. zonatus, C. laevigatus, D. sepals, C. spectatissimus, C. rugosus, and C. oleyanus included in resistance class II. Furthermore, D. micracantha included in the class of moderate resistance (class III). The cellulose content has no significant correlation (P>0.01), and lignin has a significant negative correlation (P<0.01) to the weight loss, termite survival and the degree of attack. Rattan that has resistance class I and II can be utilized as raw material of furniture and crafts, while rattan which have resistance class III require preservation treatment to extend its service life
Paleobotani: Dryobalanoxylon, Fosil Kayu Asal Jambi (Paleobotany: Dryobalanoxylon, Fossil Wood Origin Jambi)
No full textJambi Province is known as an area with abundant source of geological diversity (Geodeversity), including fossil woods. Specimen of Fossil wood from Merangin District-Jambi was observation its anatomical structures on thin slices of cross, radial and tangential-section using Carl Zeiss-Axio Imager A1m microscope. The description of wood anatomical structures referred to the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The age estimate of fossil wood is based on geological map (scale 1: 100.000) of Sarolangun sheet, Sumatra. The anatomical structures of the fossil wood are as follow: vessel exclusively solitary, simple perforation plates, intervessel pits alternate, very thick fibre wall, apotracheal parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregates, paratracheal parenchyma vasicentric, axial canals in long tangential lines, prismatic crystal in chambered axial parenchyma cells, and silica bodies present in ray cells and axial parenchyma cells. The anatomical structures mentioned are similar to Kamper/Kapur wood species (Dryobalanops sp.) which it is member of Dipterocarpaceae family, with the result that this fossil is Kamper wood (Dryobalanoxylon sp.). Based on age analysis through the geological map, it is estimated that this fossil wood was formed between 3.60 and 2.58 million BP (Before Present), which was between the late Pliocene and the early Plistocene era
Perubahan Kadar Komponen Kimia pada Tiga Jenis Bambu Akibat Proses Steam dan Pembilasan (Chemical Components Changed in Three Bamboo Species Treated by Steaming and Washing Processes)
No full textBamboo has good prospects for composite raw materials such as for Oriented Strand Board (OSB) product. Previous research has shown that steam and rinsing with water and 1% NaOH solution treatments of strand improved the properties of OSB, which might be caused by changing in the chemical components content of bamboo. This study aimed to determine the chemical components content change of sembilang bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro), black bamboo (Gigantochloa nigrocillata Kurz.), and tali bamboo (G. apus (Bl.ex Schult.f.)) due to steam and rinsing treatment. The chemical components of bamboo were analyzed referring to the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry standards (TAPPI). The results showed that the most significant changes in the chemical components content of bamboo occured for holocellulose, hemicellulose, extractive contents, and pH values. The decreasing of hemicellulose, extractive contents, and increasing pH values due to the steam and 1% NaOH rinsing treatment may improve the adhesion quality of OSB
Aktivitas Antibakteri Resin Pinus terhadap Staphylococcus aureus (Antimicrobial Activities of Pines Resin against Staphylococcus aureus)
No full textPrevious research showed that n-hexane extract of Pinus oocarpa resin was the most potential extract among extracts of Pinus resin from Indonesia as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study were to separate the active antibacterial component of n-hexane P. oocarpa resin extract and characterize the functional groups of its most active fractions. The component were separated by silica gel column chromatography and detected by antibacterial bioautography method. Fraction F1 is the most active from 11 fractions. Furthermore, F1 separated further by preparative thin layer chromatography and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Three fractions (F1.1.1-F1.1.3) retrieved from the separation by sephadex LH-20 column. Furthermore F1.1.2 had the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 125 and 250 µg ml-1 respectively against S. aureus by microdilution method. Characterization of fraction F1.1.2 using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer shows that this fraction allegedly containing diterpenoid compounds
Karakteristik Perubahan Warna dan Kekerasan Kayu Termodifikasi Panas pada Berbagai Suhu dan Jenis Kayu (Color Changes and Hardness Properties of Thermally Modified Wood at Various Temperatures and Wood Species)
No full textThermally modified wood by heat treatment are conducted to improve wood quality through high temperature application dealing with to increase dimensional stability and biological durability. However, this treatment can decrease others properties such as mechanical properties and color changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color changes as well as hardness properties which undergone heat treatment. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), and mangium (Acacia mangium) wood species were heat treated at temperature 120, 150, and 180 °C for duration 2 and 6 h. Pretreatments were carried through natural drying and kiln dryer at low temperature 40 °C. The result showed that the temperature and duration of heat treatment were effected on color changes to become darken mainly in jabon and mangium wood. Heat treatment at three temperature which subjected to the samples was not influenced significantly on hardness properties. Pretreatment maintained the moisture content stability but not influenced on wood properties tested
Fortifikasi Perekat Lateks Karet Alam-Stirena dengan Isosianat: Karakteristik dan Aplikasinya pada Kayu Lapis (Fortification of Natural Rubber Lateks-Styrene with Isocyanate: Characteristics and its Application for Plywood Adhesive)
No full textThis study was to evaluate the blending composition effects of natural rubber lateks-styrena (NRL-St)/isocyanate adhesive on their properties and sengon plywood quality. The blending mixture consists of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 0/100. Physico-chemical properties of these adhesives in therms of solid content (gravimetric method), pH (pH indicator paper), viscosity (Viscometer Brookfield), and contact angle (Motic software) were characterized. The bond strength (SNI 01-2704-1992) and formaldehyde emission (WKI bottle method) of plywood were also determined. Isocyanate fortification increased the solid content and viscosity of adhesive mixture, while pH was vice versa. The contact angle of adhesive mixture was about 450.Isocyanate fortification onto NRL-St improved plywood bond strength and significant improvement was happened on the composition of 80/20. Plywood hot pressing for 5 minutes increased the bond strength until isocyanate fortification 20%, while 10 minutes hot pressing also improved the bond strength on all of the composition adhesive. Only adhesive mixture of 70/30 that gave the lowest formaldehyde emission and fulfiled E1 standard (<0.1 ppm). Generally,the increasing of hot pressing time tended to decrease formaldehyde emmision of plywood. Bond strength of plywood fulfill SNI standard and E1 standard was isocyanate fortification of 30%