eJournal MAPEKI (Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia)
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Accelerated Weathering Performances of Furfurylated and Acetylated Bamboo Sheets
No full textBamboo material is a potential wood substitute given that its physical and mechanical properties are comparable with those of wood. As lignocellulose material, bamboo is also degraded for use outdoor. Two significant chemical modification for wood which may work for bamboo material are acetylation and furfurylation. This paper evaluates the weathering performance of furfurylated and acetylated bamboo sheets. Parameters studied include colour changes and contact angle after accelerated weathering process at QUV chamber. The result shows that the total colour differences ( E*) of furfurylation is higher than non-modified strips, while colour differences of acetylated bamboo strips are less than nonmodified strips. To summarize, chemically modified Sheets turn grey after weathering. Slowing of lignin photo-degradation by acetylation is attributed to the acetyl groups, which limits the degradation of lignin. Treating bamboo sheets with acetic anhydride and furfuryl alcohol was found to be effective in protecting bamboo from absorbing water during weather exposure
Correlation of the Areal Number Density of Vascular Bundles with the Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
No full textCurrently most of oil palm trunks in Thailand are left on the field to rot or are burnt in the field, not utilized as lumber. To promote such value-added uses, the objective of this study was to characterize the levels and variation within oil palm trunks of their key mechanical properties. In addition, the vascular bundle population was assessed, because this structural characteristic affected density and mechanical properties. The key ones being here were modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and hardness. The 25 years old oil palm trunks were selected from a palm plantation in Surat Thani Province, in southern Thailand. The trees were cut down at 500 mm above ground, cut into dices, then sawn into small pieces in radial direction. Vascular bundle populations and basic densities were determined. Oil palm lumber was sawn from the logs between wood dices, and their mechanical properties were determined. The results indicated that the vascular bundle population density gradually decreased towards the central axis of trunks, and the population density positively correlated with basic density and mechanical properties. This was because the main component of a vascular bundle has fibers with thick cell walls. The data obtained may help select or create products that match the properties of oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), or contributed to the sorting of wood raw material based on, for example, machine vision
Wood Properties of 5-year-old Fast Grown Teak
No full textJati Unggul Nusantara (JUN) is one of fast growing plantation teak that has been widely cultivated in Indonesia. This teak has been developed to be harvested after 5 years when its diameter reaches 25-32 cm (diameter at breast high). The diameter of JUN is usually three times larger than the conventional plantation teak (teak cultivated from seed) at the same age, and the same as 30-40 year-old mature teak. Preliminary research was conducted to determine anatomical and selected physical properties of 5-year-old JUN teak, as well as its suitability for furniture production. The results revealed that wood color, texture, and grain pattern of JUN were slightly different from the mature conventional teak. The length of fiber cells was similar as in the mature teak. There were differences in ultramicroscopic structure of JUN: the mean micro fibril angle was narrower, and the crystallites degree was larger. Shrinkage values from green to 12% moisture content were: 0.70 (radial-R) and 1.62 (tangential-T), and from green to oven dry were 1.59 (R) and 3.29 (T). T/R ratio was 2.34. Specific gravity in air dry condition was 0.52. Based on the research results it appears that 5-year-old JUN may be suitable for the production of medium quality furniture products. More research is required to investigate and enhance the properties of JUN for high quality products
Furfuryl Alcohol Treatment of Bamboo Betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K. Heyne) Strips
No full textBased upon successful chemical modification of wood, bamboo strips were subjected to furfurylation treatment. Furfurylation in the mean of impregnating furfuryl alcohol to the bamboo and then heated at 100°C for 24 hours to produce solid polymeric resin. The success of furfurylation is assessed by uptake and the weight percentage gain of furfurylated bamboo strips. However, the treatability of dry bamboo strip is relatively poor. This paper studies the furfurylation process of bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K.Heyne) strips by soaking, vacuuming and the combinations thereof. Results showed that soaking bamboo strips for two days after vacuum treatment achieved optimum uptake of furfuryl alcohol solutions and gave rise to an 80% weight gain. Catalyst addition during furfurylation did not increase the weight percent gain. Water was an active solvent carrier for achieving higher weight gain
The Opportunities and Challenges of Jati Plus Perhutani
No full textThe teak breeding program has long been conducted by Perum Perhutani and produced superior teak and was named Teak Plus of Perhutani - Jati Plus Perhutani (JPP). With good silviculture practices, JPP-teak of 9 year-old can produce no less than 100 m³/ha, with ± 60 cm of tree circumstance. The high demand for teak wood is an opportunity to develop JPP-teak with fast growing character. Research shows that the quality of JPP wood of 5 and 10 years of age can be classified into Strength Class III. Although the quality of JPP-teak is not equal as the teak gets older, it can be improved through several methods, such as densification, thermal modification, etc. Durability of fast growing JPP-teak can be enhanced by additional treatment with natural or chemical material preservation. Wood color modification can be done through heat treatment method. The color change of JPP-teak of 5 years of age that looked more brownies with variation in value of color change (ΔE*) of 1.04 to 48.53. Modification technology influenced the properties of teak wood and it is an opportunity of JPP to gain added value as a renewable forest resource product. With teak forest area covering 1.7 million hectares, Perum Perhutani has challenges in developing JPP-teak with more added value
Resisting Timber Joint Performance of Karo Wooden Building
No full textBatak Karo is one of the ethnic group that exists in North Sumatra. Wooden house of Batak Karo called with Siwaluh Jabu. This wooden house has a structure system of pillars on top of stone foundations. This type of foundation is able to improve the performance of the overall structure due to lateral style caused by the earthquake. This research was conducted to know the behaviour of the structure of a wooden Batak Karo home especially the restoration of wooden style joints by comparing the results of a laboratory test, numerical analysis and analysis with SAP2000. Experimental testing in the lab do the test objects as much as 3 pieces. Testing by giving a cyclic load with a capacity of 10 tons in each of the test object to damaged object. Then conduct an evaluation the behavior of the structure consist of failure modes and moment-rotational angle relationship. After the experimental test was completed, the analysis continued with validate test results with laboratory of numerical analysis. Then conducted an analysis of the power structure by using SAP2000 program to know the power of elements against the maximum tension. The analysis conducted on the overall structure of the system and the structure of mast above the foundation stone. The program was conducted with input data: the work load, etc. As the output from these programs is the element force, etc. The final results of this program are the weaknesses and advantages of structural system observed from wooden Batak Karo
Wood Anatomy and Fibre Quality of the Least Known Timbers Belong to Actinidiaceae from Indonesia
No full textWood anatomy of 417 genera and 86 families belong to the major, minor, and the lesser known timbers of South- East Asia have been studied and described in 3 volumes of PROSEA books. This paper deals with timber species of the least known timbers, which have not been treated in the above mentioned PROSEA books, i.e.: Saurauia bracteosa, S. capitulata., and S. nudiflora from family Actinidiaceae. The objective of this study was to acquire descriptions of their anatomical features and evaluate the quality of their fibres for pulp and paper manufacture. Samples were provided by Xylarium Bogoriense, which were collected from various forest areas in Indonesia. Microscopic features observed comprise all features those listed by IAWA Committee in 1989. Fibre quality was determined based on their dimension and evaluated according to quality classification developed by FPRDC Bogor. The results indicate that identification of timber up to genera level is possible. Fibres of Saurauia spp. fall into quality class I, which means good for pulp and paper. The descriptions of anatomical features were presented. Sauraria have bright color, light yellow to light brown, fine texture, light, smooth to rather rough surface, and make it suitable to substitute ramin (Gonystylus spp.
Sifat Anti Jamur dari Ekstrak Biji Pinang (Areca cathecu) dan Daun Saga (Abrus precatorius)
No full textThis research purposed to define effect of Pinang (Areca cathecu) seed and Saga (Abrus precatorius) leaf extract against wood decay fungi (Trametes versicolor and Fomitopsis palustris). To obtain active compounds, saga leaf and seed of pinang were extracted with methanol and evaporated by vacuum evaporator. To conduct antifungal test, PDA medium that had been mixed with crude extract of pinang or saga by comparison of 1:1 (w/v) was used. The examination fungal growth was based on its radius colony was conducted for 8 days. Saga leaf extract has higher antifungal activity against T. versicolor and F. palustris than pinang seed extract. Inhibition percentage of fungal growth by saga leaf extract achieved 100%. Based on this research, pinang and saga could be recommended forfurther research as one of biological controlagent
Optimasi Aktivasi Arang Aktif dari Arang Hidro Tempurung Buah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Metodologi Permukaan Respon (Optimization of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Shell Hydrochar Using Response Surface Methodology)
Get PDFIn this study, activated carbon was prepared using hydrochar derived from oil palm shell through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and activated by 5% kalium hydroxide (KOH). The activation process was carried out using a temperature of 700 °C - 800 °C, with activation time of 60-120 minutes. The parameters of the activation process were optimised by response surface methodology (RSM). The central composite design (CCD) is used to determine the effect of activation temperature and activation time on some responses i.e. proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, methylene blue number, iodine number, electrical conductivity, yield percentage, and some gas pollutants adsorption. The results showed that almost all of activated charcoal met the technical standard of activated charcoal of SNI 06-3730-1995 for moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, iodine number, and methylene blue number. The optimum conditions for the activation process involving the response observed were at 787.85 °C for 116.52 minute
Reduction of Formaldehyde Emission from Phenol Formaldehyde Treated Oil Palm Wood through Improvement of Resin Curing State
No full textOil palm wood (OPW) has several imperfections, and impregnation with low molecular- weight phenol formaldehyde resin through a modified compreg method can practically enhance these properties. The treated OPW, however, releases a considerable amount of free formaldehyde and thus is unhealthy for the human being. To make it applicable for indoor material, formaldehyde emission (FE) should be lowered to 0.1 ppm or lower. The FE level of the treated OPW was reduced from 0.3 to 0.1 ppm or lower by improving the resin curing state through two approaches, i.e. modifying the hot pressing compression schedule during the process and adopting an extended drying after the process. It is acknowledged that the extended drying gave more effect on the FE reduction than that of modifying hot-pressing schedule. The combination pressing schedule of 12.5%®25%®50% and extended drying of 48 h emits the lowest, safe formaldehyde of 0.08-0.10 ppm, which is considered safe according to American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard. The improving resin curing state through modifying the hot pressing schedule and adopting extended drying could be used as a practical way to reduce the FE level of the treated OPW to a safe level suitable for various furniture and indoor applications