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Indication of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiovascular Complications
Full text linkIntroduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the prominent causes of mortality in cases of chronic Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and necessitates improving risk categorization. There are few available biomarkers that can assess preceding or current glycemic and cardiac status, but not prognosis. Serum homocysteine (Hcy) has been indicated and reported to be a likely biomarker that can detect cardiovascular complication in patients with T2DM. Methodology Present study details the comparative analysis of several biochemical and metabolic biomarkers including Hcy in T2DM patients with and without CVD complications. A total of eighty patients, n = 40 each in T2DM with CVD and T2DM without CVD, were included in the study. Patient’s preparation, blood sample collection and analyses of all biochemical, metabolic markers including Hcy were performed as per standard protocols. One way ANOVA was used for independent measures including Tukey HSD with level of significance at P< 0.05. Results Indication of hyperhomocysteinemia, was significantly apparent in patients with T2DM who have CVD, as compared to those with T2DM without CVD. All other biochemical and metabolic parameters manifested marked significant (P< 0.00001) elevations, which was more perceptible in T2DM CVD as compared to T2DM non CVD. Clinical relevance of high Hcy in blood in patients with T2DM CVD thus suggested being prominent risk factor for proceeding renal and cardiac complications
Impact of Different Pruning Dates on The Growth And Fruit Yield of Falsa (Grevia asiatica L)
Full text linkIntroduction: There are many factors that have an effect on the quality and production of Falsa. Among those, pruning is taken into consideration a major issue answerable for production. Methods: The experiment was carried out on the Wayaro farm Uthal during the 2019–2020 growing season to examine the impact of various pruning dates on the yield and quality of Falsa (Grevia asiatica L).c.v Mera. Four treatments were included T1 (100 percent pruning the 15th of October, T2 (2nd pruning the 30th of October), T3 (3rd pruning the 15th of November) and T4 (30th of November) with four replications of the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results: The results showed that T4 has a significant impact on the pre- and post-harvest parameters in Falsa, including days to sprout (9.45 days), days to flower (21.65 days), days to fruit setting (12.37 days), and yield of fruit plant (16.12 kg), while T1 has a minimal impact on these parameters (13.85 days), days to flower (33.51 days), days to fruit setting (14.19 days), and yield of fruit (12.78 kg). When compared to T1, T2 and T3 improved yield/plant and decreased days to blooming and days to sprout, but they were not significantly different from one another. Conclusion: The current study's conclusion is that orchard pruning management is extremely important for tree development and yield. Overall findings indicated that time of pruning is the most crucial aspect for Falsa plant development and optimal fruit yiel
Effectiveness Of Double J Stent With Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy: An Analysis Of Stone-Free Rates
Full text linkIntroduction: Preservation of renal function and integrity is of profound importance and therefore renders stent-related symptoms a secondary concern. The usage of DJ stent is known for decades to support stone removal, this study aims to assess the effect of DJ stent after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stone removal and DJ stent-related complications in adult patients. Methods: This is a prospective, comparative study, Patients were selected after being diagnosed with established radiological evidence of a single radio-opaque stone ≤ 2 cm. The presence of the visible radio-opaque shadow post-procedure indicated residual stones and negative results. Primary follow-up was recommended after 2 weeks post-procedure and participants were inquired about all the anticipated complications, data was entered on SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. The chi-square test was applied to assess the significance and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was deemed significant for our results. Results: The sample size of the study was 150, sorted equally into two separated groups categorized by presence and absence of DJ stent after ESWL, stone size was almost similar to avoid any confounding factor with the mean value of 1.24 ± 0.2 in group A and 1.6 ± 0.1 in group B, with a p-value of 0.05. Hematuria was categorized within mild 6(4%) & 7(4.6%), moderate 6(4%) & 5(3.3%) while gross hematuria was reported in 1(0.6%) & 2(1.3%) in group A and B respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that using a DJ stent with ESWL does not help in the stone passage or improve stone-free rates of stone removal after breaking the calculi with shockwave lithotripsy
Short Term Effect of Lipid-Based Nutritional Supplement on Caloric Intake, Appetite, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Moderately Malnourished Children
Full text linkBackground: Malnutrition is a major health problem specially effecting children under the age of 5 years. Malnutrition has serious outcomes such as suppressed immune system, delayed and stunted growth, slow wound healing etc. Objective: To look into the impact of a lipid-based nutritional supplement on caloric intake, appetite, glucose and insulin levels of school going children of age 5-10years. Methods: In this single blind randomized controlled trial, 38 children with BMI (Z score between-2 and -3SDS) were randomly allocated to Lipid based nutritional supplements & Placebo groups. They were given supplements (535kcal) /Placebo (92kcal). They were served ad libitum buffet meals (breakfast and lunch). The appetite responses were measured by marking the Likert scale questionnaire at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes. The total caloric intake was calculated for the ad libitum buffet breakfast and lunch. The insulin and glucose levels were measured using COBAS C3 analyzer. Result: On the trial day, there was no significant difference in total caloric intake between lipid based nutritional supplements LNS (766.3272.4) kcal and Placebo (806311.5) kcal. Appetite was measured using a Likert scale, but no significant differences were found between the two groups. There was also no significant difference between glucose in the LNS vs. PLACEBO, i.e. (929.13 vs.97.111.7) mg/dL and insulin (1.6±0.97 vs. 2.09±1.15) µU/mL in both the groups. Conclusion: In mildly underweight children the Lipid based nutritional supplements reduces the caloric intake from the regular habitual diet, which extends to the lunch time. This suppression of caloric intake might be related to the changes in appetite
Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome In Females of Gujranwala Division And Its Associated Risk Factors
Full text linkIntroduction: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by cyclic reoccurrence of distressing somatic and psychological manifestations, during luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Present research work aims to investigate prevalence of PMS in females of Gujranwala division Pakistan and to explore various risk factors associated with this syndrome. Methods: The study included self-administered questionnaire, for diagnosis of PMS and PMDD. Participants were analysed for socio-demographic characteristics and menstrual history, serum cholesterol and haemoglobin levels of patients and control were measured. Results: In the present study, 56% females were screened positive for PMS while Prevalence PMDD was 18%. Most common physical symptoms of PMS were abdominal bloating (63.2%), muscle pain (71.73%), lack of energy (85.85%) and appetite change (79.15%) whereas major distressing psychological were Irritability (82.32%), anger (74.55%), depression (49%) and anxiety (63.2%). Prevalence of PMS was 22.6% in underweight, 50.1% in participants having normal weight, 15.5% in overweight individuals and 11.6% in obese. Anaemia (P = 0.00), fatigue (P = 0.00), dysmenorrhea (P = 0.00), family history of PMS (P = 0.00) and residential area (P = 0.047) were major risk factors for development of different symptoms of PMS. Conclusion: Statistically significant association was not confirmed between PMS, obesity and blood cholesterol level. PMS is a common menstrual disorder among reproductive females of Gujranwala division, Pakistan. Findings of the study revealed that anemic females were at risk to develop PMS symptoms
Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Different Clinical Isolates in Savar Area, Bangladesh
Full text linkIntroduction: The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms, which pose a grave threat, has made choosing antibiotics to treat bacterial infections incredibly challenging. The prescription antibiotics have to consistently be effective against the identified related infections. Thus the research team wanted to find the antibiotic sensitivity profiles and pathogenic bacterial isolates in various patient specimens. Methods: The collection of 403 clinical samples of throat swabs, sputum, blood, stool, and urine from people of both genders and various ages was performed aseptically. Identification was carried out by microscopic, cultural, biochemical, and serological analysis. Finally, the disk diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer was employed to determine antibiotic responsiveness profiling. Results: A total of 93 samples (23.08%) were identified as positive isolates comprising 28.74% (25/87) of urine culture, followed by 24.32% (27/111) of blood, 23.08% (15/65) of stool, 20% (07/35) of throat swabs, and 18.1% (19/105) of sputum culture. Gram-negative bacteria 81(87.1%) showed more prevalence than Gram-positive bacteria 12 (12.90%). The most frequently identified isolates were Klebsiella spp. (24%), Salmonella spp. (23%), E. coli (17%), Pseudomonas spp. (5%), and Enterococcus spp. (3%). The infections showed more prevalence within the age group of 16-46 years (60.2%) and among males (48%) than females (46%). Conclusions: It was found that E. coli was the most abundant bacteria isolated from urine, Klebsiella spp. was the most abundant bacteria isolated from sputum and throat swabs, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli was the most abundant bacteria isolated from stool. Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, and Levofloxacin were considerably effective antibiotics, whereas Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Mecillinam, and Meropenem were least effective
Role of Serum Lipid and Apolipoprotein Ratios in Prediction of Diabetic Retinopathy
Full text linkAims: The objective of the study was to determine clinical utility of different ratios of serum lipid and apolipoprotein as predictive markers for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methodology: In this case control study, study participants were divided in to four groups, normal controls, diabetic controls, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Staging was done based on fundoscopy by an ophthalmologist. A fasting venous blood was assayed for Lipid profile, levels of ApoA1 and ApoB and different combination of ratios for these tests were used to assess association with DR. Results: Independently, only ApoB levels proved to be predictive of DR, but being non-specific to DR it cannot be used as independent marker. Amongst various ratios, only ratios of apolipoproteins were significantly associated with DR. Conclusion: ApoB/ApoA1 ratio is the most suited ratio for screening of DR
Prevalence Of Blood Groups And Association With Ailments In Pakistani Population: A Review of The Current Literature
Full text linkThe aim of this review is to report studies performed in Pakistan on the prevalence of blood groups among various sections of the population and their association with human diseases. Google Scholar was searched for the last 20 years based on MESH keywords mentioned below. The inclusion criteria were the studies published in the new millennium that reported either prevalence of blood groups or their association with diseases in the Pakistani population.
There were 50 studies in Pakistan which fulfill the inclusion criteria. Among them, twenty- six were from Punjab, seven were from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KpK), six from Sindh, four from Kashmir, two from Northern areas, one from Baluchistan and 4 are review articles. This review concludes that blood group B is prevalent among Pakistani population followed by O, A and AB. Studies done in Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit- Baltistan reveal that B and A is prevalent in these areas respectively. AB is the least found group and Rh+ve is common among all studies. Moreover, this review also shows that blood groups act as a risk factor for many diseases. Therefore, Pakistani researchers are suggested to work on the genetic makeup of these blood groups to find out the cause of association with systemic ailments in the country
Gender-Based Variation in The Academic Performance of Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Full text linkObjective: To determine the gender-based variation in the academic performance of medical students. Methodology: This cross-sectional was carried out from January to February 2023. The students were taught two Physiology and two anatomy lectures, then after a month, the theory BCQs test of a total of 150 marks and viva-voce and OSPE of 150 marks (Total 300 marks) from the same taught topics, was conducted. The gender-based difference in the grade of students was tested using the Chi-Square test. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Results: Among (n=290) students, 117(40.34%) were male students while 173(56.66%) were the female students. Among the 117 male students, the mean±sd of total marks was 164.8 ±38.67 out of a total of 300 marks, while among the 173 female students, the mean±sd of total marks was 181.50±30.90 out of a total of 300 marks. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to this study's findings, there was notable gender discrepancies among undergraduates and female students performed much better academically than male students, as indicated by the cumulative grade point average they earned at the university. There was a statistically significant difference in the score of students based on gender (p<0.01)
The Phenotypic Polymorphism of Saliva From Dental Caries Patients
Full text linkIntroduction: The tooth decay or dental caries is a disease that results in imbalance in mineralization process of the tooth, cavitation and sensitivity as well as pulp infection that leading to inflammation and eventually tooth loose. Saliva which is in direct contact with the dentine, can serve as a medium for analysis of components or factors that show the difference in normal healthy and disease conditions. Methodology: Here, a biochemical analysis of individual saliva samples from healthy control and caries patients were carried out to see the differences in protein profiles. The unstimulated saliva samples were analyzed through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D gel), zymography and secretary IgA (sIgA) antibody ELISA procedure. Results: Differences were observed in individual samples not only in polymorphic band pattern on SDS-PAGE gels but also in activity of proteases in the saliva and the concentration of sIgA antibody. Conclusion: These were the initial results obtained from the study that was further optimized and evaluated with accuracy and reported elsewhere with statistical figures