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Pedagogy of Discomfort, multicultural and anti-racism education
No full textCurs 2022-2023The "Pedagogy of Discomfort" has gained importance in today's educational
environment, especially in Catalonia's high schools, where an increasing number of
students from various racial, religious, and cultural origins join each year. Working
together between educators and students is crucial to ensure that everyone's voice is
heard justly, both in the classroom and in society. In the framework of anti-racial and
multicultural teaching in high school settings, this essay tried to examine the potential
and restrictions of the Pedagogy of Discomfort and Empathy. The focus of this study was
to provide a platform for students who have seldom had the opportunity to discuss
specific topics concerning religious display or sexual identity, among others. The
research was conducted in a first-year compulsory high school class involving a focus
group of twenty students with diverse cultural backgrounds. The methodology employed
included participant observation, wherein the researcher actively observed and engaged
with the students, as well as a questionnaire designed to evaluate the students'
emotions, feelings, and perceptions of the sessions and activities conducted in the
classroom. The results of the study indicated that the activities stimulated critical thinking
and prompted the students to re-evaluate their beliefs and biases. Furthermore, the
findings revealed that the students experienced various emotions throughout the
sessions, including empathy, sadness, and uneasiness. Also, it has been observed that
the need to create training on such methodology for teachers.
Key words: Pedagogy of Discomfort, Multicultural and anti-racist pedagogy, empathy,
emotions, critical thinkingLa "Pedagogia del Malestar" ha guanyat importància en l'entorn educatiu actual,
especialment als instituts de Catalunya, on cada any s'incorporen un nombre creixent
d'alumnes de diferents orígens racials, religiosos i culturals. El treball conjunt entre
educadors i alumnes és fonamental per garantir que la veu de tothom sigui
escoltada degudament, tant a l'aula com a la societat. En el marc de l'ensenyament
antiracial i multicultural en entorns de secundària, aquest assaig intenta examinar el
potencial i les restriccions de la Pedagogia del malestar i l'empatia. L'objectiu d'aquest
estudi és proporcionar una plataforma per als estudiants que poques vegades han tingut
l'oportunitat de debatre temes específics relacionats amb la manifestació religiosa o la
identitat sexual, entre d'altres. La investigació s'ha dut a terme en una classe de primer
de batxillerat obligatòria, en la qual han participat un grup focal de vint estudiants amb
procedències culturals diverses. La metodologia emprada incloïa l'observació dels participants, on l'investigador observava activament i es relacionava amb els estudiants,
així com un qüestionari dissenyat per avaluar les emocions, els sentiments i la percepció
dels alumnes de les sessions i activitats realitzades a l'aula. Els resultats de
l'estudi indiquen que les activitats van estimular el pensament crític i van impulsar els
estudiants a reavaluar les seves creences i biaixos. A més, les troballes van revelar que
els estudiants van experimentar diverses emocions al llarg de les sessions, incloent
empatia, tristesa i malestar. Així mateix, s'ha observat la necessitat de crear formació
sobre aquesta metodologia per al professorat.
Paraules clau: pedagogia del malestar, pedagogia multicultural i antiracista, empatia,
emocions, pensament críticSupervisor: Laura Navarro Lar
Medication Assessment in an Older Population during Acute Care Hospitalization and Its Effect on the Anticholinergic Burden: A Prospective Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Anticholinergic and sedative drugs (ASDs) contribute to negative health outcomes, especially in the frail population. In this study, we aimed to assess whether frailty increases with anticholinergic burden and to evaluate the effects of medication reviews (MRs) on ASD regimens among patients attending an acute care for the elderly (ACE) unit. (2) Methods: A cohort study was conducted between June 2019 and October 2020 with 150 consecutive patients admitted to our ACE unit. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data were assessed. Frailty score was determined using the Frail-VIG index (FI-VIG), and ASD burden was quantified using the drug burden index (DBI). In addition, the MR was performed using the patient-centered prescription (PCP) model. We used a paired T-test to compare the DBI pre- and post-MR and univariate and multivariate regression to identify the factors associated with frailty. (3) Results: Overall, 85.6% (n = 128) of participants showed some degree of frailty (FI-VIG > 0.20) and 84% (n = 126) of patients received treatment with ASDs upon admission (pre-MR). As the degree of frailty increased, so did the DBI (p < 0.001). After the implementation of the MR through the application of the PCP model, a reduction in the DBI was noted (1.06 ± 0.8 versus 0.95 ± 0.7) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, the association between frailty and the DBI was apparent (OR: 11.42, 95% (CI: 2.77–47.15)). (4) Conclusions: A higher DBI was positively associated with frailty. The DBI decreased significantly in frail patients after a personalized MR. Thus, MRs focusing on ASDs are crucial for frail older patients
Cómo es el trabajo del niño durante el ciclo del trabajo en un ambiente Montessori, considerando los periodos sensitivos propios de la edad de Casa de Niños
No full textCurs 2022-2023Resumen Abstract
Hace poco más de 100 años María Montessori
propuso su teoría pedagógica que tenía como principal
propósito darle al niño las herramientas necesarias
para que se desarrolle de manera integral. A través de
sus observaciones pudo identificar que todos los niños
pasaban por periodos en donde los niños mostraban un
mayor interés hacía ciertas cosas y los llamó “periodos
sensitivos”. Estas características le permitían al niño
tener una mayor facilidad para adquirir ciertas
habilidades y conocimientos.
Este estudio de caso cualitativo se basa en la
observación de dos ambientes Montessori de Casa de
Niños, uno ubicado en España y el otro en México, para
describir y analizar el trabajo del niño durante el ciclo del
trabajo como proceso de aprendizaje e internación,
considerando los periodos sensitivos propios de la edad.
Este estudio puede ser útil para cualquier
profesional interesado en el campo de la educación
infantil que busque comprender la autoconstrucción del
niño mediante su trabajo, considerando los periodos
sensitivos y el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Palabras clave. Montessori, periodos sensitivos, ciclo del trabajo, Casa de
Niños, aprendizaje social, motivación intrínseca,
desarrollo cognitivo, cuatro planos de desarrollo,
desarrollo infantil, ambienteJust over 100 years ago, Maria Montessori proposed
her pedagogical theory for the main purpose of giving the
child the necessary tools to develop comprehensively.
Through her observations, she was able to identify that all
children went through periods in which they showed a
greater interest towards certain things, which she called
"sensitive periods". These characteristics allowed the child
to have greater ease in acquiring certain skills and
knowledge.
This qualitative case study is based on the observation
of two Montessori environments for Casa de Niños, one
located in Spain and the other in Mexico, to describe and
analyze children's work during the work cycle as a process
of learning and integration, considering the sensitive
periods specific to their age.
This study may be useful for any professional
interested in the field of early childhood education seeking
to understand the self-construction of the child through
their work, considering sensitive periods and the teachinglearning
process.
Keywords. Montessori, sensitive periods, work cycle, Casa de
Niños, social learning, intrinsic motivation, cognitive
development, four planes of development, child
development, environmen
Machine learning-based gene expression signature for classification of endocrine therapy sensitivity in ER+ breast cancer patients
No full textCurs 2022-2023Abstract: Endocrine therapy (ET) combined with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) is the
standard treatment for metastatic estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, not all patients require
this combination therapy upfront, and identifying those who would respond well to ET alone could save
healthcare costs, reserving the CDK4/6i combination for ET-resistant patients, and delay the eventual need for
chemotherapy. In this study, we integrated two independent bulk RNA sequencing datasets, one inhouse generated
and one publicly available, and used differential expression analysis (DEA) followed by LASSO selection
to identify potential biomarkers associated with estrogen response. In this study, different machine learning techniques
were employed to create predictive gene signatures, and comparisons were made based on performance.
Through external validation with diverse datasets, we established a neural network-based 27-gene signature capable
of classifying ET-sensitive patients with F-scores of up to 0.75. While validation presented challenges, our
model offers promise for personalized clinical decision-making, provided more suitable validation data can be
obtained.Academic tutor: Malu Calle Rosingan
Transcriptomic analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers
No full textCurs 2022-2023Most frequently mutations that lead to the development of breast and ovarian cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. Blood samples from BRCA1, BRCA2 and non-mutation carriers were extracted for both healthy and cancer-affected individuals. These samples underwent lymphocyte stimulation and they were analyzed by using novel bioinformatic tools to gain insight into the transcriptome and to revel different traits between each of the phenotypes. A complex transcriptomic analysis was performed, including and assessing the strategies undertaken in all the necessary steps, quality control, annotation, deconvolution, filtering, variable selection, differential expression and gene set enrichment analysis. Final results suggest that cell cycle and DNA replication pathways were positively overexpressed in BRCA1 and BRCA2 healthy samples, as well as and in BRCA1 affected. In contrast, negative pathways shared a similar pattern in all the studied groups
Detección de neumonía utilitzando modelos de deep learning en radiografías
No full textCurs 2022-2023La neumonía es una enfermedad infecciosa provocando inflamación a uno o ambos pulmones, siendo la causa general más común de muerte en los países con servicios médicos insuficientes. También es una de las principales causas de muerte entre niños y ancianos. Por lo que resulta necesario su diagnóstico precoz. El diagnóstico suele realizarse mediante las radiografías de rayos x de los pulmones, en la que las redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) gracias a su capacidad de reconocimiento de imágenes, puede resultar una herramienta complementaria muy útil para su detección. Proponer modelos de aprendizaje profundo eficientes y el estudio de las CNN para detectar y clasificar la neumonía es el objetivo principal de este trabajo. En este documento se desarrollan cinco modelos para la detección de neumonía a partir de imágenes de rayos x; dos modelos propuestos entrenados desde cero (uno sin aumento de datos y otro con aumento de datos) y tres modelos previamente entrenados usando la transferencia de aprendizaje, VGG16, MobileNetV2 y ResNetV2. Los modelos se implementan y evalúan utilizando Python. Los dataset usados en el modelo fueron de dos tipos: uno para clasificación binaria (normal y neumonía) y otro para clasificación multiclase (normal, neumonía bacteriana y neumonía viral). Como métricas de evaluación se uso el valor de la precisión y perdida obtenidos de cada entrenamiento, la matriz de confusión y el método Grad-CAM. Los resultados demuestran que el aumento de datos y la transferencia de aprendizaje mejoran la precisión, siendo el modelo que usa la CNN preentrenada de MobileNetV2 el que obtiene mejores resultados con un 88,46% en la precisión con imágenes de su propio dataset, siendo similar en este caso a los otros modelos, pero con un 92,54% de precisión en la evaluación con imágenes de otro dataset habiendo una diferencia significativa al resto de modelos en la clasificación binaria. Los modelos en la clasificación multiclase obtuvieron buenos resultados en la evaluación con su propio dataset, obteniendo cerca del 80% de precisión, mientras que, en la evaluación con otro dataset, el resultado más elevado fue de MobileNetV2 con 56,01%, por lo que se considera que, en este tipo de clasificación, los modelos no realizan una clasificación adecuada. Se determinó que los modelos en la evaluación de la clasificación binaria son adecuados para clasificar pacientes normales de pacientes con neumonía, por lo que el modelo podría ayudar a los profesionales de la salud en el diagnostico de neumonía. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos por diferentes investigadores, muestra que se puede obtener resultados más significativos por lo que a futuro se podría mejorar los modelos usando diferentes técnicas de aprendizaje profundo, una mayor cantidad de imágenes de radiografías y probar diferentes métricas dentro del modelo.Pneumonia is an infectious disease causing inflammation of one or both lungs, and is the most common overall cause of death in countries with insufficient medical services. It is also one of the leading causes of death among children and the elderly. Therefore, its early diagnosis is necessary. The diagnosis is usually made by x-rays of the lungs, in which convolutional neural networks (CNN) thanks to its image recognition capacity, can be a very useful complementary tool for its detection. Proposing efficient deep learning models and the study of CNNs to detect and classify pneumonia is the main objective of this work. In this document, five models are developed for the detection of pneumonia from x-ray images; two proposed models trained from scratch (one without data augmentation and one with data augmentation) and three models previously trained using transfer learning, VGG16, MobileNetV2, and ResNetV2. The models are implemented and evaluated using Python. The dataset used in the model were of two types: one for binary classification (normal and pneumonia) and another for multiclass classification (normal, bacterial pneumonia, and viral pneumonia). As evaluation metrics, the value of precision and loss accuracy obtained from each training, the confusion matrix and the Grad-CAM method were used. The results show that the increase in data and the transfer of learning improve precision, being the model that uses the MobileNetV2 pretrained CNN the one that obtains better results with 88.46% in precision with images of its own dataset, being similar in in this case to the other models, but with 92.54% accuracy in the evaluation with images from another dataset, with a significant difference to the rest of the models in the binary classification. The models in the multiclass classification obtained good results in the evaluation with their own dataset, obtaining close to 80% accuracy, while, in the evaluation with another dataset, the highest result was MobileNetV2 with 56.01%, therefore It is considered that, in this type of classification, the models do not carry out an adequate classification. It was determined that the models in the evaluation of the binary classification are adequate to classify normal patients from patients with pneumonia, so the model could help health professionals in the diagnosis of pneumonia. However, the results obtained by different researchers show that more significant results can be obtained, so that in the future the models could be improved using different deep learning techniques, a greater number of x-ray images and testing different metrics within the model
Innovative production of organic acids from meat industry organic brines
No full textCurs 2022-2023Durante la actividad de las industrias cárnicas se generan salmueras y aguas residuales con altos niveles de salinidad que pueden ser fuente de contaminación de los medios acuáticos si no se realiza una gestión apropiada de las mismas. Estas aguas residuales son tratadas in situ o por empresas gestoras de residuos subcontratadas por las empresas responsables, lo que supone una carga económica para dichas industrias. Se ha visto que la implantación de alternativas tecnológicas novedosas permite el correcto tratamiento de las aguas residuales y la obtención de productos de interés, como son los ácidos grasos volátiles, que pueden ser valorizados por las industrias cárnicas promoviendo a la bioeconomía circular. Por ello, en el presente Trabajo Fin de Grado se estudiado y optimizado la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGVs) mediante fermentación anaerobia de diferentes salmueras procedentes de la industria cárnica para que, posteriormente, puedan ser recuperados mediante la aplicación de un sistema de electrodiálisis. Los resultados observados sugieren que la salmuera con mejores resultados para la producción de AGVs y su posterior recuperación aplicando dicho novedoso tratamiento, es la procedente de la limpieza y el lavado de las tripas (Foso). En este sentido, durante la experimentación se han observado porcentajes de acidificación de la materia orgánica contenida en esta salmuera de hasta el 92% durante la fermentación anaerobia en ensayos batch de 7 días; y se ha logrado recuperar un 90% de los AGVs y disminuir la conductividad en el permeado del sistema de electrodiálisis. Palabras clave: Ácidos Grasos Volátiles, Aguas residuales industriales, Electrodiálisis, Fermentación anaerobia.During the activity of the meat industries, brine and wastewater with high levels of salinity are generated, which can be a source of contamination of aquatic environments if they are not properly managed. This wastewater is treated in situ or by waste management companies subcontracted by the responsible companies, which represents an economic burden for these industries. It has been shown that the implementation of innovative technological alternatives allows the correct treatment of wastewater and the obtaining of products of interest, such as volatile fatty acids, which can be valorised by the meat industries, promoting the circular bioeconomy. Therefore, in this Final Degree Project we studied and optimised the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by anaerobic fermentation of different brines from the meat industry so that they can subsequently be recovered through the application of an electrodialysis system. The results observed suggest that the brine with the best results for the production of VFAs and their subsequent recovery by applying this novel treatment is the brine from the cleaning and washing of casings (pit). In this sense, during the experimentation, percentages of acidification of the organic matter contained in this brine of up to 92% have been observed during anaerobic fermentation in 7-day batch trials; and 90% of the VFAs have been recovered and decrease conductivity in the permeate of the electrodialysis system. Keywords: Anaerobic Fermentation, Electrodialysis, Industry wastewater, Volatile Fatty Acids
Pla de màrqueting König
No full textCurs 2022-2023El següent Pla de Màrqueting està dissenyat pel König, una empresa familiar, d'origen gironí, que va obrir el seu primer local al centre de Girona el febrer de 1973. Als seus inicis es tractava d'un establiment tipus Frankfurt. Actualment, però, ja compta amb vuit restaurants a la província de Girona, dos al centre de Barcelona, un restaurant a Vic i finalment un nou establiment a Blanes.
Aquest negoci, de primeres, no té cap problema, és un restaurant que les persones que el porten tenen les idees molt clares, saben el que volen i saben que podrien créixer més, però no els interessa, ja que el seu objectiu principal és donar un servei excel·lent al públic, que les persones que hi vagin no se sentin abordats per publicitat ni per la gent, el seu objectiu és que els clients se sentin còmodes i com a casa.
Tot i així, creiem que aquest negoci podria créixer molt més si decidís centrar-se més en la comunicació. Ja que, com molt bé ens van dir des de l'empresa, la comunicació del König és la no comunicació.
D'aquesta manera, l'any 2021 es va facturar de benefici comú, a tots els locals König de Catalunya, un total de 20.829.345€, però, igual que la majoria de restaurants d'arreu del món es van veure afectats per la Covid-19, durant l'any 2020.
A partir d'aquesta informació, i fent una àrdua anàlisi interna i externa de tots els elements que influeixen al restaurant, es van plantejar una nova estratègia, uns nous objectius i un conjunt d'accions enfocades a donar un nou enfocament a la marca centrada a un nou públic objectiu més jove tenint en compte la tendència dels joves a no repetir i la necessitat de mantenir-se rellevant en un mercat canviant.
Totes aquestes accions estan dissenyades per complir amb l'objectiu comercial d'augmentar en 1 any un 5% més d'ingressos que l'any 2021, cosa que representa un total de 1.041.467,25€ més a la facturació total.
El cost d'aquest Pla de Màrqueting és 146.306€€, inversió molt reduïda tenint en compte el benefici anual del König. D'aquesta manera, es va determinar que és un pla totalment rendible, per la qual cosa es recomana seguir les recomanacions exposades en aquest document per tal d'assolir l'objectiu mencionat i augmentar les vendes un 5%, percentatge mínim tenint present la quantitat i qualitat de les accions exposades.
Paraules Clau
König
Restaurant
Comunicació
Catalunya
MàrquetingThe following Marketing Plan is designed for König, a family-owned company from Girona that opened its first establishment in the centre of Girona in February 1973. Initially, it was a Frankfurt-style establishment. Currently, however, they have eight restaurants in the province of Girona, two in the centre of Barcelona, one restaurant in Vic, and a new establishment in Blanes.
At first glance, this business doesn't have any issues. It is a restaurant where the owners have a clear vision and know what they want. They could potentially grow further, but they are not interested in that because their main goal is to provide excellent service to the public. They want customers to feel comfortable and at home, without feeling overwhelmed by advertising or crowds.
Nevertheless, we believe that this business could grow much more if it decided to focus more on communication. As we were told by the company, König's communication strategy is non-communication.
Therefore, in 2021, the combined revenue for all König locations in Catalonia was €20,829,345 in profit. However, like most restaurants worldwide, they were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.
Based on this information and conducting a thorough internal and external analysis of all the factors influencing the restaurant, a new strategy, objectives, and a set of actions were proposed to give the brand a new focus on a younger target audience. This was done considering the tendency of young people to seek variety and the need to stay relevant in a changing market.
All these actions are designed to achieve the commercial objective of increasing revenue by an additional 5% compared to 2021, which represents a total of €1,041,467.25 in additional revenue.
The cost of this Marketing Plan is €146,306, a relatively low investment considering König's annual profit. Thus, it was determined to be a highly profitable plan, and it is recommended to follow the recommendations outlined in this document in order to achieve the mentioned objective and increase sales by 5%, which is a conservative percentage considering the quantity and quality of the proposed actions. Keywords
König
Restaurant
Communication
Catalonia
Marketin
Por a caure en persones ateses a l'hospital de dia geriàtric: factors associats, predicció de fragilitat i dependència i comparació psicomètrica de tres escales de mesura
No full textPrograma de Doctorat: Cures Integrals i Serveis de SalutObjectius: (1) Estimar la prevalença de la por a caure (PC) i els factors associats a aquesta en persones majors de 70 anys, ateses en un Hospital de dia geriàtric, (2) demostrar la relació entre la por a caure i la fragilitat, la dependència, l’ingrés hospitalari i les caigudes a l’any de la seva valoració i (3) valorar quina escala de mesura de por a caure, FES-I, ABC i SAFE és més útil en el nostre entorn per detectar fragilitat i dependència.
Metodologia: individus ≥70 anys atesos a un hospital de dia geriàtric de l'àrea metropolitana de Barcelona. Estudi descriptiu transversal pel primer objectiu, estudi descriptiu longitudinal amb seguiment a un any pel segon objectiu i estudi transversal psicomètric pel tercer objectiu. La PC es va avaluar utilitzant ABC, FES-I i SAFE. Altres variables van ser: sexe, edat, estat civil, viure sol, nivell d'educació, grau d'autonomia, dolor, caigudes prèvies, agudesa visual, signes de depressió, fragilitat i ingressos hospitalaris. La prevalença es va estimar globalment i segons els possibles factors associats.
Resultats: l'estudi va incloure 62 individus (66.1% dones), amb una prevalença de PC de 38.7% utilitzant ABC i SAFE(IC 26.2%-51.2% i 27%-53%) i 64.5% utilitzant FES-I (IC 52%-77%). Els factors associats identificats, utilitzant ABC, van ser dolor (OR=7.4), agudesa visual dolenta (OR=5.6), signes de depressió (OR=19.3) i antecedents de caigudes (OR=25,3). Utilitzant FES-I s’identifica viure sol com factor associat protector (OR=0.32). Cap utilitzant SAFE. S’observa un major risc de presentar fragilitat a l’any en relació a la PC utilitzant ABC i FES-I (OR=1.50 i 3.33), un major risc de dependència a l’any en relació a la PC quan s’utilitza ABC, FES-I i SAFE-B (OR=1.20, 3.11 i 1.75) i un major risc de tenir caigudes utilitzant SAFE-B (OR=1.5); tot i que la mida de l’efecte és important, en cap cas s’observa significació estadística. Les tres escales presenten bones propietats psicomètriques. Respecte a la validesa interna, ABC i FES-I presenten una excel·lent validesa interna (α Cronbach=0.95 i 0.94) sent acceptable en el cas de SAFE (α Cronbach=0.70).
Conclusions: la prevalença i els factors associats de la PC en adults grans que assisteixen a hospitals de dia geriàtrics són similars als descrits a la comunitat. La PC incrementa el risc d’esdevenir fràgil i dependents en persones robustes i independents; aquest risc no s’observa ni en els ingressos hospitalaris ni en les caigudes. FES-I és l’escala d’elecció per mesurar la PC, en hospitals de dia geriàtrics, com a predictor de fragilitat i dependència.Objectives: (1) To estimate the prevalence of fear of falling (FoF) and the factors associated with it in people over 70 years of age, treated in a Geriatric Day Hospital, (2) to demonstrate the relationship between the fear of falling and the frailty, dependence, hospital admission and falls in the year of their assessment and (3) assess which fear of falling rating scales, FES-I, ABC and SAFE, is more useful in our setting to detect fragility and dependence.
Methods: individuals aged ≥70 years treated at a geriatric day hospital in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Cross-sectional descriptive study for the first objective, longitudinal descriptive study with one-year follow-up for the second objective and psychometric cross-sectional study for the third objective. FoF was assessed using ABC, FES-I and SAFE. Other variables were: sex, age, marital status, living alone, level of education, degree of autonomy, pain, previous falls, visual acuity, signs of depression, frailty (using SPPB) and hospital admissions. Prevalence was estimated globally and according to possible associated factors.
Results: the study included 62 individuals (66.1% women), with a FoF prevalence of 38.7% using ABC and SAFE (CI 26.2%-51.2% and 27%-53%) and 64.5% using FES-I (CI 52%-77%). Associated factors identified, using ABC, were pain (OR=7.4), poor visual acuity (OR=5.6), signs of depression (OR=19.3) and history of falls (OR=25.3). Using FES-I, living alone is identified as a protective associated factor (OR=0.32). None using SAFE. A greater risk of frailty at year in relation to FOF is observed using ABC and FES-I (OR=1.50 and 3.33), a greater risk of dependency at year in relation to FoF when using ABC, FES-I and SAFE-B (OR=1.20, 3.11 and 1.75) and a higher risk of having falls using SAFE-B (OR=1.5); although the size of the effect is important, no case were statistically significantly. All three rating scales have good psychometric properties. About internal validity and test-retest reliability: ABC and FES-I have excellent validity (Cronbach's α=0.95 and 0.94) and SAFE has acceptable (Cronbach’s α =0.70).
Conclusions: The prevalence and associated factors of FoF in older adults attending geriatric day hospitals were similar to those in dwelling-community older adults. FoF increases risk of becoming frail and dependent in robust and independent people; this risk is not observed in hospital admissions or falls. FES-I is the rating scale of choice to measure FoF, in geriatric day hospitals, as a predictor of frailty and dependence