Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) (E-Journal)
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An Analysis of Urban Household Earning Determinants: A Case Study of District Multan
Full text linkThe present study examined urban earning determinants in the district of Multan. For this purpose, primary cross-sectional data was collected from District Multan urban areas. Data was collected from district Multan through a structured questionnaire in which 385 respondents from urban areas were interviewed randomly. This study was analyzed through Elementary and Econometric analysis. The strict MEF was calculated by busing variables like education, experience and experience square. It was found that education and experience have a positive effect on earning while experience square negatively affected earning. Extended Mincerian Earning Function was calculating by using taking variables like education, experience, experience square, age, age square, spouse participation, migration, employment, and marital status. Education, experience, age, spouse participation, marital status, and migration positively effect on earnings while experience square, age square, and employment sector negatively affect earnings. The pairwise correlation analysis indicated a moderate problem of collinearity. Overall variables like (education, experience, age, migration, and spouse participation) have a higher impact on earnings in urban areas. The study suggests that the emphasis should be on improvement of education by investing in human capital as a result the quality of education, skill development, and the spread of knowledge can be improved which in turn can increases household earnings
Institutional Quality, Employment, Trade Openness on Environment (Co2) Nexus From Top Co2 Producing Countries; Panel ARDL Approach
Full text linkThis study aims to examine the impact of Institutional quality, Employment, and trade openness on the environment (CO2 emission in metric tonnes) for the period between 2002 and 2021, using data from the top ten CO2-producing nations (China, United States, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, Iran, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia). We employ the panel-based Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) model that includes a unit root test to examine the stationarity properties of the data. The findings shows that the Employment and Trade openness are at level of first difference and other Institutional Quality was on level which shows the mixed stream results. The long run equation regressors indicated that the environment (CO2) has been affected due to all other predictors trade openness, employment labor and institutional quality. After finding substantial cointegration, the long-term and short-term ARDL coefficients for the models are estimated. The model has negative and statistically significant lagged Error Correction Term indicating an extremely stable long-run link between attributes. In long run & short run the panel ARDL results shows that Institutional Quality has the significant impact on CO2 emissions as and when institutional quality improves CO2 emission diminishes and the other variables Employment and Trade openness has significant impact on CO2 environment. The results are more important for policy makers in setting up policies to protect environment
Impact of Digital Finance, Tax Policy, Economic Expansion and Urbanization on Carbon Emission in the Context of Pakistan
Full text linkThe objective of this study is to investigate the impact of digital finance, tax policy, economic expansion, and urbanisation on carbon emissions. To fulfil the objective of this study, an autoregressive distribution lag model approach is used on the time series data from Pakistan. According to the results of this study, there is a long-term as well as a short-term relationship in the model. In this regard, authorities focus on tax policies and improvements in digital financial transactions that help reduce carbon emissions. Moreover, this study also helps identify which of the influences has a stronger impact on reducing carbon emissions.
 
Impact of Economic Growth, Urbanization and Transportation on Environmental Degradation on Selected Developing Countries
Full text linkThis study has been conducted to explore the effect of economic growth, urbanization and transportation on environmental degradation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is used as the proxy variable of environmental degradation. The data of 20 developing countries has been collected from 2003 to 2020. In this study Panel Auto distributed Lag model (ARDL) and Granger Causality test is used for the estimation. The findings revealed that there was positive effect of Air Transport Income, urbanization, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Direct Investment on carbon dioxide emission. Gross Domestic Product was found to be negatively association with CO2 emission. Some policy recommendation has been also given in order to improve the environmental quality
Dynamics of Public Debt, Political Institutions, and Economic Growth: A Quantile Analysis in Developing Economies (1996-2021)
Full text linkThis study investigates the interconnected impacts of public debt, political institutional performance, and economic growth in developing nations from 1996 to 2021. By employing the robust quantile via moments methodology, this study effectively addresses the complexities of endogeneity, heterogeneity, and nonlinearity within variables. The outcomes yield significant insights, revealing a consistent negative relationship between public debt and growth in alignment with the "debt overhang" theory. Furthermore, this study identifies a positive link between institutional political performance and political growth. Particularly noteworthy is the finding that the interaction between debt and institutional strength can mitigate the adverse consequences of debt, underscoring the pivotal role of strong institutions. These discoveries underscore the paramount importance of strategic fiscal management and resilient political institutions in nurturing sustainable economic growth. As such, this study holds the potential to guide policy frameworks that amplify the trajectory of developing economies towards enduring economic progress
Exploring First-Generation Students' Experiences of Inhibitors and Motivators from a Pakistani Higher Education Perspective
Full text linkFirst-generation students are characterized by different academic experiences as compared to non-first-generation students from a higher education perspective. The present study aims to explore Pakistani first-generation students’ experiences who were studying at a public sector university. The researchers examined their academic lived experiences employing the phenomenological approach of qualitative research. Thirteen participants studying in various academic departments were approached through snowball sampling and they were interviewed with a semi-structured guide to explore what were their experiences of inhibitors and motivators while studying at a university as first-generation students. Thematic analysis revealed that these students had diverse and distinguished experiences which were structured under three major themes named family support, unawareness regarding studies, and challenges in academic matters. The study has implications for the parents, community, and higher education institutions for providing opportunities for their development and growth in society
The Impact of E-Banking on Customer Satisfaction in Pakistan
Full text linkThis study presents the current status of E- banking in Pakistan and its effect towards the practice and also explains its impression on the customer satisfaction of the financial institutions. The main purpose of this study is to point out those outcomes which are measured to be the main players in raising the customer satisfaction in Pakistan. Using a qualitative research approach, this study collected primary data through interviews to describe the results of interviews conducted on the level of arrangement in the minds of the customers. In the previous years, many banks have initiated to proposal as well as to provide the customers and support their appearance as a friendly organization and to ease their customers whereas to allow them to do banking services without visiting the branches of the bank. Through this research, it has been perceived that customers who have taken the services are getting benefits however they feel a little bit uncomfortable after using e-banking banking services quality. Many of the customers have upraised the complaint that no services of utilities have been registered in E-Banking. Although customers have very much awareness but not in a very large scale. Awareness is very high among the customers which are using the services, but internet usage or mobile banking is a new technique and customers are hesitant to work easily within this new atmosphere. Electronic banking has many benefits in improving customer satisfaction like reduced frequency of bank visits, reduced waiting time for customers etc. It facilitates users to manage their bank account transactions and there is a great exposure for banking industry to increase these online services in Pakistan
Fifth Generation War Against Pakistan Its Dynamics, Implications and Response by State Institutions
Full text linkThis research article's goal is to analyse fifth-generation war and the issues it presents for Pakistan. Pakistan is a victim of the fifth-generation war, which is described as everything that affects one's mind against a few religion, civilization, moral values, state, and security forces. Pakistan is the most significant nation in the world in terms of its geostrategic location, nuclear capability, and security ties. Using fifth generation warfare strategies, anti-Pakistan nations have created a variety of obstacles for Pakistan's national reconciliation, including security, terrorism, ethnic issues, and socioeconomic issues. This research paper is mostly consisting of the data gathered through secondary sources, like various books, discussion, journals, newspapers, lectures, discussion, internet, and magazine etc. Researcher used descriptive qualitative method to analyze the secondary data. This is an afford to explore with clear-cut examples from various social media forums like Facebook, Tweeter, Instagram, and WhatsApp etc. how these forums have been misused in fifth generation warfare against the ideological, geo- graphical and social integrity of Pakistan. It will further explore that what sort of response or regularity regime was adopted by state institutions to control and counter the misuse of social media for in fifth generation warfare. Last but not the least objective is to recommend a brief suggest various legal as well as technical steps to control and counter the misinformation and misrepresentation on these fora
Determinants of Exchange Rate: A Case Study of Pakistan
Full text linkThe present research was conducted to study the impact of macro-economic variables on index value of currency. The main objective of this research was to investigate some major factors having their contribution towards influencing exchange rate of Pakistan. For this purpose, time series monthly data on five macro-economic variables, i.e. Inflation rate, KIBOR, Forex Reserves, Exports and Imports of Pakistan was collected for the period of 2001-2015. Correlation and Regression analysis techniques were used to analyze the relationship between criterion and predictor variables. Study divulged that Inflation rate; exports and imports remained significant and have their major contribution towards influencing currency rates in Pakistan. On the other hand, Forex reserves and KIBOR confirmed moderate relationship with exchange rate. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that inflation rate, KIBOR and exports have positive association while imports and Forex reserves demonstrated negative association with exchange rate
An Exploration of Trauma Handling Techniques Perceived by School Psychologists to Train Preservice Teachers
Full text linkA tragic incident, such as an accident, physical abuse, or a natural disaster, can cause trauma, which is an emotional reaction. It is a detrimental mental state that overwhelms a person's ability to deal with difficulties in a typical manner. There is a significant trauma prevalence among pupils. Nearly 50% of girls and 60% of males suffer various traumas up until puberty, and nearly 75% of people encounter various traumas at least once in their lives (SAMHSA, 2020). Unfortunately, due to teachers' and parents' ignorance, many cases in Pakistan go undetected. The psychological, emotional, and cognitive facets of pupils' personalities are most negatively impacted by trauma. After their parents, teachers are the second stakeholders that students spend the most time with. Teachers can provide their students sage advice on how to handle trauma. They are able to support their students cognitively, emotionally, and psychologically. Unfortunately, due to a lack of thorough discussion of this subject in the pre-service training curriculum, instructors in Pakistan lack adequate training in trauma-informed treatment. This qualitative study explores the methods that seasoned psychologists working with educational institutions use to deal with trauma. The research involved 15 skilled psychologists and was intended to improve educators' understanding of trauma identification and intervention options. The study's goal was to gather thorough information from in-depth semi-structured interviews that would help teachers recognize trauma and use trauma-handling strategies efficiently. Participants were carefully chosen using purposive sampling. Twelve thorough themes emerged as a consequence of meticulously applying thematic analysis to the interviews. These ideas are extremely valuable for teacher preparation and provide important direction for teachers. In addition, curriculum designers and policymakers can use the study's findings to improve their materials and guidelines for dealing with trauma and trauma-informed therapies. This study illuminates an essential element of students' well-being and advances current efforts to make classroom instruction more trauma-sensitive